Aesthetic common sense

Aesthetics (Greek: Aestheticism) was first put forward by the German philosopher Baumgarton in 1750. Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between man and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is a life experience activity with the image world as the object, and it is also a spiritual and cultural activity of human beings.

Aesthetics belongs to two disciplines of philosophy. Learning aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic accomplishment. It is not only a speculative discipline, but also a perceptual discipline. Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology and other disciplines.

The history of western aesthetics began with Plato. Although Pythagoras and others began to discuss aesthetic issues before Plato, Plato was the first philosopher to discuss aesthetic issues from the height of philosophical speculation. In China, the pre-Qin period was the golden age for the development of China's classical aesthetics. The aesthetics of Laozi, Confucius, Yi Chuan and Zhuangzi laid the development direction of China's classical aesthetics. But the real starting point of China's aesthetics is Laozi.

Laozi put forward and expounded Tao, Qi, image, nothingness, image, reality, emptiness and metaphysics, which had a great influence on China's classical aesthetics. China's theory of vitality in classical aesthetics, China's theory of imagery in classical aesthetics, China's theory of artistic conception in classical aesthetics, China's theory of aesthetic mind, etc. All originated from Laozi's philosophy and aesthetics. In contemporary times, aesthetics plays a more and more prominent role in humanities, and the imagery characteristics of aesthetic experience are considered to be of certain value and significance to the crisis of modern human civilization. At the same time, the role of aesthetics in China's modern Enlightenment cannot be underestimated.

Aesthetic definition:

What is beauty? This is the basic problem to be discussed in aesthetics. Every philosopher has his own opinion on this issue. This is not a simple question, it can radiate the discussion of the original problems in the world. From ancient times to the present, from the west to the east, the interpretation of "beauty" is complicated. For example, Plato in ancient Greece said: beauty is an idea; St Augustine in the Middle Ages said: Beauty is the incomparable glory and brilliance of God; Chernyshevski of Russia said: Beauty is life; Taoism in ancient China believed in the great beauty of heaven and earth without saying anything; The book Aesthetic Principles tells us that beauty can only exist in aesthetic relations, which depends on both aesthetic subject and aesthetic object. Beauty is the representation of abstract things in the spiritual field, and the aesthetic world is purely an image world.

Classical works

Four articles that have an opening effect on aesthetic paradigm

Plato's Epiphane opened the philosophy of beauty.

Shaftesbury revealed the characteristics of aesthetic psychology.

Barto initiated the philosophy of art in On the Boundaries and General Principles of Aesthetic Art.

Wittgenstein's aesthetic lectures have an influence on the analysis of aesthetic language.

Seven monographs that have an influence on the aesthetic system

Kant's Critique of Judgment

Kant's Critique of Judgment has two characteristics in structural aesthetics: one is to explore the essence of aesthetics from the perspective of aesthetic judgment and the relationship between subject and object. come to a conclusion

2. Art tips

Art usually refers to painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architectural art, etc. They are carried out in space, expressed and appealed to human vision.

When this name was first used in Europe in the 17th century, it generally referred to painting, sculpture, literature, music and other things with aesthetic significance. When I began to use this word in general around the May 4th Movement, it also had the meaning equivalent to the whole art. ..

For example, when Lu Xun explained the word "art" in 19 13, he wrote: "art is a word ... translated from English love. People who love clouds are originally from Greece, and their friendship is art.

Soon after, China translated the word "love" with the word "art", and the word "art" became the name specifically referring to visual arts such as painting. Modeling expression means: the skills and means to create artistic images in plastic arts.

Such as painting with the help of color, light and shade, lines, anatomy and perspective; Sculpture depends on volume and structure. These techniques and means, through long-term artistic practice, have formed the unique and special artistic language of these plastic arts, which determines the different expression rules of these arts and is related to the success or failure of the plastic arts image and the appeal of artistic works.

The artist's constant exploration and improvement of the regularity of modeling expression means is a necessary condition for artistic creation to express new life content and meet people's developing aesthetic hobbies. The golden section is also called Huang Jinlv and the golden ratio.

On a line segment, the line segment is divided into long segments and short segments according to the optimal length-width ratio, or the optimal ratio of long sides to short sides of a rectangle is formed according to the optimal length-width ratio, that is, the golden section. Terms of two-dimensional painting.

Refers to the plane space composed of length (left and right) and height (up and down). In painting, in order to truly reproduce the image, we often use perspective, shading and other modeling methods to create the profound feeling and three-dimensional effect of the image on the plane of the second space, that is, to create the illusion of the three-dimensional space of natural objects with the second space.

Some paintings, such as decorative paintings and pattern paintings, do not require strong depth effect, but deliberately pursue the plane meaning of the second space in order to obtain artistic expression. Stereographic terminology.

