Data of Xinhai Revolution

19110 June10, a vigorous revolution led by the bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen and attended by the broad masses of workers and peasants broke out in China, which washed away the feudal autocracy of the Qing Dynasty and established a bourgeois republic. Because this year was "Xinhai" according to the traditional chronological method in China, this revolutionary movement that shocked China and foreign countries was called "Xinhai Revolution" in history.

1840 since the opium war, with the further deepening of imperialist aggression, China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation has intensified day by day. The corrupt rulers of the Qing dynasty compromised and surrendered to the outside world and extorted money from the inside, which led to unprecedented intensification of class contradictions. The people of the whole country rose up and the struggle was surging. But these struggles are spontaneous and lack organization and leadership. The bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen publicized revolutionary theories and organized revolutionary political parties, and successively launched 10 armed uprisings. Although these uprisings failed, each uprising played a role in publicizing the revolution and inspiring the people, greatly inspiring the people of the whole country, promoting the rapid development of the revolutionary situation and inspiring vigorous mass movements in various places.

Hubei is located in the hinterland of the Yangtze River, and Wuhan is known as the "thoroughfare of nine provinces" and is a land and water transportation center. Imperialist countries have long established concessions, opened commercial ports, set up factories, plundered raw materials and dumped goods here according to unequal treaties, and extended the claws of aggression to every corner of urban and rural areas. This hindered the development of national industry and commerce, promoted the bankruptcy of rural economy and forced the people to embark on the revolutionary road. 1in July, 904, the first revolutionary group-science tutorial school appeared in Wuchang, and then secret revolutionary organizations such as Japanese newspaper, literary society and * * * society were established one after another. Hubei revolutionaries went deep into the new army, publicized the revolution, developed revolutionary organizations among soldiers, and made long-term efforts to gradually control the leadership of the new army. By the eve of Wuchang Uprising, one third of the soldiers in the new army had joined the revolutionary organization and became the main force of Wuchang Uprising. 19 1 1 In April, after the failure of the Huanghuagang Uprising in Guangzhou, the leaders of the League decided to transfer the revolutionary center to the Yangtze River basin, and under the impetus of the League headquarters, the great alliance of Hubei revolutionary organizations was realized. In the summer of the same year, the Sichuan Road Protection Movement broke out, which indicated the arrival of the national revolutionary storm. Most of the new armies in Wuhan were transferred to Sichuan, and the rulers in Wuhan weakened, and the conditions for Wuchang Uprising were ripe.

19 1 1 On September 24th, 2008, the Literature Society and the * * * Progressive Association held a joint meeting in Wuchang, and * * * jointly organized the leading organization of the uprising-the temporary headquarters, located at No.85 Xiaochao Street, Wuchang, with Jiang Yiwu, the leader of the Literature Society, as the temporary commander-in-chief and Sun Wu, the leader of the Progressive Association, as the chief of staff, and formulated the uprising plan. The uprising was originally scheduled for June 6, 10 (Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15 of the old calendar), but due to insufficient preparation, the date of the uprising was postponed by 10 days (that is, 16 June). 654381October 9, Sun Wu accidentally exploded when he tried to make a bomb at the General Revolutionary Organ in Baoshan, a Russian concession in Hankou. The Russian patrol followed the sound and found flags, symbols, seals, announcements and other things, which were handed over to the Qing government and exposed by the authorities.

Jiang Yiwu learned the news, immediately called an emergency meeting and decided to uprising that night. But before this order reached the grassroots level, the Qing government destroyed the uprising headquarters and other organs, and the uprising leaders were arrested in large numbers and fled individually. That night, Ruicheng, governor of Huguang, killed three arrested uprising leaders, Peng Chufan, Liu Fuji and Yang Hongsheng. At the same time, it ordered the closure of the city gate and continued to search for revolutionaries according to the roster. The situation is very serious.

At this critical juncture, the revolutionaries in the new army automatically contacted and determined to fight back and survive. 10 After 7: 00 pm, Xiong Bingkun, the general representative of the Eighth Battalion of Wuchang New Army Project, led the battalion to take the lead and fired the first shot of the Revolution of 1911. He led more than 10 revolutionary fighters to the armory of Chu Wangtai, and the soldiers of the left team of this battalion who guarded the armory fired their guns to cooperate and successfully occupied Chu Wangtai. Hearing the response, the uprising soldiers from all over the country flocked to Chu Wangtai, and immediately decided to attack the Governor's Office and kill Reggie. But at this time, the scale of the uprising expanded, and the command could not be carried out, so we called Wu Dang, the captain of the left team of the engineering battalion (equivalent to the company commander), as the temporary commander. At about 1 1 that night, under the command of Wu, the revolutionary army, with the engineering battalion as the main force, stormed the Ministry of Supervision in three ways. Although the headquarters 1000 troops blocked the attacks of various armies with strong firepower, they still failed. At midnight, the revolutionary army launched a second attack. Scared by the gunfire, Ruicheng opened a hole in the back wall of the supervision room and escaped. 1 1 At 2 a.m., the revolutionary army attacked again, and finally captured the headquarters before dawn, and captured the whole city of Wuchang on the same day, and the Wuchang Uprising won. 65438+1October1/from the evening of Sunday to the early morning of 12, the revolutionary army occupied Hanyang, Hankou and Wuhan successively and completely recovered them. This is the first victory since the uprising led by the bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen, and the news shocked the whole country and the whole world.

