About disease prevention and physical examination

How long can hepatitis B vaccine last?

According to the medical survey in China, 15 years after three doses of hepatitis B vaccine were inoculated according to the prescribed procedures, 51% of the vaccinated people still contained antibodies against hepatitis B virus, and the vaccinated people were still resistant to hepatitis B virus. It is proved that the immunity of half of the people vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine can be maintained for at least 15 years.

But it doesn't mean that there is no need to replant hepatitis B vaccine within 15 years. The situation of each vaccinator is different. Some people have higher antibody levels and last longer after being vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine. However, after some people are vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, the antibody level is low and the duration is short. Therefore, whether hepatitis B vaccine should be replanted or not and how long it needs to be replanted should be treated differently for everyone.

When the antibody of hepatitis B in the body disappears or is too low, the second vaccine should be repeated. The titer of hepatitis B surface antibody should be determined before multiple cropping. The higher the titer of hepatitis B surface antibody in serum, the stronger the protection and the longer the duration (more than 3 ~ 5 years).

When the antibody titer of hepatitis B surface is less than or equal to 1 international units/ml, it should be inoculated within half a year.

If the antibody titer is greater than 1 international units/ml, it can be replanted within 6 years. Most scholars in our country suggest that it is better to strengthen once within 3 years after immunization < P > If there are carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen at home and other family members have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine for nearly 1 years, the risk of family members being infected with hepatitis B virus is relatively high, and it is best to carry out hepatitis B vaccine multiple inoculation.

It is worth noting that please go to regular medical institutions to get hepatitis B vaccine, and be careful not to get expired hepatitis B vaccine.

Some people who have been vaccinated against hepatitis B suspect that the test results are wrong when they find that hepatitis B surface antigen is positive later, and think that those who have been vaccinated against hepatitis B will not suffer from hepatitis B. This view is also wrong. It should be emphasized that hepatitis B vaccine has excellent curative effect and is the most reliable method to prevent hepatitis B. There is no doubt about this. However, the protection rate of hepatitis B vaccine is 9%-95%, not 1%, and a few people have not produced antibodies even after vaccination, which is related to the difference of human immune response to hepatitis B vaccine. In addition, there is a very close relationship between whether hepatitis B vaccine is vaccinated according to the prescribed procedures and doses and whether it has been infected with hepatitis B at the time of injection.

introduction of physical examination items

clinical significance of the items

generally, height, weight and blood pressure cooperate with physical examination on site to understand the physical differences.

draw blood (for laboratory examination) and draw blood samples

X-ray examination X-ray fluoroscopy uses X-ray to see through the chest. The diseases that may be screened out include tuberculosis, lung tumor, hydrothorax, pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, tracheal dilatation, ventricular hypertrophy, aortic arch protrusion, scoliosis and diagnosis of thoracic and skeletal diseases. If the X-ray examination on the front chest is normal, but there is a long-term cough with bloodshot sputum, the X-ray examination on the side chest will be added. < P > Bone density and bone density screening of human beings will reach its peak around the age of 3, and then the bone will be lost year by year, resulting in the loosening and fragility of the skeletal structure, and "osteoporosis" will gradually occur. Therefore, it is best for normal people to be screened every year after the age of 3.

Five abdomen (liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas and kidneys) (black and white ultrasound) were examined to see if there were any lesions in liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. It mainly examines eight parts, including liver, intrahepatic bile duct, common bile duct, gallbladder, kidney, hepatic portal vein, pancreas, spleen and others. Detect fatty liver, liver cirrhosis, hepatolithiasis, unexplained abdominal pain and other diseases.

B-ultrasound of prostate can screen prostate for the following conditions: prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, prostate cancer, prostate cyst, prostate abscess, prostate tuberculosis, prostate calculus, etc.

ECG 12-lead ECG examination is to use graphs to record the potential changes related to heart beat, so as to judge whether there are abnormal conditions such as atrial or ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, incomplete pulse, pericarditis, systemic diseases, etc.

Five items of internal medicine (heart, lung, liver, spleen, nervous system, etc.) have passed physical examination. Exclude medical diseases or find the symptoms of medical diseases

Seven surgical items (skin, spine, limbs, thyroid, breast, anus, external genitalia, etc.) can understand the basic situation of the surgical system through palpation and physical examination

Four ophthalmic items (vision, color discrimination, external eye, intraocular pressure, fundus, slit lamp examination, etc.) The eye is an important tool to transmit external conditions to the brain. Understand whether there are lesions in fundus and blood vessels through fundus photography; For example, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, optic neuritis, optic atrophy, etc.

