Barley image photography

Printing is a kind of reproduction. For the convenience of discussion, some people have drawn up the following definitions. Copying words or images on the surface of a substance is called a layout, painting colors on the layout, transferring and printing on the surfaces of various substances through pressure or transfer printing, and completely reproducing the original words or images. This technology is called printing.

Printing technique can also be said to be the whole process of printing and copying visual and tactile information, including prepress, printing, postpress processing and sending. It is a collection; Photography, fine arts, technology, chemistry, electronics, computer software and hardware technology, coupled with environmental considerations, is a complex and super-tested technology. That is, through overall planning, photography, word processing and art design, editing, color separation, plate making, printing and post-press molding, the technology of copying art, words and images in batches as required.

Printing is one of the four great inventions of the Chinese nation, and there are various printing technologies in modern times. Induction is like direct printing; Gravure printing, relief printing, relief printing, screen printing, hot stamping, etc. And indirect printing; Lithographic printing (offset printing), flexographic printing, laser printing, photocopying, copying, etc.

(A) farming is a great historical change.

Among the numerous ancient books in China, there are many records of agricultural culture initiated by Emperor Yan Shennong, which are as follows:

"In ancient times, people ate grass and drank water, collected fruits and trees, and ate meat that won the battle. Sometimes, many diseases are harmful, so Shennong began to teach people to sow grains, which are suitable for the land, moist, fertile and competitive. Taste the taste of herbs, the sweetness and bitterness of water springs, and let the people know. At this time, I encountered 70 poisons a day. " ("Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun")

"People eat meat, drink blood, and have long hair. As for Shennong, he thinks it is difficult to feed the people, but he wants something to eat, taste a hundred herbs, watch the bitterness and teach the people to eat grains. " ("New Language and Discipline")

"At the time of Shennong, the millet was sown, and God cultivated it, making axes, breaking wood, plowing grass, and then prospering the grain." ("Yi Zhou Shu Xiao Jing")

The above legends show that before Shennong, human beings were in the era of gathering and hunting economy, and people ate birds, animals, wild fruits and vegetables. Later, the population gradually increased, food was insufficient, and it was urgent to open up new food sources. Shennong cultivated crops, taught the people to sow grains, and the people ate grains, which made farming culture and agricultural civilization.

The emergence and development of farming culture is an epoch-making great change in human history and an extremely important event in the history of animal and plant development. Since then, mankind has realized a major transformation from a predatory economy to a productive economy, started to proliferate natural products through their own labor, and changed the economic outlook of the whole society, thus ending the gathering and hunting economy and entering the era of farming economy. Under the intervention of human beings, animals and plants have changed their self-destructive state, started to mutate and developed in a direction beneficial to human beings. New species and varieties are constantly emerging and widely used by human beings. The result of human productive labor has not only changed the external world of human beings, but also changed human beings themselves, so that their quality and civilization level have been continuously improved.

Agriculture promotes the renewal of production conditions.

Farming, rather than gathering, requires corresponding conditions. Only under the corresponding conditions can farming become possible. These conditions mainly include production tools, living conditions and storage conditions. This demand for farming conditions has promoted the innovation of agricultural production tools, the improvement of housing conditions and the invention of storage devices. Emperor Yan Shennong invented farming and also created and improved the corresponding farming production conditions.

1. Created agricultural production tools such as thunder. From gathering and hunting production to farming production, the two have different labor objects, different methods and different tools, and the latter is far more complicated and detailed than the former. Collecting and hunting production only requires simple tools such as harvesting, hitting and shooting (bow and arrow). However, agricultural production has a series of processes from soil preparation, sowing, intertillage, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting and storage. Without the corresponding tools, production cannot be carried out. Wang Zhen, an agronomist in Yuan Dynasty, once said, "No farm can be built without equipment". Yandi Shennong adapted to the objective requirements of this production and invented the thunder. "Biography of Yi Cohesion" said: "The Bao family does not do it, but the farmer does it, and the wood is thunder, so as to teach the world." Both thunder and ploughing were wooden digging tools, which were the most important tools for agricultural production at that time. At that time, it was a very important invention.

