How to enjoy baseball games?

The rules of baseball are not as complicated as people think. Simply put, it's pitching, hitting and catching. The baseball game is played between two teams, taking turns to attack and defend. In nine games, the team that scored the most points won. After all three pitchers in the first team were out, the two teams exchanged offense and defense. If the two teams draw in nine games, they will play another game until the tie is broken.

After hitting the ball, the attacker ran to the base, touched the first base, the second base and the third base in turn, and finally safely touched the home plate to score a point. Most of the scores in baseball games are scored by batters who come to first base and then run to home plate in turn, but there are also very wonderful home runs. The so-called home run means that the batter returns to the home run safely after hitting the ball (usually hitting the fence in the outfield). A batter who hits the base safely is called a hit. After the pitcher throws four bad balls, the batter can automatically get on base. The main baseball terms are as follows:

space

Boundary area

The area where home plate passes through the first and third sideline lines and their extension lines to the retaining wall or fence (including vertical space) is called "boundary area".

Out of bounds area

The area where home plate passes through the first and third base sideline lines and their extension lines to the retaining wall or purse seine (including vertical space) is called "out-of-bounds area".

Infield

The infield of a square connected by four basic points is the infield.

External field: the area outside the infield, that is, the fan-shaped area formed by the arc outside the infield connecting the ends of two sideline lines is the external field.

Sideline: home plate to first base and its extension line, home plate to third base and its extension line are called sideline. Obstacle line: The line connecting obstacles is called obstacle line.

Bases: The four positions that runners must touch the four corners of the infield in order to score are called bases.

Pitching area; The diameter is 5.49 meters, 0.25 meters above the ground. There are slopes all around, and the mound for pitching is the pitching area. In the middle of the mound, there is a platform with a pitcher's board in the middle (Figure 7).

Hitting zone: The area where the batter stands when hitting the ball is called the "hitting zone".

Takeover area: When you take over and are ready to accept the pitcher's pitch, the area where you must stand is called the "takeover area".

Base-running instruction area: The area located outside the first and third bases for the base-running instruction players to run and hit the ball is called "base-running instruction area".

Player's Seats: Seats for players on the field, substitute players who don't play and other players who wear sportswear are called "player's seats".

Wild pass line: the line drawn outside the sideline 18.29 meters, at least parallel to the sideline from home plate to first base and home plate to third base, is called "wild pass line" to distinguish the effective area from the ineffective area.

team member

Defender: the player who carries out defensive activities on the court "guards the team"; Any player who engages in defensive activities is called an "offensive player"

Home team or defending team first: A team playing in its own stadium or local stadium is the "home team". Traditionally, the first insurance team is also called the "first insurance team".

Field clerk; Any defensive player is called a "fieldkeeper".

Infield player; Players who defend in various positions in the infield are called "infielder".

Outfielder: A player who defends in the outfield is called an outfielder.

Pitcher: A defender who throws the ball to the batter is called a pitcher.

Batter: An attacker who hits the ball in the batter's area is called a batter.

Batter: An attacker who runs to first base after hitting the ball is called a "batter".

Runner: An attacker who continues to attack the base, steal the base and score after safely reaching the first base is called a "runner".

Base running coach: A teammate or coach who stands in the base running coach area to guide the batter to hit the ball and the base runner to run the base is called a base running coach.

Substitute: a non-starter who is not included in the list of players on the field and plays instead of players on the field is called a substitute.

throw

Pitching: The ball that the pitcher throws at the batter is called "pitching". Frontal pitching; The posture of the pitcher's body facing the batter is called "frontal pitching"

Side throw: The posture in which the pitcher throws the ball to the batter with one side of his body is called "side throw".

The pitcher's pivot foot; When the pitcher touches the pitcher's board, the foot as the shaft is called the pitcher's shaft foot.

Pitcher's free foot: The pitcher's free foot is called "pitcher's free foot". "Idle feet" is also called "stretching feet".

Illegal pitching: illegal pitching is called "illegal pitching", and all the following pitches are judged as "illegal pitching":

When the pitcher's shaft foot does not touch the pitcher's board and throws the ball to the batter;

Throw a ball at an unprepared batter suddenly;

When you throw a ball in violation of the rules of frontal and lateral pitching. Invalid pitching: A pitcher who fails to judge good balls and bad balls is called "invalid pitching".

