Thermal imager camera t-72

At the end of 1970, China's second-generation main tank 122 medium-sized tank failed because it could not break through the technical bottleneck for more than three years. Until the end of the Cultural Revolution, the development of China's main battle tanks was at a standstill. At the same time, the armored forces in western countries are constantly improving their second-generation main battle tanks, and under the stimulation of Soviet t-64 and t-72 tanks, they have accelerated the research and development of the third-generation main battle tanks. At this time, restricted by many factors, China's tank industry is still tinkering, gradually widening the gap with the world level. 99 tanks with increased armor.

1February, 977, after getting rid of the heavy burden of the Cultural Revolution, the army reported the tactical and technical index requirements of the new main battle tank to the Science and Technology Equipment Committee of the Military Commission for the first time. Looking at the armored forces that had fallen behind NATO and the Soviet Union for nearly 15 years, at the request of their superiors, the military department immediately started the research and development of the new tank. 1In April, 1978, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the Fifth Machinery Department held the "784" meeting in Datong, Shanxi Province, and discussed the research and development plan of the second generation (later renamed as the third generation) main tank, put forward the new research and development goal of the second generation main tank again, and demonstrated the tactical indicators. At the meeting, it was decided that the second generation tank would start from the German Leopard 2 tank, and its main operational target was the Soviet t-72 tank. After the meeting, the Fifth Ministry of Machinery set up the battle headquarters, appointed the chief designer and deputy chief designer, which opened the first development climax of China tank industry since the Cultural Revolution.

After collaborative research, in March, 1979, 6 17 and 20 1 Institute successfully developed a new tank demonstration chassis test prototype, code-named 1224. The vehicle is equipped with 120mm gun, hydro-mechanical gearbox, friction shock absorber and mb8v33 1tc4 1 engine. After the final assembly was successful, it was put into trial operation immediately. The main purpose was to check the mb8v33 1tc4 1 engine, auxiliary system, running gear, overall layout and overall performance of the vehicles imported from Germany. Subsequently, 6 17 Factory and 20 1 Institute developed two kinds of test prototypes, with code names of 1226 and 1226f2 respectively. These two test prototypes are identical in appearance except equipped with the same 120mm smoothbore gun as the 1224 test prototype, and are quite different from the 1224 test prototype in tank appearance and car body structure. Their total combat weights are 45.3t and 45.8t respectively, and the total vehicle length is 9.947m (gun forward). The difference between the two prototypes is that the power plant system is different. 1226 test prototype is equipped with 8v 165 diesel engine produced by 636 factory, and the engine power is 1000 horsepower. 1226f2 test prototype is equipped with 12v 150 engine produced by 6 16 factory, and its power is also 1000 horsepower. The power transmission devices of the two test samples are vertical and can be hoisted as a whole, which brings great convenience to vehicle maintenance. In addition, both prototype cars adopt the hydraulic mechanical gearbox developed by 6 17 factory. The gearbox has four forward gears and 1 reverse gears, with simple operation and good acceleration and steering performance. The suspension device adopts the compound suspension of torsion bar spring and hydraulic cylinder, which has good shock absorption performance. Compared with the previous tanks, because the walking system adopts six pairs of small load wheels and rubber tracks, the traffic capacity of the two test samples and the service life of the walking system are obviously improved.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, in the "Three North Areas" with flat terrain, how to defend and block the enemy's reloading clusters at the gates at any time was a big nerve-racking problem for the troops with backward equipment. With the newly established quasi-ally relationship with NATO countries, China once considered introducing the German "Leopard" 2 tank as the main equipment of the army armored forces. For a time, military executives and factory technicians became frequent visitors of Klaus-Maffei Company in Germany. After comprehensive consideration, the military finally decided to develop a main battle tank with China characteristics on the basis of absorbing and digesting Leopard 2 technology. Therefore, in the process of designing 1224, 1226 and 1226f2 test prototypes, many design concepts of German "Leopard" 2 tank were fully used for reference.

1226 and 1226f2 test samples adopt welded turrets, and the bomb bay is set at the back of the turret, with 4 passengers. Under the condition of adopting many new technologies, the experimental prototype has achieved unprecedented success in one-time research and development, and at the same time, the component research and development at the same stage has also shown a situation of blooming, which has made new practice and accumulation in the development and technical reserve of tanks in China.