2. Establish a settlement. Before Shennong invented farming, people lived by gathering and hunting and often migrated, so they had to "live by water" (Liezi Tang Wen) and "live in the wild by living in caves" (Yi Ju). Extremely unsuitable for agricultural production. To grow crops, we must choose the right land, settle down and protect and manage it well. This requires the construction of artificial dwellings to get rid of the passive situation of relying on natural caves. So primitive agriculture and settled life are closely linked. The development of farming culture and the stability of cultivated land have promoted the fixation of residence and the continuous improvement of living conditions. Humans have developed from semi-crypt and shack-like houses to houses built on the ground and paved with braised soil and lime soil, forming primitive villages in groups. Later, it further developed into a more advanced palace and city. This is also inseparable from the contribution of Yan Di Shennong.

3. Invent pottery and improve storage containers. In ancient China, the legend of "When Shennong lived, people ate grains and burned rice on stones" (Literature and Art Collection, Textual Research on Ancient History Cited by the Food Department) and the saying that "Shen Geng made pottery" (Taiping Yulan was quoted from Zhou Shu in volume 833) showed that Shennong invented pottery to improve the cooking method of grains.

In the history of human development, planting crops artificially and inventing pottery are the two most important creations in primitive society, and they are also the basis for human beings to move from primitive barbarism to civilization. The manufacture of pottery has greatly improved the living conditions and production conditions of human beings; Cooked food improves people's nutritional structure and strengthens people's physique. Pottery is used as a storage vessel, which solves the problem that agricultural production is cyclical and restricted by seasonality, and can not guarantee the continuous supply of grain; It solves the problem of storing seeds to ensure the continuation of agricultural production in the next cycle and makes the sustainable development of agriculture possible. Therefore, the invention of pottery is another great contribution of Yan Di Shennong.

4. Invent Chinese medicine. Agricultural production requires workers to have a healthy body and the intelligence to inherit agricultural experience, so that production can continue. However, in primitive society, diseases and poisonous snakes and beasts seriously threatened human survival and affected the development of agricultural production. According to legend, in order to remove the threat to human survival and better develop agricultural production, Shennong went deep into Shan Ye to taste the nature and taste of various plants, thus inventing the method of treating diseases and injuries with Chinese herbal medicines. Shi Ben Zuo says, "Shennong and medicine help others." Emperor Century said: "Shennong ... tasted plants, declared medicine to cure diseases, and died ..." Historical Records of Huang San also said: "Shennong ... began to taste herbs and got medicine." These explanations began with Shennong, the founder of Chinese medicine, and there was only Chinese medicine in ancient times. Because of this, the first pharmacology classic written in Qin and Han Dynasties was named Shennong Herbal Classic.

(3) Farming culture has promoted the formation and development of the Chinese nation.

In the later period of primitive society, three clan groups, Yanhuang, Dongyi and Miaoman, gradually formed in the vast land of China at that time. According to various records and legends, it can generally be recognized that the ancient Chinese nation was formed by the fusion of these three clan groups. In Yanhuang Group, Huangdi defeated Yan Di Shennong and Dongyi Jiuli (headed by Chiyou), became the leader of clan and tribe alliance, became the first leader to unify the Central Plains, and later defeated Sanmiao, which accelerated the integration of the three groups. The Yellow Emperor is naturally regarded as the common ancestor of the Chinese nation.

However, Yan Di Shennong mastered the most advanced farming culture at that time, developed agriculture, rapidly increased its population and continuously expanded its territory, occupying a favorable position among the three clans. Even today, from the historical sites, we can still see the wide range of activities of Shennong in Yan Di. For example, the Weihe River Basin in Baoji, Shaanxi Province is the earliest place where Yan Di Shennong cultivated and planted millet, and there is also Shennong Temple in the local area. Suizhou, Hubei Province is the hometown of Shennong, Yan Di, where there are Shennongdong, Shennongfu and Shennongjing. In western Hubei, there are Shennongjia, where Shennong collects medicines, and Shennongxi, where medicines are washed. Yanling County, Hunan Province has Yandi Mausoleum. Ancient books recorded that there was a cauldron where Shennong tasted medicine in Taiyuan, a place where Shennong whipped medicine in Chengyang Mountain, and a place where Emperor Yan fought in Huailai, Hebei Province. These should be the places where Yandi Shennong (or his descendants) once lived.