Refers to the three-dimensional space composed of length (left and right), height (up and down) and depth (depth). In painting, in order to truly reproduce the image, it is necessary to show the three-dimensional sense and depth on the plane.

Texture painting, sculpture and other plastic arts show the characteristics of various objects in their works through different expression techniques, such as silk, skin, water, stone and other different qualitative characteristics, giving people a sense of reality and beauty. With the help of light and shade, color, lines and other modeling factors, the sense of quantity expresses the feeling of the weight, thickness, size and quantity of an object.

Such as the solemnity of rocks and the lightness of wind and smoke. All realistic objects in painting are required to convey their unique weight and realism.

Using the comparative relationship of quantity, we can produce diverse and unified effects. In painting, according to the principles of geometric perspective and air perspective, the sense of space describes the relationship between objects such as distance, level and interpenetration, thus conveying a profound three-dimensional sense in plane painting.

Terms of volume painting. Refers to the visual objects displayed on the painting plane can give people a three-dimensional sense of occupying three-dimensional space.

In painting, any visible object is determined by the structure of the object itself, which is composed of blocks in different directions and angles. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the structural characteristics of the object to be painted and analyze its proper relationship in painting in order to achieve a sense of volume.

Theoretical terms of perspective painting. The word "perspective" comes from the Latin word "perspclre".

At first, perspective is to look at the scenery through a transparent plane, and accurately draw the scenery on this plane, that is, to form a perspective view of the scenery. Later, according to certain principles, the science of expressing the spatial position, outline and projection of an object with lines is called perspective.

Terms of light and dark painting. Refers to the brightness change of light, backlight and reflective parts of objects in painting and the expression method of this change.

An object has three bright and dark states under illumination, which are called three major surfaces, namely, bright surface, middle surface and dark surface. The light and color of the three major surfaces are generally dark in the middle.

The light and shade of the three major surfaces are generally manifested in five basic levels, namely, five tones: ① the bright surface is always illuminated; (2) Gray surface-middle surface, half bright and half dark; (3) the dividing line between the bright part and the dark part; (4) a backlight part on the dark side; ⑤ Reflect the dark and bright parts of a single surface affected by ambient reflection. It has always been the basic method of square painting to describe objects according to the level of light and shade.

During the Renaissance, vasari once said in "Biography of Artists": "When painting, after drawing the outline, use shades to roughly distinguish the light and shade, and then carefully display the light and shade in a single room, so does the bright part." Rembrandt is a master of shadow techniques among European painters.

Terms of contour plastic arts. Refers to the edge line that defines the range of performance objects.

In painting and sculpture, whether the outline is correct is regarded as the key to the success or failure of the work. Terminology of composition and plastic arts.

Refers to the structural configuration method of artistic images in works. It is an important means for plastic arts to express the ideological content of works and gain artistic appeal.

One of the important factors of color painting. It is a complex phenomenon that various objects absorb and reflect light to varying degrees and act on people's audience.

Due to the different textures of objects, the absorption and reflection of various colors of light are different, so everything in the world has formed ever-changing colors. The qualitative appearance that tonal colors can present.

Different colors in nature are infinitely rich, such as purplish red, silver gray and orange yellow. Chromaticity refers to the inherent lightness of the color itself.

For example, among the seven basic colors, purple * * * is the darkest and yellow * * * is the brightest. Tone is also called tone.

Under the irradiation of light source color with certain hue and lightness, the surface of the object is shrouded in a unified color tendency and color atmosphere, which is hue. Colors have no attributes.

Colors are basically divided into warm colors (also called hot colors) and cool colors (also called cool colors). Red, orange and yellow are warm colors, giving people a warm, warm and outgoing feeling.

3. What are the basic knowledge of art?

First, vision; Modeling; Space; Painting; Sculpture; Arts and crafts; Architecture; Take pictures of ...

2. Round carving; Relief; Carving; Carving; Plastic; weave

Three. China; Landscape painting; Flower and bird painting; Figure painting; Oil painting; Sketch; Watercolor; carve

Four. Pigment; Paper; Pen; Wooden board; Smear; Splash; Lithographic printing; Light and dark shape; Volume; sense of reality

Verb (abbreviation of verb) plane; three-dimensional

Painting with intransitive verbs; Sculpture; Photography; Architecture; Art design

7. Objects of the same size in the picture are big near and small far away.

8. The position of the painter's eyes; A line horizontal to the horizon.

The clearest mountain range in the field of vision; The angle between the line of sight of an object and the obvious horizon.

The line of sight is higher than the viewing angle of the observed object; A perspective of painting at a 90-degree angle with the picture; The line of sight is lower than the viewing angle of the observed object.