198 1 80 tank was designated as the second generation main battle tank in China, and the prototype vehicles of 1224, 1226 and 1226f2 actually became the pre-research vehicles of the third generation tanks. After Type 80 tank became the second generation tank, China's military industry department put the demonstration of the third generation tank on the top agenda. Soon, two different design concepts appeared in the demonstration, resulting in serious differences; The first design concept advocates the development of the third generation tank based on the Soviet t-72 tank, which is based on the fact that China has fully mastered the technical performance of the t-72, and the development of a new generation tank on this basis does not require major adjustments to the tank industry system that has inherited the Soviet style for decades. The scheme is a three-person tank, 125mm gun and an automatic loader. The second design concept advocates starting a new stove, taking the development of new tanks as an opportunity to get rid of the Soviet system completely. Its design scheme is as follows: adopting the design style similar to that of Israel's galloping tank, the front engine, 120mm main gun, semi-automatic loader, high-power diesel engine or gas turbine as the power system, breaking the traditional tank design concept. Due to the intransigence and serious differences between the two design concepts, the demonstration work of the third generation tank project was put on hold temporarily.

1July, 1984, after unifying the design concept, a supplementary demonstration meeting on the tactical and technical indicators of the third generation tanks was held again, attended by the military and the R&D department (No.201Institute). The meeting decided to adopt the overall design scheme similar to the t-72 tank, and appointed Zhu Yusheng as the chief designer. /kloc-in the summer of 0/986, the project was jointly reported to the State Council and the Central Military Commission by the General Staff Department and the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. In the same year, the State Council and the Central Military Commission officially approved that "the third-generation tanks were the main equipment of armored forces in 2000". In the country "seven? In the "Five-Year Plan", the third-generation tank was listed as a key project of weapon research and development. " Eight? During the fifth five-year plan period, it was listed as one of the four key equipment projects of the army.

1in the spring of 989, the Armored Forces Department of the General Staff Department signed the contract for the third generation main battle tank (the first stage) with China North Industries Corporation. At the beginning of next year, 6 17 factory will produce the first prototype of the third-generation tank test, and the factory will finalize the test. 199 1 year, after full demonstration, the third-generation tank demonstration and analysis team improved the technical indicators of the third-generation tank from more than 40 to more than 70, which had a far-reaching impact on improving and perfecting the operational performance of the third-generation tank. 1992,617 factory produced four third-generation tank prototypes. 1993, the relevant departments held a technical meeting on the three-step index project of the third generation tank turret front protection system. At the meeting, it was decided to improve the front protection of the third generation tank turret from two-step indicator (600 mm) to three-step indicator (700 mm) to meet the needs of future wars.

During the period of 1994, the Equipment Department of the General Staff Department and the ordnance company held two "R&D scheme review meetings of the third generation tank fire control system" successively. In August of the same year, two prototypes of the third-generation tank were tested in hot and humid areas in a certain place in southern China. In the test, two prototype vehicles traveled a total of 3,800 kilometers, fired more than 200 shells of various types, and completed the test item 16. In September, the feasibility test and dive test of the third generation tank were carried out in Toli and Huaishuling areas of Beijing. From 1995 to 1996, three prototypes of the third generation tanks were tested in the cold region at the northern proving ground of Tahe County, Heilongjiang Province. At the beginning of 1996, the third generation tank model office of the arms department held a design finalization coordination meeting in Baotou. In May, 6 17 Factory began the final assembly of the official prototype of the third generation tank. On February 3, 65438, the handover ceremony of the third generation tank was held at the proving ground of the Armored Forces Equipment Technology Research Institute. Since then, the third generation tank has officially entered the design finalization stage from the engineering research and development stage.

65438+At the end of February, the test troops quickly transferred four official prototypes of three generations of tanks to Tahe for cold zone adaptability test. During the test in the past two months, four prototypes have traveled a total of 6,900 kilometers and completed nearly 20 test items. At the end of 1997, the official prototype of the third-generation tank once again entered the Tahe proving ground for cold zone tests. Four prototype vehicles have traveled a total of 20,000 kilometers, completed nearly 30 test projects and fired more than 760 kinds of shells. By the end of 1998, after five years of tests and military tests, the third-generation tank finally completed the design finalization task. After testing, the third generation tank meets or exceeds the design requirements in firepower, fire control, armor protection performance and some high-tech applications. As the third-generation tank has been designated as the key model of "99 10 Project" (the 50th National Day military parade), time and tasks are pressing. With the unremitting efforts of relevant units, the third generation tank passed the appraisal and was officially named ztz-98 main tank at the end of 18. It was produced in small batches and participated in the "99 10 Project". 1 999101month/day, Type 98 tank made its first public appearance in the National Day military parade.

During the research and development in recent 10 years, the third generation tanks cost hundreds of millions of RMB. The cost of bicycles participating in the military parade was RMB 6,543,806 (about US$ 6,543,809), which set a new high for tanks made in China.