The activities of descendants of Emperor Yan and Shennong are recorded in ancient books in a wider range. For example, at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, there were as many countries as 19, including Iraq, Gonggong, Luhun, Xiang, Jiao, Shen and Yue. Lu Shang is a descendant of April Mountain of Yan Di family, whose name is Qi Hou. In Qi Huangong during the Spring and Autumn Period, he fought for his country for 30 years, becoming a big country in the East and the overlord of the Central Plains. A branch of Shennong Zhu Rong became the ancestor of Chu. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chu became strong, destroyed more than 60 countries and almost unified the south of China at that time. It can be seen that the descendants of Yan Di Shennong are widely distributed all over the country and have played a very important role in the construction of the Chinese nation.

Among the three ethnic groups that made up the ancient Chinese nation, Shennong in Yan Di has the advantages of early farming age, large population, wide geographical area and sufficient stamina. Although its political status is not as good as that of the Huangdi clan, it spent a long time in the Central Plains with Huangdi clan, and finally became an organic whole. Therefore, in the process of building the Chinese nation, it has become the main body of the Chinese nation together. Yan and Huang emperors became the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation together. Today, people on both sides of the strait admit that they are descendants of the Chinese people and are proud of it. All this is due to the great contributions of Emperor Yan and Huangdi.

(4) Farming culture has promoted the formation and development of Chinese civilization.

According to Yan Di Shennong's invention of farming, Shennong's era was generally in the middle and late Neolithic period, when it was a clan society, with no country, no class and no civilized society. With the development and prosperity of agricultural production, some civilized factors, some civilized places and civilized core areas have gradually appeared on the land of China, which is the expression of the primary stage of civilization. In such an era, Yan Di Shennong's contribution to Chinese civilization mainly includes the following three aspects:

1. It laid a material foundation for the birth of a civilized society. In the Shennong era, the farming culture in China gradually developed. According to archaeological findings, the main crops domesticated and cultivated at that time were taro, millet, rice, millet, rape, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, gourd, Chinese cabbage (or) mustard, hemp, peanut, sesame, melon, broad bean, lotus seed and water chestnut. According to the types, grain crops, fiber crops and vegetable crops have been successfully planted.

The main domesticated animals are pigs, dogs, sheep, cows, horses, chickens, donkeys, ducks, silkworms and so on. Besides food and services, a primitive silk industry was established. Planting and aquaculture co-exist and promote each other in China, which promotes the further prosperity of social economy. This has led to a series of social, political, economic and cultural changes, mainly including the increase of agricultural products, the progress of handicrafts, the expansion of social division of labor, the separation of mental and manual labor, the growth of surplus products, the emergence of private ownership, the division of classes, the creation of figures, the rise of cultural science and the formation of state power. These changes eventually led to the birth of a civilized society. It can be said that there is no civilized society without farming culture.

2. It has played a central role in the formation of the characteristics of Chinese civilization. Archaeological data show that Chinese civilization has diverse origins, but under the influence of the central plains civilization core, it has gradually formed the characteristics of complete structure and overall unity, with strong vitality and national cohesion, which is a major advantage of Chinese civilization. Among the major civilizations in the world, only Chinese civilization has been uninterrupted for thousands of years and has continued until modern times.

Shennong tribe in Yan Di migrated from the middle reaches of Weihe River to the Central Plains and the middle reaches of Yangtze River, which brought advanced planting and breeding techniques to these areas and made the farming culture in these areas develop rapidly. The Central Plains has gradually become the core area of prehistoric culture in China. With its strong vitality and central geographical position, the Central Plains is a place where many cultures converge and radiate influence in the process of communication and struggle, and plays a huge core role in spreading civilization, so that different cultures in the surrounding areas gradually integrate into the Central Plains culture, add new blood, become richer and more energetic, and finally form an enduring Chinese civilization.

3. It laid the foundation of primitive spiritual civilization. With the development of farming culture and the enrichment of material production, the spiritual life of human beings has been constantly improved, and primitive science, culture and art have begun to appear. For example, farming and settlement gave birth to primitive architectural culture, the application of pottery gave birth to primitive painted pottery culture and later ceramic culture, and Chinese medicine was given birth to treating diseases with Chinese herbal medicines; Silkworm reeling gave birth to primitive silk culture; The demand for meteorological knowledge in primitive agriculture led to the demand for astronomy, calendars, spiritual entertainment, primitive songs and dances and musical instruments, as well as decorative culture, market culture and tea culture. It is said that all these are related to Shennong, which is Shennong's contribution to the primitive spiritual culture.

