Who has an appreciation and introduction to the author Klec?

Smiling drinker

( 1628 - 1630)

Hals likes the lively effect, and strives to naturally show the characteristics of the characters in the dynamic and capture their instantaneous expressions. Because of this, he adopted the extremely unrestrained brushwork at that time, that is, the brushwork quickly and forcefully moved to the screen to create a vivid image. Gypsy woman (about 1628) is a vivid example of his painting method and style. Different from the solemn portrait prevailing in the Renaissance, he chose the vivid expression of instant laughter to describe it. The quick brushwork of sketching vividly dyed the image of a gypsy woman with a cheerful personality, and the audience seemed to hear her laughter. His freehand painting method can be compared with impressionism more than 20 years later.

Group portrait painting is particularly popular in the Netherlands, and hals has made great contributions to the establishment of this portrait style. The vigilante group is an armed force in the Netherlands, and the vigilante groups in various cities often ask painters to describe the images of their members. Hals painted three groups of portraits of the vigilante in Harlem, and the banquet of the vigilante in St. George (16 16) was the first one. In this Acura work, the characters are naturally, casually and solemnly combined, which reflects their collective style. Hals used dark black and bright white to enhance the intensity of the picture and make his works look quite bright.

2. Rembrandt

Unlike hals, who specializes in portrait painting, and many Dutch painters who are confined to a narrow range, Van Rein Rembrandt Montserre (1609-69) has made amazing contributions to various painting schools, and he is the greatest Dutch painter in terms of the breadth and depth of his creation.

Rembrandt spent his first artistic career in his hometown of Leiden. Through his teacher lastman, he learned about Italian art, and Caravaggio's contrast between light and shade greatly helped him find his own unique modeling language.

return of the prodigal son

1669

Jesus healed the sick.

1648- 1650

In 1930s, he moved to Amsterdam, the most important city in the Netherlands, and painted a group portrait for Professor Du Pu's anatomy class (1632). In the picture, a group of people are listening to the lecture of the famous anatomist whose real name is Peterson. Bright light falls on Professor Du Pu's face and hands, as well as on each character's face and body, while all minor things are thrown into the darkness. This expression strongly highlights the vividness of the characters, which originated from Caravaggio, but is more natural and expressive.

This painting made Rembrandt famous in one fell swoop, and orders kept flowing. 1634, he married a rich girl, Shashi Ji. During this period, Rembrandt enjoyed the happiness and comfort that a popular painter could get.

Night patrol (1642)

10 years later, Rembrandt created another group portrait, Night Patrol (1642), which attracted dramatic historical painting factors and boldly reformed the Dutch group portrait painting scheme. Unlike the banquet of St. George's militants and Professor Du Pu's anatomy class, the face of each character can be clearly seen. This painting has no meaning of "taking pictures", in which all the characters belong to a collective activity and are dominated by artistic effects. Rembrandt's unique lighting technique has been fully exerted here, and it has become a powerful means to render atmosphere, create space, emphasize key points, portray characters and shape bodies.

It is said that the novelty of this painting brought him misfortune. Although exaggerated, it is a fact that Rembrandt is no longer popular. Judging from his later creative achievements, it seems to confirm a popular concept in ancient China-poor and backward poetry. Freed from the shackles of success, Rembrandt turned to his inner world and focused on creating his own artistic world.

In loneliness, Rembrandt created a series of touching portraits with himself and his relatives and friends as models. Rembrandt overcame the sometimes inevitable flashy atmosphere in the early days, no longer considered the external effects, and devoted himself to capturing the spiritual temperament of the characters and excavating their inner beauty. It is this pursuit of deeper and more eternal things that makes Rembrandt's portrait have immortal vitality. By comparing Sargent's elegant portrait of a celebrity with his self-portrait (about 1665), people can better appreciate this point. /kloc-the portraits of the 0/7th century have their own moving style, but they are not as good as Rembrandt in expressing the rich inner world of the characters.