After the design of Type 98 tank was finalized, scientific research units began to step up the development of an improved type based on this tank. Compared with Type 98 tank, the comprehensive performance of Type 98 tank has been greatly improved, especially the feasibility of the whole vehicle. At the end of 200 1, the first batch of 40 Type 98 improved tanks began to test and equip the PLA armored forces.

Second, the overall layout

Because the design of Type 98 tank draws lessons from many design concepts of t-72 tank, on the whole, Type 98 tank is like an enlarged version of t-72. The chassis of Type 98 tank is nearly 1 m longer than that of t-72, and the wheel distribution is sparse. Compared with the previous tanks of our army, the biggest change of Type 98 tank is reflected in its turret. It changed the traditional oval casting turret and adopted the welding structure in an all-round way. Its front has many similarities with m 1 series tanks.

From the overall layout, the Type 98 tank still adopts the traditional layout mode, including front cab, middle war room and rear power room. The car body adopts welded structure of armored steel plate, and consists of head, side, tail, bottom, fan partition, power compartment partition and power compartment top cover. A pair of traction hooks with elastic bolts and two headlight protection brackets are welded on the upper layer of the locomotive. An external oil tank, an oil supply pipeline, spare parts, a tool accessory box and an external oil tank are fixed on the fender of the car body, and two spare oil drums are fixed on the bracket at the rear of the car body.

The tank driver is located in the front center of the car body, and the cab is equipped with a single hatch. The mirror room in front of the hatch is equipped with 1 single periscope for daytime use and 2 periscopes. In addition, the driver is equipped with 1 binocular night vision periscope with a night vision distance of 200 meters.

On the inner side of the upper deck of the car body, there are spiral closing devices for cab doors, 92-type radiation and chemical detectors and poison filtering and ventilation devices. The right side of the cockpit is equipped with a right fuel tank and a bomb rack fuel tank, and the left side is equipped with a left fuel tank. The driver tests the instrument panel, battery pack and electrical equipment, followed by the rotating bomb conveyor belt of the autoloader.

There is a driver's seat in the cab, a joystick is installed on the armored plate at the bottom of the front part of the seat, and there are an accelerator pedal, a fuel distribution switch and a preloading pump switch at the right front part. When starting the engine, the driver must turn the fuel distribution switch to the on position and connect the preload pump. On the driver's right, there is a shift selector with two handles, a direction selection handle and a unit selection handle. There is also a manual brake control handle on the driver's left side, and the electronic control system of each system is also installed near it.

The battle room is located in the middle of the tank, the artillery is installed in the middle of the front of the turret, and the parallel machine guns are installed on the right side of the artillery. There are two crew members (commander and gunner) in the turret, in which the commander is located on the right side of the gun in the turret, with five observation mirrors around the captain's hatch cover, a 1 panoramic sight in front of the command tower, and a 1 anti-aircraft gun rack behind the panoramic sight and on the right side of the commander's hatch cover. The gunner is located on the left side of the gun, and there is a 1 mirror in front of the gunner's hatch.

The power transmission room is located at the back of the tank and separated from the war room by armored partition. The power system can be hoisted as a whole with compact layout. Compared with the previous tanks, the war room of Type 98 tank has increased the use space, leaving room for installing larger caliber tank guns in the future.

1979, the us army launched the M 1 "Abu rab" series of main battle tanks. At that time, this new type of tank was very popular because of its high speed, agility, firepower and advanced armor. 1984, M 1A 1 tank finalized, 1985 started production, 1986 officially equipped. The M 1A2 tank is the second-stage improvement of M 1A 1. The first one 1992 leaves the factory, and 1993 is equipped with troops. Many live-fire tests have proved that its armor protection ability is particularly outstanding. This armor protection combines amazing rapidity and maneuverability, nuclear and biochemical protection, automatic fire extinguishing and ammunition compartment to ensure the absolute safety of passengers. Its support ability, lethality and combat performance are unprecedented ground combat systems. One of the main features of M 1A2 is that it is equipped with an independent and stable commander thermal camera. This kind of thermal imager has the target catching ability of hunting sight, which greatly improves the tank's ability to engage the enemy in low visibility. After the start of the Iraq war, the main battle tanks M 1A 1 and M 1A2 equipped by the US military showed their talents. Together with M2 infantry fighting vehicle, M 1 13 armored transport vehicle, AH-64D helicopter and other modern weapons and equipment, they advanced to Baghdad and made great contributions to surrounding Baghdad.

Main performance data

Weight 69.54 tons

The total length of the car is 9.830m.

The car is 3.658 meters wide.

The bottom of the car is 0.482 meters from the ground.

The unit pressure is 94.2 kpa.

Gas turbine 1500 HP

Unit power 2 1.6 HP/ton

The maximum speed is 66 km/h.