Pitcher foul: When there is a runner on the base, the pitcher's illegal behavior of blocking the runner or throwing the ball is called "pitcher foul". At this time, the runner was awarded a safe first base, and the batter was not awarded a "goal".

Strike zone: the three-dimensional space between the upper edge of the knee and the armpit where the batter stands naturally above home plate. This area is called "strike zone".

Bad ball: The ball legally thrown by the pitcher did not enter the "strike zone" or landed before entering the "strike zone", and the ball that the batter failed to hit was called a "bad ball".

Storm: the ball that deviates from the home plate and the catcher can't catch is called storm. Note: When the ball rolls out of the passing line or the back net, it is judged that the runner enters the base safely.

Missed catch: It is called "missed catch" to take over the pitcher's pitching, which can be caught by normal efforts, resulting in extra points for the runner.

Sudden throw: Before the batter is ready to hit the ball, the pitcher suddenly throws the ball at him quickly, which is called "sudden throw". This is illegal pitching.

Responsibility loss: The loss of points for which the pitcher is responsible is called "responsibility loss".

Offensive and defensive activities

"Start of the game" or "Continue the game": An order to resume the game when the referee announces the start of the game or a dead ball appears.

Game: The two sides of the game exchange offensive and defensive stripes and three outs, which is a "game" every time. When only one side and three players are out without exchanging offense and defense, it is a "half-court game." Safety: the referee's judgment that the runner has legally obtained the base position is called "safety".

Score: The offensive behavior of an attacker who runs to home plate after hitting the ball and touches the first, second and third bases in turn, and finally touches the home plate safely is called "score".

Out: An offensive player deprived of the right to hit the ball, run the base or score is called out.

Hitting: The offensive act of a batter standing in the batter's area and hitting the pitcher with a bat is called "hitting the ball".

Illegal hitting: The ball hit by the batter by taking any of the following actions is "illegal hitting":

(1) When one or both feet fall on the ground outside the batter's area or one foot touches the home plate in whole or in part and hits the ball;

(2) When hitting the ball with an irregular bat.

One stroke: The batter is judged as a "stroke" when he misses the ball, misses the ball well, hits the ball out of bounds before two strokes, touches the ball out of bounds, touches the body at the end of the stroke, defends himself or hits a "clean baseball". Ball: When the batter fails to hit a bad ball or the pitcher throws the ball illegally, it is judged as a "ball".

Inbounds: Under the following circumstances, a legally hit ball will be judged as an "in-bounds ball". ：

(1) stops in the area between home plate and the first base or between home plate and the third base;

(2) When the local ball crosses the first and third bases and rolls out of the field or out of bounds from the boundary behind the base;

(3) When touching the first base, second base or third base bag;

(4) First land in the area behind the first and third bases;

(5) Touching the bodies of referees and players within the boundary;

(6) When crossing the home run line directly from the boundary area.

Note: When the sideline catches the ball, it should be judged by the vertical line between the outfielder's gloves and the ground, not by whether the outfielder stands in or out of bounds when touching the ball. The fly ball falls on the first and third bases or falls in the outfield boundary behind the first and third bases, and then pops out of the boundary, which is still a "foul ball".

A foul ball; A legally hit ball is called a "foul ball" under the following circumstances:

(1) When stopping in the out-of-bounds zone between home plate and first base or between home plate and third base;

(2) When the infield earth passes through the first base and the third base, it rolls out of the out-of-bounds area behind the base or continues to roll out of the field;

(3) Fall into the out-of-bounds area behind the first and third bases;

(4) When touching the body of the referee or the players or other obstacles out of bounds. Note: When the hit ball directly hits the pitcher's plate and bounces out of bounds from home plate to first base or home plate to third base, it is called "foul ball".

Fly ball: A fly ball that hits the air is called a "fly ball".

Groundball: A ball that rolls or bounces on the ground is called a groundball.

Flat ball: An unusual fastball that flies directly to the outfielder without touching the ground or flying. This is called a flat ball.

Wipe the baseball: A bat that reaches the catcher quickly and directly after touching the bat and is caught is called "wipe the baseball".

Touch: A stroke that deliberately waits for the ball to touch the stick or gently touches the ball with the stick, so that the ball slowly rolls into the infield, which is called "touch".