Parallel perspective: One side of the object is parallel to the picture, and the other side forms a 90-degree angle with the picture.

Angle perspective: both sides of an object are not parallel to the picture.

X. pure and bright tones

1 1. Decorative patterns and colors on objects; Shape, color, decoration, etc. containers

Twelve. Plane; Printing and dyeing; Brocade; Trademark; Book binding; Stereo; Industrial modeling; Furniture; Bronze; paint

Thirteen. Texture; chart

Please refer to the online articles for questions 14 and 15.

4. Aesthetic knowledge is badly needed.

Aesthetics is a subject with the theme of studying the essence and significance of beauty.

Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of study is art, but it does not study the concrete expression in art, but studies the philosophical problems in art, so it is called "the artistic philosophy of beauty"

The basic problems of aesthetics include the essence of beauty, the relationship between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic object, etc. The word "etymology aesthetics" comes from Greek aesthetics.

The original meaning is "the feeling of the senses". The German philosopher Alexander gottlieb Baumgarden first used this word.

The publication of his book Aesthetics A marks the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline. Until19th century, aesthetics was usually defined as the study of "beauty" (Sch? The theory of nheit).

Modern philosophy defines aesthetics as the theory and philosophy to understand the cognitive feelings in art, science, design and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" and "ugliness", but to understand the type and essence of the object.

The development of historical aesthetics as an independent discipline began in Baumgarden, Germany in the18th century, but its appearance was based on the theoretical discussion of beauty by ancient Greek thinkers, and it was a systematization and scientification of previous aesthetic theories. The discussion of aesthetic theory since ancient Greece is based on people's aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities, and it is a philosophical reflection on people's aesthetic activities.

Therefore, if you want to understand aesthetics, you must return to its source and start a beautiful journey. Archaeology and art history tell us that human beings have started aesthetic and aesthetic creation since they left animals.

Paleolithic cavemen wore red, yellow and green colored stone beads, animal teeth and mussel shells. Not only the decoration of primitive people can see the early aesthetic activities of human beings, but also the primitive art reflects the early aesthetic activities of human beings.

According to written records and patterns, it is speculated that primitive art includes poetry, dance, music and so on. , but now it has disappeared. However, cave paintings and pottery are the two earliest original artistic records that we can see today.

The former is mainly composed of various animals, vivid, meticulous and colorful. The latter is not only beautiful in appearance, rich in patterns, but also bright in color contrast.

People always have a certain life and a certain phenomenon before they start thinking and discussing, and establish corresponding disciplines on the basis of thinking and discussing. The thinking and discussion on the early aesthetic phenomenon of human beings began in ancient Greece.

At that time, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other great philosophers all participated in the discussion and debate on beauty. However, their views and opinions on beauty are often mixed with their understanding of truth and goodness and become vassals of their philosophy, morality, theology, politics and literature.

In addition, there was no aesthetic monograph at that time. The aesthetic views of thinkers are mixed in biographies, letters and notes of politics, philosophy, religion, morality, art and even history.

People have not found an independent and special research object for aesthetics from those mixed and intertwined ideological systems. This situation continued until the middle of18th century.

/kloc-After the 8th century, with the development of industrial revolution in europe, modern disciplines such as natural science, philosophy, ethics, psychology, literature and art entered a period of gradual formation and development. Philosophy closely related to aesthetics has undergone an epistemological turn since modern times, which provides the necessary historical conditions for the establishment of aesthetics.

It is under such historical conditions that Baumgarden distinguished aesthetics from logic for the first time in his own philosophical system. While strictly stipulating that the research object of logic is the abstract thinking that forms concepts and reasoning, it also stipulates its own unique research object for aesthetics.

He also wrote a monograph on aesthetics, which initially formed the basic framework of aesthetics and discussed some basic problems of aesthetics. Thus, aesthetics was born, and Baum Garden became the father of aesthetics.

Baumgarten (A.G. Baumgarten1714-1762) is a professor of philosophy at Harry University in Prussia. His main viewpoints on aesthetics focus on two aspects: first, he defines aesthetics as a subject that studies people's perceptual knowledge.

Baumgarden believes that people's psychological activities are divided into three aspects: knowledge, emotion and meaning. Studying knowledge or human rational knowledge is logical, studying human will is ethical, and studying human emotion is "aesthetic", which is equivalent to human perceptual knowledge.

The word "aesthetic" comes from Greek, which means "sensibility", and later translated into Chinese, it becomes "aesthetic". 1750, Baum Garden officially called Aesthetics his monograph on human perceptual knowledge.