Ten items (lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, periodontium, tongue, palate, parotid gland, submandibular gland, infratemporal) in stomatology passed physical examination, and dental diseases were excluded or symptoms were found

Seven items (hearing, external ear, otorhinolaryngology) Ear: Rupture of eardrum, otitis media, etc. Nose: Sinusitis, curvature of middle diaphragm, tonsil lesion, etc. Laryngeal: Polyps, Nodules, Laryngeal Tumors, etc.

The size, color and shape of the external orifice of the cervix were screened by four routine gynecological examinations; Whether there is erosion, polyp, tumor and inflammation; And the amount, nature, color, odor, etc. And touch the elasticity, patency and tenderness of the vagina; It is important to screen cervical cancer through cervical smears. The incidence of cervical cancer is very high, but the mortality rate is not so high, mainly due to the effect of early detection and early treatment. Because cervical smear examination is an effective method for screening cervical cancer, all women who have sex should have a breast infrared scan once a year < P > Mammography uses X-ray instrument to see through the oppressed breast. This X-ray examination can detect many breast lesion that cannot be touched by hand, and the probability of finding early breast cancer is quite high.

Gynecological B-ultrasound gynecological ultrasound examination can find out whether the uterus, ovaries and other reproductive organs have lesions. Screening diseases: hysteromyoma, hysterofibroma, uterine cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, ovarian cyst, ovarian cancer and other diseases can be found.

The 18 white blood cell counts (WBC) of routine blood tests are mainly used for defense. If white blood cells increase or decrease, it is necessary to cooperate with the classification of white blood cells to preliminarily determine the value of white blood cell classification for bacterial infection or viral infection or leukemia (commonly known as hematologic cancer)

Lymphocyte (LYN), which is helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases

Granulocyte (GRAN)

Erythrocyte Count (RBC) anemia.

high values may lead to polycythemia or thalassemia;

It may be anemia at a low value

Hemoglobin (HGB) is mainly used to check whether there is anemia

Hematocrit (HCT) refers to the percentage of red blood cells in the blood, which can more accurately understand the degree of anemia

Mean red blood cell volume (MCV) and red blood cell index. It is a reference index for distinguishing various anemia

mean hemoglobin content (MCH)

mean hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW) When the size of red blood cells is quite different, RDW will rise, which can be used as a reference for diagnosing anemia

When the platelet count (PLT) is high, it may be related to polycythemia, chronic myeloid leukemia and bone marrow. When the platelet value is too low, there may be bleeding tendency, aplastic anemia with poor coagulation < P > mean platelet volume (MPV)

platelet distribution width (PDW)

hematocrit (PCT)

the value of leukocyte classification of monocytes (MON), It is helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases

relative percentage of lymphocytes (LRR%)

relative percentage of granulocytes (RPR%)

relative percentage of monocytes (MPR%)

1 urine specific gravity (SG). The normal value of adult urine is 1.1 ~ 1.3. Low specific gravity urine: seen in diabetes insipidus, polycystic kidney or those who use diuretics and take too much water. High specific gravity urine: seen in diabetes, congestive heart failure, dehydration, vomiting < P > Urine PH (pH) When fresh urine is normal, it is weakly acidic, with an acidity of about 5 to 8. If the pH is greater than 8, it means that the urine is alkaline, and there may be urinary tract infection, inflammation or poor renal function. If the pH value is less than 5, it means that the urine is acidic, which may be in a state of starvation or ketoacidosis < P > LEU paper is used to test whether there are white blood cells in the urine. If the white blood cells in the urine increase, it means that there is inflammation in the urinary tract, which can be interpreted with urine protein and nitrite. However, women often test positive for vaginal secretion pollution, so before collecting urine, the perineum should be cleaned to determine whether there is bacterial infection in the urinary system. If there is nitrite reaction, further microscopic examination is needed to find out what kind of bacteria are infected with < P > urinary protein (PRO). Under normal circumstances, there is a trace of protein (15mg／/day) in urine, which is negative (-) by test paper. If it is positive (+), it may be: physiological proteinuria: excessive muscle exercise, too long cold bath, and too much intake of protein. Postural proteinuria: Some people have proteinuria after standing for too long. Pathological proteinuria: kidney inflammation, nephrotic syndrome, high fever, toxemia of pregnancy, etc.