Grab a touch; Before the second strike, base runner's offensive tactic of scoring at third base was called "grabbing points and touching the ball". Sacrifice hit: The batter sacrificed his right to get to base safely to make base runner score, which is called "sacrifice hit". According to different hitting methods, "sacrifice hitting" can be divided into "sacrifice hitting with flying ball" and "sacrifice hitting with touching ball".

Empty the ball in the infield; Before the second strike, when there is base runner on the first base, the second base or the first base, the second base and the third base, the infield fly ball legally hit by the batter (except the straight ball and the touch fly ball) falls in or near the infield. The fieldkeeper 9, including the outfielder, is called "infield fly ball", and it is judged that the batter is out and continues the game.

Hit: A hit in which the outfielder hits the base safely without making a mistake is called a hit. Hits are divided into first base hits, second base hits, third base hits and home runs (hereinafter referred to as "first base hits", "second base hits", "third base hits" and "home runs").

Four-ball on base: When the batter hits the ball, he scores four goals and enters the first base safely, which is called "four-ball on base".

Sliding base: The runner's body slides to the ground to occupy the base, which is called "sliding base".

Slip off the base: except when the attacker enters the first base from the home plate, any behavior that leaves the base because of slipping too far is called "slipping off the base"

Re-stepping on the base: The runner's legal return to touch the original base is called "re-stepping on the base".

Leave the base prematurely: The runner's behavior of leaving the base before the outfielder touches the fly ball is called "leaving the base prematurely".

Forced base: The base runner's behavior is called "forced base" because the batter is forced to give up the original base and move to the next base. Stealing bases; The runner's act of quickly grabbing the next base when he throws the serve is called "stealing the base"

Close kill: A defensive act in which the fielder legally catches the empty ball or straight ball before the batter hits the ground, or receives a pass from the fielder of his team, so that the batter or runner is out, which is called "catch kill".

Catch the ball: The fieldkeeper does not use any part of hat, protective gear or sportswear to catch the ball, but holds the ball firmly with gloves or hands before landing, which is called "catch the ball".

Throw-and-kill ball: The act of throwing a ball when a batter is awarded a "good shot" three times and his right to continue hitting the ball is called "throw-and-kill ball".

Touch Kill: The defensive behavior that the outfielder holds the ball firmly with gloves or hands, and touches base runner's body with the ball or hands or gloves to make him out is called "touch kill". Pass-kill: The defensive behavior that the outfielder passes the ball to help other outfielders of the team finish the task of catching and killing runners or runners is called "pass-kill", also called "help-kill".

Blocking: The defensive behavior of the fielder to pass the ball and kill the batter or base runner who was forced to enter the base because the batter hit the base, which is called "blocking". This offensive and defensive posture is called "blocking posture".

The outfielder's selective killing: The defensive behavior that the outfielder kills the former base runner out without going through the batter when handling the ground ball on the court is called "the outfielder's selective killing".

Pinning and passing to kill the ball: The action of the pitcher touching the pitcher's board to pin down and pass the ball to base runner is called "pin down and pass the ball to kill the ball".

Pinch kill: The defensive behavior of outfielder passing the ball and killing base runner running between two bases is called "Pinch kill". Double play: The defensive behavior of the outfielder to make two players of the attacking side out in a row is called "double play".

(1) Double blocking: Double killing caused by blocking.

(2) Sealed contact double killing: double killing caused by milling and plugging and then contact killing.

Three kills: The defensive behavior that the outfielder makes three members of the attacking team go out without mistakes in a row is called "three kills"

Body: refers to any part of the body, clothes and equipment of the attacking and defending players or referees.

Contact: Contact with any part of the athlete or referee's body, clothes and their appliances is called "contact".

Mistake: The defensive behavior that the fieldkeeper can catch or pass the ball well after normal efforts, but fails to catch or pass the ball well, which leads to the attacker's safe base or scoring, is called "mistake". Wild pass: When the outfielder makes a mistake in passing and catching the ball, or hits an obstacle before rolling out, or rolls into the stands and players' seats, the "dead ball" is called "wild pass".

Obstruction: any behavior that affects the normal attack and defense of players in the game is called "obstruction"

Blocking: The outfielder didn't hold or catch the ball, so blocking base runner from getting on base is called "blocking".