On the other hand, in the long-term agricultural production practice, Shennong and its people constantly sum up experience and pass it on from generation to generation, which gives them the idea of summing up experience, transforming nature, living in harmony with nature and mastering and applying the laws of nature. Some of these thoughts later became the source of Taoist thought, and some became the source of traditional agricultural intensive comprehensive technology system thought. Shennong, Yan Di, cultivated the spirit of hard work, courage and pioneering spirit in the labor practice of planting crops, growing grain, tasting medicinal materials, saving lives, taming livestock and raising animals. These spirits later became an excellent tradition of our nation and an important spiritual heritage of our nation.

Second, the development of primitive farming culture and its practical significance

(A) the development of primitive agriculture

Agriculture can be divided into three historical forms: primitive agriculture (using wood and stone tools), traditional agriculture (using metal tools) and modern agriculture (using modern tools). Since Shennong in Yan Di invented farming and entered the stage of primitive agriculture, primitive agriculture has been developing continuously. In the Xia Dynasty, metal farm tools appeared, and intensive farming techniques sprouted. By the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, intensive cultivation had developed into a mature technology, and finally formed a comprehensive technical system of traditional agricultural intensive cultivation. This comprehensive technical system is the essence of Chinese traditional agriculture, based on intensive land use, including a series of technical measures to improve agricultural environment and improve agricultural biological production capacity, with the theory of "three talents" as the guiding ideology. It meets the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development, sustainable development of agricultural production and building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Today, it is necessary for us to re-study this agricultural theory.

(B) the practical significance of the development of primitive agriculture

Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and grain is the foundation of the foundation. Agricultural problems are directly related to the survival, reproduction and revitalization of human beings, the rise and fall of the country and the long-term stability of society. Hubei is a big agricultural province in China, and Jianghan Plain is a big granary in China. In the construction of agricultural modernization, our province shoulders an extremely important task. After years of construction, although we have a certain foundation. However, we should see that in our vast rural areas, traditional agriculture still dominates. It is necessary to learn and introduce advanced technology and equipment from the west, but also to change the backward and insufficient parts of traditional agriculture in China and inherit and carry forward the reasonable and useful parts of traditional agriculture. For example, the comprehensive system of intensive cultivation technology is the most valuable and worthy part of traditional agriculture, which needs attention.

1. Re-understanding the guiding ideology of intensive cultivation (the theory of "three talents") is of great significance for implementing Scientific Outlook on Development's guidance on agricultural modernization. The theory of "three talents" holds that the world is composed of three elements: heaven, earth and man, and everything in the world is put into such a big framework to investigate. This theory regards agricultural production as a whole composed of crops, heaven, earth and people, and its holistic view, connection view and dynamic view run through all aspects of Chinese traditional agricultural production technology. It is under the guidance of this holistic view that people see the relationship between this part and that part of the organism, the relationship between this growth stage and that growth stage, and the relationship between various organisms in the agricultural ecosystem, and make use of it. It is also under the guidance of this holistic view that ancient agriculture in China attached importance to the reuse of wastes in the agricultural system. In the theoretical system of "three talents", man does not appear as the master of nature, but as a participant in the natural process. The relationship between man and nature is not antagonistic, but harmonious, which leads to the idea of protecting nature. People can interfere with nature, but they can't be above nature and violate objective laws. Therefore, the traditional agriculture in China always emphasizes the adaptation to time, place and things, which is the so-called "three adaptations", and takes this as the principle that all agricultural measures must follow. However, in the face of objective laws, people are not powerless. When they know the objective laws, they will have the initiative, and they will be able to "steal the right place and the right time" and "man will conquer nature". The theory of "three talents" requires that intensive cultivation should give full play to people's subjective initiative on the basis of observing objective laws in order to strive for high yield. In a word, the theory of "three talents" contains many dialectical scientific thoughts, which provides concrete guiding principles for Scientific Outlook on Development to lead agricultural modernization and will play a great role in socialist agricultural modernization.