His book is regarded as the first aesthetic monograph in history. Secondly, Baumgarden thinks that "the aesthetic object is the perfection of perceptual knowledge".

Why is aesthetics related to perceptual knowledge? Baumgarden's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz, has a vivid explanation for this. He said: painters and other artists, although clearly aware of what is good and what is not, often can not find their own reasons for aesthetic interest. If someone asks them, they will reply that their dissatisfied works lack something I can't say. In the eyes of Leibniz and Baumgarden, knowing whether a work is beautiful or not, but not knowing why, is a vague and confusing perceptual knowledge.

After Baum Garden, the development of aesthetics has gone through three important stages: German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics and western modern aesthetics. In the stage of German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel made great contributions to aesthetics, forming the first discipline since aesthetics came into being and the third peak in the history of western aesthetics.

Kant is famous for his three criticisms. In Critique of Judgment, Kant put forward and demonstrated a series of basic aesthetic problems, forming a relatively complete aesthetic theoretical system. After Kant, Hegel pushed German classical aesthetics to the peak and became a master of German classical aesthetics and western aesthetic thoughts before Marxist aesthetics.

Although Marx has never written a special aesthetic work, he has discussed a lot of aesthetic problems in many other works, especially he introduced the experimental point of view into aesthetic research, thus establishing the discussion of beauty on the basis of the dialectical relationship between subject and object.

5. What are the basic knowledge of architectural aesthetics?

The basic knowledge of architectural aesthetics is an important foundation of artistic creation, and there are various means to realize diversity and unity, such as the laws of formal beauty such as proportion, scale, order, rhythm, balance and emphasis.

This is a common composition technique. (1) Understand the basic knowledge of architectural color 1. The three primary colors are red, yellow and blue.

2. Three elements of color: hue, brightness and purity. Color shape and color elements: straight line, curve, diagonal line and figure; Color elements: hue, lightness, purity and area. (2) Understand the basic knowledge of architectural and environmental art treatment 1. Starting from the use of buildings, this paper focuses on the analysis of functional relationships, makes reasonable distinctions, and organizes them by means of traffic links such as roads and squares, so as to make the overall spatial environment layout convenient.

2. When dealing with the art of group architecture, we should start from individual characteristics, combine the characteristics of surrounding environment and planning, follow the basic principle of diversity and unity, and use greening, sculpture and various sketches to enrich the art of architectural space environment and create a complete and beautiful space environment. For this part of architecture, candidates are advised to read the following reference materials: Principles of Public Building Design and Residential Design? Principle, site design, architectural history of China, architectural history of China, architectural space combination theory, architectural colorimetry, architectural formal beauty principle, etc.

6. Basic knowledge of beauticians

I. Professional ethics

Professional code: abide by the law, love their posts and be dedicated. Polite hospitality and warm service. Serious and responsible, unite and cooperate. Seek truth from facts, be honest and fair. Study hard, study hard.

Second, the basic knowledge

Health knowledge: personal hygiene, environmental hygiene, equipment hygiene and disinfection.

2, related physiological common sense: cell-basic tissue, head and neck bones and muscles.

3, skin physiology knowledge: skin structure, skin function, skin classification, common skin infectious diseases.

4. Basic knowledge of aesthetics: sketch and color.

5. Basic knowledge of cosmetics: classification methods, basic raw materials and efficacy of cosmetics.

6. Basic knowledge of psychology: functional service psychology and psychological service psychology.

7. Common sense of etiquette: code of conduct, language, dress and service etiquette.

8. Knowledge of relevant laws and regulations: job responsibilities, health law and other relevant laws and regulations.

9. Common skin types: oily skin, dry skin, mixed skin and sensitive skin.

Extended data:

1, posture:

Keeping a good posture helps to prevent many physical discomfort. Correct standing posture: open your left foot 45 degrees → align your right heel with the instep of your left foot, bear the weight with your sole, abdomen in, shoulders back, head up and chest out, and for a long time, it is easier to keep your body balanced by leaning one foot forward slightly.

Correct sitting posture: the feet are along the knees, the calves and thighs are at 90 degrees, the thighs bear the whole body weight, the upper body is kept straight, and the lower back is attached to the back of the chair.

Correct operating posture: when standing, lunge with your feet, relax your shoulders and keep your upper body straight. When sitting, as mentioned above, the upper and lower arms are at right angles, the shoulders are relaxed and the upper body is straight.

2, their own quality

Always pay attention to conversation skills in polite language: actively open the topic; Don't argue; Speak less and listen more; The conversation is not monotonous; Don't talk about your private affairs; I would rather talk about ideals than people; Introduce beauty knowledge to customers in simple and easy-to-understand words; Don't talk about people behind their backs; Keep a happy mood; Don't use slang and rude words.