← selfie (1660)

Attention to the characteristics of the characters' inner world can also be seen in a large number of religious paintings by Rembrandt. As we know, the Bible is the real spiritual source in the hearts of Protestants. As a Protestant, Rembrandt is a painter with deep religious feelings. He repeatedly studied this sacred book, and his sincere experience and caring mind made his religious world look particularly simple, profound and intriguing. Among the numerous religious paintings in Italy, there are no works like "The Christ of Ismail" (1648) and "The Prodigal Son" (about 1669).

The love for ordinary people embodied in his oil paintings is also revealed in the copperplate "Christ Saved the Patient" (about 1648- 1650). Rembrandt is another printmaker after Diu Lei, but compared with Diu Lei, his copperplate prints are more concise and flexible. To some extent, they have something in common with his expressive sketches. These two are also extremely precious parts of his artistic heritage.

3. Custom painters and Vermeer

In a country like Italy, genre painting can be said to be nonexistent; However, in the Netherlands, this kind of painting depicting daily life scenes is very popular. Many cities have their own custom painters, among which Delft's custom painter has the most outstanding achievements. Although genre painting reproduces different life scenes, the favorite theme is quiet family life.

Pieter de Hooch or Hogg (1629- 1684) was born in Rotterdam, but his most famous work was created in Hudel. The oil painting Courtyard (1658) shows the family life of Dutch women with precise and delicate description. In the corner of the tidy courtyard, a mother dragged her child down the steps. On the contrary, another woman with her back to the audience stood in the aisle. This bright, dark and quiet approach has played an important role in vividly conveying the peaceful and comfortable life ideal that the Dutch are fascinated by.

← Wardrobe (1663)

Gerard terborch (1617-81) is also an expert in recreating comfortable indoor life. Telbo's best works were mainly painted after he settled in Fintel. He is especially good at depicting silk and other fabrics, showing their special luster and texture. With meticulous brushwork, he described with relish the women with gorgeous indoor agricultural decoration and the men who accompanied them, leaving a profile of the life of the rich in the Netherlands for future generations.

Other folk painters, such as Adrian Brouwer (L605/ 1606- 1638) who works in Antwerp, Flanders, and austad (16 1685) in Harlem.

Jam Steen (1626-1679) is a fellow countryman of Rembrandt and a disciple of austad. He is a very creative painter. In order to make a living, he runs a small hotel, which provides him with rich creative materials. Jan Sting is good at narration, which is not difficult to find in his paintings of lively and cheerful folk scenes.

In the face of the works of these "little masters" in Holland, although we will admire their talent and skill in vividly reproducing life scenes and truthfully describing the material world, we can't help but feel sorry: their enthusiasm is shallow and the world is mediocre. When we turn to Jan Vermeer's genre painting of the same scene (1632- 1675), we will clearly realize that the theme is not so important to a work of art, and the key lies in how to express it, but in its style and realm.

Vermeer lives and works in Delft. Among the three great Dutch painters, he is second only to Rembrandt. Vermeer left only about 40 works, most of which are fine paintings.

The indoor life scene described by Vermeer is extremely simple. One or two characters (often young women) stay quietly in a clean room, and the light is transmitted from the side window, covering the characters in a uniform and transparent air atmosphere. Ordinary reality seems to be purified and sublimated, and everything seems extraordinary. Static composition, concise modeling, clear space, gorgeous colors and even light constitute a harmonious and quiet world, from which a detached and fresh atmosphere like ancient Greek art is exuded.

studio

(about 1665- 1670)

Unlike most custom painters, Vermeer is not focused on depicting plots and telling stories. He pays more attention to form and uses form to create a poetic realm. His brush seems to have magical power. Once the picture is touched, it will glow with unique touching brilliance, and ordinary life will become a wonderful combination of shape and color. Like Rembrandt, Vermeer is also a master of using light, but he does not pursue dramatic effects, but uses light to create a well-structured and well-organized world. He wove some bright and delicate bright colors in this world, thus adding a charming charm to it. Cookies for pouring milk (about 1663), women weighing pearls (about 1665), young women with water jugs (about 1665), and studios (about1665-0/670).