After the victory of Wuchang Uprising, the Hubei military government was proclaimed in Wuchang on June 65438+ 10/1. Because the recognized revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen is still in the United States and Huang Xing is in Hong Kong, the leaders elected before the uprising were either arrested, killed, injured or fled, and there was no leader. Besides, revolutionaries didn't realize the importance of mastering the leadership. They believe that only people who are "famous" in society can call for the organization of the government. Therefore, upon Wu's proposal, Li, the 21st Hunchengxietong (equivalent to brigade commander) of the new army, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Hubei military government, and Tang Hualong, the former speaker of the Hubei Advisory Council and the leader of the constitutionalists, was appointed as the chief of staff. The revolution that Li expected would not succeed, so he refused to take office. Revolutionaries have to organize the strategy department and take the leadership responsibility of the military government. Five days later, Li couldn't wait any longer, and he was sworn in when the Qing Dynasty was about to perish. After he came to power, the strategic department was abolished, the military government was reorganized, and constitutionalists and reactionary officials and gentry squeezed into the government. Although the revolutionaries suffered repeated battles and defeats, they failed to reverse the situation that the old bureaucrats and constitutionalists headed by Li controlled the Hubei military government.

After the establishment of the Hubei military government, it immediately announced the abolition of the title of Xuan Tong in the Qing Dynasty and changed its name to "Republic of China"; The Constitution of Ezhou in the Republic of China was promulgated, stipulating that sovereignty belongs to the people, and the bourgeois * * * and national ideal were fixed by law for the first time in China. In addition, the Hubei military government issued various proclamations, calling for uprisings in various provinces, which promoted the continuous development of the revolution. In terms of foreign policy, the Hubei military government declared that all treaties concluded between the Qing government and other countries were still valid, reparations and foreign debts were still paid on schedule, and the vested interests of all countries in China were "protected as a whole", which showed that the revolution was "not exclusive at all" and was a manifestation of bourgeois weakness and compromise.

The victory of Wuchang Uprising caused great shock and panic of imperialism and Qing Dynasty. Imperialist countries have to declare "strict neutrality" because of the revolutionary situation, and at the same time send warships to gather on the Wuhan River to prepare for armed intervention. In June 65438+10/October 65438+February, the Qing government sent Yin Chang, Minister of the Army, to lead the two towns of Beiyang New Army to attack the revolutionary army south. In June+April, 65438, Yuan Shikai, the head of Beiyang warlord, was reused and appointed as the governor of Huguang to supervise the "suppression of the Communist Party". Yuan Shikai wanted to seize a bigger and higher power position and refused to appoint him on the pretext of "his foot disease has not healed". It was not until the Qing government appointed him as an imperial envoy and granted him the power to command the land and water armed forces that he went south from his hometown in Zhangde, Henan. 10 year 10 month 17 day, the Qing army continuously sent more troops to Liujiamiao, so the Yang (Hanyang) Xia (Xiakou, now Hankou) war broke out. Hubei Revolutionary Army rose to defend Wuhan, and the masses joined the army enthusiastically. Within a few days, the military government expanded its army to 40 thousand. The recruits fought bravely, and the workers and peasants armed with knives and guns helped each other. 10 10 19, the revolutionary army defeated the Qing army in Liujiamiao, winning the first battle, and the whole city of Hankou was decorated with lanterns.

654381October 27th, Yuan Shikai ordered the First Army of Feng Department to counterattack, and Liujiamiao fell back into the enemy. On the 28th, the revolutionary army retreated from Dazhimen. The Qing army set fire to the city, and the fire lasted for 3 days and nights, and the bustling area of Hankou turned into scorched earth. 1 1.2 Hankou fell. On the 3rd, Huang Xing, the leader of the League who arrived in Wuchang from Shanghai soon, was appointed as the wartime commander-in-chief. /kloc-In June of 0/6, Huang Xing led his troops to sneak into Hanshui and counterattack Hankou./kloc-In June of 0/7, he retreated to Hanyang. On 2 1 day, the Qing army attacked Hanyang, and Huang Xing led the revolutionary army to resist heroically. In the end, Hanyang fell again on the 27th. The 40-day war in Yang Xia is over. The revolutionary army maintained a confrontation with the Qing army across the Yangtze River.

Wuhan's military suffered setbacks, but the revolutionary situation caused by Wuchang Uprising could not be reversed by reactionary forces. After Wuchang Uprising, in a short period of 1 more than a month, 14 of the 24 provinces in China successively declared independence and established a military government. The revolutionary storm swept across the land of China, eventually overthrowing the decadent Qing dynasty, ending the feudal autocracy that ruled China for more than 2,000 years, and making democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts.

The Revolution of 1911 was a major political event that shocked China and foreign countries. For the first time, it erected the flag of democracy and country on the land of China. It is a pioneering work in the history of China's civilization for thousands of years, and it is also a pioneering work in the history of the whole oriental civilization, which has written a glorious page in the modern history of China. At the same time, the Revolution of 1911, as a bourgeois democratic revolution against imperialist aggression and feudal oppression, immediately aroused great repercussions in Asia and the world and ushered in the climax of the oppressed national liberation movement in the world in the 20th century.