Under normal circumstances, urine glucose (GLU) is negative (-), or a small amount of glucose appears. If urine sugar is positive (+), we should consider whether it is diabetes or not. We must continue to follow up and check < P > Keto body is formed due to incomplete fat metabolism in Keto body. No Keto body in normal urine is negative (-). If Keto body is positive (+) in urine, it is often seen in diabetic patients, but also in patients with hunger, fever, long-term diarrhea and vomiting. Dieters who restrict starchy foods will also have ketobodies < P > urobilinogen (UBG) in urine. If the urobilinogen in urine is too high, it may indicate hemolytic jaundice, acute hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and other diseases. If there is no urobilinogen in urine, it means that there may be biliary obstruction < P > Bilirubin (U-BIL). Normal urine has no bilirubin, so it is negative (-). When there is bilirubin in the urine, it is positive (+), which means that there may be biliary obstruction or liver diseases.

Urinary red blood cells (ERY) determine whether there is blood in the urine. No blood in urine is negative (-); If there is blood in the urine, it is positive (+), which may be urinary calculi, kidney inflammation or urinary system cancer. However, if urine samples are placed for too long, women in physiological period and other situations may cause false positives; When eating a large amount of vitamin C, it will cause false negative liver function < P > The value of 11 alanine aminotransferase (ALT) sGPT in serum represents the degree of liver cell damage. The value of patients with acute hepatitis may be as high as 5 ~ 1 iu/L. In addition, chronic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disorder, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, etc. will also cause high value < P > aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) as an enzyme in the body, which exists in the liver, heart, brain, blood cells and other organs or cells. High sGOT means that these parts may be diseased < P > Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme existing in liver, pancreas, spleen and kidney, which is most commonly used to screen liver dysfunction and cirrhosis. Especially alcoholic liver disorder and drug-induced liver disorder

Total protein (TPO) is used to check nutritional status, liver function, kidney function and infectious diseases

Albumin (ALB) is used to maintain the osmotic pressure of plasma, and it is made in the liver, so when the liver suffers from diseases, diarrhea, malnutrition, etc. Albumin can significantly reduce

Globulin (GLO) may increase or decrease during infection, liver disease, nephropathy, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Doctors should interpret

Albumin/Globulin (A/G)

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) as an enzyme in the body. When cells are injured, the ALP value will increase, which is a child or teenager during development. When the value is high, it may be hepatobiliary problems, bone cancer or bone metastasis, etc. When the value is high, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) indicates that it may have myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, liver damage, muscular dysplasia, leukemia, anemia or cancer, and it usually needs to be judged together with other examination items. Exceeding 1% of the normal value is the limit of the normal value, so when it exceeds 5 units, it should be judged what disease is caused < P > When the total bilirubin (TBS) is high, there may be hepatobiliary problems or hemolytic diseases. If the skin turns yellow, it is called jaundice. < P > When the direct bilirubin is high, there may be problems in the liver and gallbladder. < P > Blood lipids are four kinds of total cholesterol, the most representative fat in the body. When the serum cholesterol content is too high, it is easy to cause hypertension, arteriosclerosis and stroke; If the content is too low, there may be anemia, liver disorder and malnutrition. < P > Triglycerides are mostly formed from fermented grains and carbohydrates (rice, bread and other cereals). When the value of neutral fat is too high, it is easy to suffer from diabetes, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction and obesity. < P > HDL-Cholesterol is commonly known as "good". The blood content should not be lower than 4 mg/dl (.91 mmol/L), otherwise it is easy to suffer from arteriosclerosis < P > LDL-Cholesterol, which is "bad" cholesterol, and the higher it is, the worse it is. It is an important indicator for prevent coronary heart disease and treating hyperlipidemia.

The final products of BUN renal filtration metabolism, three items of renal function, cannot be properly excreted when renal function is impaired, and the value of BUN in serum increases at this time. However, this value is easily influenced by drug dosage, so it must be diagnosed together with other examination values. < P > CReatinine Cr is the main energy source of muscle movement and a substance decomposed by creatine. As long as the kidney function is normal, creatinine will be excreted through urine. The excretion function of kidney can be known by measuring creatinine < P > The metabolites of Purine in uric acid Ua, and the content of purine in animal viscera is the most. Excessive drinking, diabetes, gout, nephritis, lead poisoning, hyperthyroidism and other uric acids will be high < P > Blood sugar Fasting blood sugar refers to the glucose content in the blood on an empty stomach. It is the most basic method for screening diabetes. When the fasting blood glucose is found to be more than 11 mg/dl (6.1 mmol/L) during physical examination, it is suggested that fasting blood glucose should be measured again on another day to confirm that H. pylori antibody (H. pylori Ab) is a bacterium growing in gastric mucosa, which has been confirmed by medical circles.