Neither Vermeer nor Rembrandt are specialized landscape painters, but they both created wonderful landscape paintings. Vermeer's Landscape in Delft (about 1660) will never look inferior if it is placed next to any famous Dutch landscape painter. In this horizontal and vertical work, he conveys the quiet beauty of this Dutch city in a peaceful manner.

4. Landscape painter

The Dutch, who strive for freedom and independence, love the country where they live and like paintings depicting the motherland. In this situation, a large number of landscape painters came into being, and through their efforts, Dutch landscape painting flourished. Like other schools of painters, these painters have their own areas of expertise, and everyone tends to stick to their own popular themes and dig repeatedly in this range. As we know, French and Italian painters who were engaged in the creation of ideal landscape paintings in the17th century all drew landscape paintings from memory or sketched in the studio. Although Dutch landscape painters are more faithful to the real nature, they are also engaged in creation in the studio, and it is a long time before they really face the sketch creation in real life.

Jan Van Goyen (L596- 1656) is the first generation landscape painter, who is good at expressing river scenery. His masterpiece Country Scenery (about 1645) truly reproduces the natural features of the Netherlands. Clouds occupy most of the picture, and the low pressure on the horizon brings the audience closer to the scene by the river. This composition method has become a common technique in Dutch landscape painting.

Pieter Saen Redam (L597-1665) was a very special painter at the same time as Goyan. Most landscape painters describe the natural scenery in the open air, and when expressing architecture, they often describe the appearance. Saenledam is different. He likes to show the interior of the building. Looking at his works, such as St. Bavo's Church with white walls (1660), we can appreciate the spirit of Dutch Protestantism advocating simplicity. In such an environment, it is impossible to produce art like Italy. Saenliedam's ability to reproduce architectural space has been fully exerted in his series of works depicting the interior of the church.

The representative figures in the heyday of Dutch landscape painting are jacob van ruisdael (1628/1629-1682) and his student Hobema (1638- 1700).

Lesdale was born in Harlem and moved to Amsterdam in 1657, where he accepted many disciples including Hobema. Lesdale painted all kinds of themes. In those landscape paintings with not so rich colors, he vividly conveyed the changing natural form, light and atmosphere, and integrated subjective feelings into objective scenery. Scenery in Harlem (about 1670) shows the scenery in the suburbs of the city with an open composition. Clouds are moving in the high sky, and sunlight is projected from the clouds, which makes the scenery on the ground have a strong contrast. The whole work is vivid and dramatic.

Wake's windmill (1665)

Compared with famous teachers, Hobema's paintings are more peaceful. His masterpiece "MiddleHanis Avenue" (1689) has a classical sense of balance and clarity, and the composition treatment strongly shows the passage of space, which makes people feel immersive and becomes a model of perspective.

← Middlehannis Avenue (1689)

5. Still Life Painter

Still life painting, as an independent painting variety, was established and became popular in17th century. Although still life painting appeared as early as ancient Rome, Italian painters who inherited the classical tradition during the Renaissance never took it seriously. Under the influence of this attitude, many painters in the17th century still rarely engage in still life creation, except the Netherlands. Because the Dutch who love family life have a sense of things related to this.

Interest has prompted many Dutch painters to invest in still life painting, thus making this painting school occupy a place in the history of art.

Clake (Peter Klitz,1597/1598-161) and Haida (William Klitz Hoda, L599-1680//kl) who work in Harlem. The breakfast products of the former (1637) and the still life of the latter (about 1648) can make people see their common characteristics.

Younger than them, Jan Davidsz Deheem (L606-1683/1684) is also a famous still life painter. Compared with the two painters mentioned above, his paintings have a wider range of subjects and are easier to compose.

Born in Rotterdam, William Cave (L 6 19- 1693) is probably the most outstanding still life painter in the Netherlands. He is mainly engaged in creative activities in Amsterdam. Kraft's works are famous for their good use of light and cloth colors, which are general and simple on the whole, and seem to combine some characteristics of Rembrandt and Vermeer to some extent.

By the way, Rembrandt is not a painter of still life paintings, but his masterpiece, Cow Skinned (1655), is a masterpiece of still life paintings, from which the drama passion and commemorative momentum are beyond the reach of the above-mentioned still life painting experts.