2. Re-understanding the mode of intensive agricultural production is of great significance for adhering to the strategy of sustainable development. As we all know, western-style agricultural modernization has made great achievements. However, due to the fact that western modern natural science has divided nature into various parts and studied them separately, it has not paid enough attention to the relationship between things. Western countries basically transform agriculture according to the industrialization mode, but they also emphasize oil as energy input, which goes against the essence of agricultural reproduction to some extent, thus inevitably causing a series of problems such as environmental pollution, soil erosion, increased drug resistance of pests and diseases, and simplification of variety resources, which seriously threatens the living environment of human beings and the sustainable development of agricultural production. To realize the sustainable development of agriculture, we must attach importance to the coordination between man and nature, the unity of giving full play to subjective initiative and following objective laws, the understanding and utilization of the interdependent and mutually restrictive relationship between agricultural organisms and natural environment from the whole agricultural ecosystem, the multi-level utilization of solar energy and the material circulation within the agricultural system. These are the guiding ideology of intensive cultivation. Under the guidance of this idea, the implementation of intensive cultivation, crop rotation, multiple cropping, combination of use and tillage, comprehensive control, diversified management, recycling and other technical measures can not only improve the yield and quality, but also conform to the laws of nature and economy, which is conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. Of course, intensive cultivation should also be combined with modern science and technology to adapt to modern production conditions and become the characteristics and advantages of China's agricultural modernization.

3. Re-understanding the development direction of intensive cultivation is of great significance for choosing a reasonable development path for agricultural modernization. Since ancient times, there have been two ways to develop agriculture and increase crop yield: one is to increase investment and expand planting area to achieve the goal of increasing total output; Second, intensive management, intensive cultivation, and increase the output per unit area. The former is an infeasible road because of the increase of population, small population, insufficient reserve resources of cultivated land and no land area for expansion. Therefore, the only alternative way to develop agricultural production is to adopt intensive management and increase the output per unit area. And this is precisely the direction pointed out by intensive cultivation.

The influence of photography on impressionist painting is very famous in the history of art. Someone once said, "Impressionist painters are very obsessed with photographic expression". As can be seen from the following aspects, photography has a great influence on painting:

1. The contrast between light and shade of the object represented by the camera.

2. Free composition.

3. Simplification of background description.

These are all from

1. Impressionist painters' scientific attitude towards the nature of light;

2. Planarization distance method;

3. unaccustomed angle;

4. The clear processing of the picture end is shown in the figure.

B-ultrasound examination, commonly known as "B-ultrasound", is a medical examination item that patients often come into contact with when they see a doctor. Clinically, it is widely used in the diagnosis of diseases such as cardiology, gastroenterology, urology, obstetrics and gynecology. As a doctor in an auxiliary department, I found that patients have many unclear places about B-ultrasound. Now I'll tell you about the common sense of abdominal B-ultrasound. Are CT and MRI necessarily superior to B-ultrasound? The answer is no, as an important part of image diagnosis technology, ultrasonic diagnosis technology does have many advantages over CT and MRI. First of all, it can not only find the pathological changes of abdominal organs, but also observe the movement and function of organs coherently and dynamically. It can track lesions and display stereoscopic changes without being limited by its imaging stratification. For example, at present, ultrasound examination has been recognized as the first choice for biliary system diseases. Secondly, B-ultrasound can monitor the blood flow and direction of organs other than solid organs (liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, etc.). ), so as to identify the nature and degree of organ damage. For example, doctors can visually see various structures in the heart and whether there are abnormalities through color Doppler echocardiography. Thirdly, the ultrasonic equipment is easy to move and non-invasive, and can diagnose patients with mobility difficulties at the bedside. Fourth, the price is low. The cost of ultrasound examination is generally 35- 150 yuan/time, which is110 for CT examination and 1/30 for NMR. This is more affordable for most working-class people. "B-ultrasound" is often used for physical examination. But does all this mean that "B-ultrasound" is superior to CT and MRI in all aspects? Not exactly. For example, B-ultrasound is obviously weaker than the latter in clarity and resolution, and it is easy to miss the diagnosis of hollow organ diseases, and the examination results are also easily affected by the doctor's clinical skill level.