Off-road speed is 48.3 km/h

10% slope 26km/h

60% slope 6.3km/h

The main weapon is1.20mm smoothbore gun.

Parallel weapon 7.62 mm machine gun

Captain's weapon 12.7 mm machine gun

The journey is 434 kilometers

Vertical wall height1.066m.

The trench is 2.743 meters wide.

4 members

Equipped with advanced fire control system and anti-atomic, anti-chemical and anti-biological weapons.

The tank has strong survivability, and depleted uranium armor with strong bulletproof ability is installed around the turret; Ammunition is stored in a compartment with explosion doors. Once the ammunition in the carriage is detonated, the explosion door will automatically open, and the exploded air billow will be discharged from the car. The car is also equipped with an efficient and fast automatic fire extinguishing system. Once an explosion occurs, the fire can be found in 0.02 seconds and put out in 0.06 seconds. High degree of electronization, using a large number of electronic equipment, can automatically detect faults; The electronic sensing system improves the ability of target recognition and information transmission with friendly tanks; A brand-new command, control and communication system can improve the combat efficiency of tanks. Good operability and high reliability. Generally, it needs to be sent to the base for maintenance after driving 6400 kilometers. Replace the track after driving 3400 kilometers; The barrel needs to be replaced after firing 500 rounds, and now it can be replaced after firing 1000 rounds. The tank is equipped with 1.20 mm smoothbore gun, which can launch depleted uranium alloy armor-piercing projectile, with stable tail, high hit rate and great power. In the Gulf War of 199 1, the tank used an armor-piercing bullet to penetrate two tanks and destroy them. The tank is also equipped with an autonomous ground navigation system, which can quickly and accurately determine the position of the tank in extremely harsh environment and natural conditions, and will not get lost in the desert and complex regional environment.

The tank is equipped with an independent thermal camera for the first time, which is one of the main characteristics of the tank. The independent and stable thermal imager makes the tank have the ability of hunting and fighting, which greatly improves the ability of the tank to engage with the enemy under low visibility conditions. The tank also improved the display and control devices of the commander and gunner to improve data processing and operational efficiency. In addition, stabilizers were installed on the sights of the main gun and commanders and gunners, which further improved the shooting performance during marching. The M 1A2 tank also uses CO2 laser rangefinder, which works at the same wavelength as the thermal imager, and has a wider ranging range, stronger ability to penetrate smoke and dust, and is safer for human eyes.

Tanks are equipped with the latest Battlefield Management System (BMS), which can automatically provide the positions, logistics information, target data and commands of both sides. M 1A2 is equipped with autonomous navigation system, which can quickly and accurately calibrate the position through GPS satellite positioning system.

The chassis has also been improved, and the engine is equipped with digital electronic control device, which improves fuel economy and reliability.

Performance and equipment:

This tank is the second-stage improvement product of M 1A 1. The improvement project was first approved on 1 Feb. 9851. At present, there are seven projects, five of which are planned to be put into production at the end of 1988, and the other two will be delayed by 18 months. After the product is finalized, it will be named M65438. The improvement in the second stage will greatly improve the overall performance of M 1A 1. It is reported that the first car of M 1A2 is scheduled to leave the factory on 1992, and the troops will be equipped on 1993.

(1) Captain Independent Thermal Camera (CITV)

This is one of the main characteristics of the tank, which was developed by Texas Instruments Optoelectronic Branch. The independent and stable thermal imager has the target capturing ability of the hunter's sight, which will greatly improve the tank's ability to engage the enemy in low visibility (night and smoke). At present, it is studying to cancel the optical extension device of the gunner's main sight for the original commander to observe.

(2) Commander Control Tower (CWS)

On the redesigned control tower, improved periscope, larger hatch and machine gun seat ring will be installed, and the electric and manual control mechanism of anti-aircraft machine gun will be cancelled.

(3) CO2 laser rangefinder

The working wavelength of the rangefinder is the same as that of the thermal imager, the ranging range is expanded, the ability to penetrate smoke and dust is stronger, and it is safe for human eyes.

(4) Driver Thermal Observation Instrument (DTV)

An /VVS-2 driver's low-light-level pilot is used to replace the existing equipment, which can be used day and night to expand the driver's vision.

(5) Battlefield management system

Also known as IVIS, it is a network data and information system that can automatically provide the location, logistics information, target data and commands of both parties. The equipment is processed by a microprocessor and installed on the inner wall of the turntable on the right side of the thermal imager display device of the command vehicle. Vehicle locator/navigator is currently under development.

(6) Identification device for friend or foe and armored shell for improving survivability.

These two improvements may be delayed due to financial or technical reasons. The armored shell is designed to enhance the tank's ability to resist top attack and enhance the armored protection of other parts of the tank.