Lying ball: in order to continue the game, effectively attack and defend to hit the ball, pass the ball, catch the ball or throw the ball. This is called "live ball".

Dead ball: The hitting, passing, catching or throwing of a suspended game is called a "dead ball". This suspension of the game is called a "dead ball situation"

Time-out: A password issued by the referee to suspend the game temporarily. At this time, the field became a dead ball situation. Appeal: A defender's foul behavior against an attacker requires the referee to call him out, which is called "appeal".

Protest; The team's behavior of asking the referee to change the judgment because of the referee's mistake in implementing the rules is called "protest"

Referees and records

Judgment: The judgment made by the referee is called "judgment".

Legal; Compliance with the rules is called "legal".

Illegal: Those who violate the rules are called "illegal".

Stop the game: A game that is declared to be over by the referee for some reason is called "stop the game".

A tie game: An effective game in which the referee announces that the two teams have equal scores is called a "tie game".

Waiver match: A match that ends when one side fouls and the referee announces that the other side has won 9-0 is called a "waiver match".

Rescheduled rematch: The referee announced that he would stop the game early for some reason and continue to finish the game regularly, which is called rescheduled rematch.

Two consecutive games: Two consecutive games in one day are called "two consecutive games".

Penalty: According to the rules, the referee's regulations on the foul behavior of players and coaches are called "penalty".

Official Recorder: The person appointed by the competition organizer who is responsible for the competition record and technical statistics is called "official recorder".

competition range

The playing field is a right-angled fan-shaped area, and both sides of the right angle are the boundary lines that distinguish the in-bound area from the out-of-bounds area. Within the two sides of the line, the area is out of bounds, and outside the two sides of the line, the area is out of bounds. In-bound and out-of-bounds areas (inside the field pass line) are the effective areas of the game. The boundary is divided into infield and outfield. The infield is square with a base at each corner. The base at the sharp corner is home plate, and the rest are first base, second base and third base in turn counterclockwise. The area outside the infield is the outfield. The playing field must be flat without any obstacles.

Note: If there are spectators and obstacles in the specified effective competition venue, or the effective competition venue is less than the specified distance, the referee group shall make on-site regulations according to the basic situation and notify both sides of the competition.

The distance between infield barriers is 27.43 meters. The distance from the front center of the pitcher's plate to the sharp corner of the home plate is 18.44 meters. On the back of home plate, draw a wild pass line not less than 18.29 meters outside the two lines, which is an effective area for out-of-bounds games. Both sides of the line are at least 76.20 meters long. Any point connecting the top of the two lines should be no less than 76.20m from the sharp angle of home plate (Figure 1).

ball

Baseball is made of round cork, rubber or similar substances, wrapped with hemp thread, wrapped with two pieces of white horse skin or cowhide, and tightly stitched with flat thread. The sphere should be smooth. The weight is141.70g to148.80g. The circumference is 22.90cm to 23.50cm.. Elasticity is: from the height of 4.12m, it can rebound freely from the height of1.43m to1.50m on a 6 cm thick marble slab.

club

The bat can be made of a whole piece of metal or hardwood or several pieces of wood glued together to make the shape of a wine bottle. The rod surface must be smooth, without cross-sectional joints. Both ends of the metal bar must be sealed. Several pieces of wood must be combined into a straight line. The length of the rod shall not exceed 1.07m, and the diameter at the thickest part shall not exceed 7cm. For the convenience of holding the stick, the length from one end of the stick to 45.70 cm can be wrapped with cloth, adhesive tape or rubber. Note: A bat made of several bamboos can also be regarded as a legal bat as long as it meets the above requirements and is safe and durable.

Dress

During the competition, players should wear uniform competition clothes (including exposed parts of undershirts, caps and socks, etc.). ). There should be no flashing buttons or accessories on the clothes, and there should be obvious numbers on the back of the coat, with the length not less than15.20cm.. The number of coats and trousers should be the same. If a player wears different clothes from his teammates, he is not allowed to take part in the competition. Each team should have two sets of clothes with different shades. In each game, the first offensive team wears light colors and the second offensive team wears dark colors.

Players can wear baseball shoes with flat nails or rubber heads, but not tapered metal nails. The length of flat head nail shall not exceed 1.50 cm. Note: coaches and base running coaches should wear the same sportswear as the players.