What should I pay attention to during the game?

Nutritional diet for athletes. Foreword In the past, I tried to engage in the training and competition of teams such as Hanji Group A men's basketball team, Zhongyuan University men's basketball team in Class 2 of Dajia, National Junior Women's Basketball Team in Tuku and Caotun Commercial Men's Basketball Team in Senior High School. At that time, it was observed that the dietary nutrition problems of teams at all levels in China were almost the same during training and competition. Without considering the nutrition absorption of players' diets, heat supply before the game and supplementary heat after the game, players were asked to solve three meals in a nearby restaurant. At a time when domestic science and technology are so developed and the sports world is promising to win the Olympic Games, it seems worthy of public attention that domestic teams at all levels ignore the nutritious diet in sports science. We learned that the importance of athletes' nutritious diet was fully reflected in the 13 Asian Games. The China Sports Science Team assisted the delegation in daily physiology, biochemistry, nutrition and medicine, and gave lectures and lectures at training stations such as Beijing and Zuoxun from time to time, guiding athletes to make various exchanges, and distributing athletes' training manuals, training diaries, nutrition manuals and medical manuals, which made the Asian Games delegation behave like this. In fact, a few years ago, some scholars called for nutrition as one of the important factors to improve physical fitness and promote health. In order to create a peak of physical fitness, athletes must adopt a proper and reasonable diet, because the quality and quantity of food will affect many variables related to physical fitness, such as changing the energy storage (liver sugar), blood sugar concentration, hormone secretion, nutritional needs and weight, and finally will inevitably affect physical fitness recovery, training quality, physical, mental and emotional factors. However, we found that before the competition, before and after the training, the players only paid attention to the convenience of choice (the nearest restaurant) and personal preferences (partial eclipse and improvisation), while ignoring the nutritional supply of dietary energy. In particular, exaggerated or false advertisements in mass audio-visual communication confuse ordinary players! Take 1983 as an example, there are as many as 2,734 teams (84 citizens in Li Rende) participating in school sports leagues at all levels in China, with nearly 50,000 participants. I wonder how many teams and athletes have been taken good care of. What's more, in recent years, the number of teams in China's school sports leagues has reached 4,000. Among the nearly 70,000 athletes, is the knowledge of diet and nutrition insufficient? According to various information reports, different scientific fields (such as sports mechanics, sports physiology, sports psychology, sports medicine, sports nutrition, etc. ) are constantly participating in training and competitions, so that the performance and technology of competitive sports are constantly improved. But whether you can enter the finals or even win a gold medal or a silver medal in a competitive competition is often only a thin line apart, which is what we often say,' just a little bit'. The difference is not only related to the huge bonuses set in some competitions, but also related to whether the national flag and national anthem can be enjoyed all over the world, and even related to the superior conditions such as the selection of young players in China and the entrance examination. Therefore, should sports coaches and team leaders pay attention to athletes' nutritious diet? 2. Who is responsible for the diet education for athletes? Case 1: "Why can't you eat fat?" The player asked. "What is high sugar?" The player asked. "Why are you so fat when you eat so little?" The player asked. Case 2: In a survey on nutrition application of coaches in the top ten conferences, 78% of coaches felt that they needed more nutrition information, and 69% of coaches seldom read nutrition knowledge. Does case 1 contradict case 2? When a player asks the coach, "Why can't you eat fat?" "What is high sugar?" If the coach can't tell the players the correct knowledge, isn't that the meaning of "sports training"? Because sports training (Textbook Committee of National Institute of Physical Education, 1990): (1) It is a specially organized educational process. (two) to continuously improve or maintain the performance of athletes as the main purpose. (3) Under the guidance of coaches and with the active participation of athletes. Moreover, the most important job of a coach is to guide the players' skills in the game through appropriate and effective training. On this premise, he is a teacher, so it is necessary for him to educate the players (wooden, 1988). The purpose of coaching is to target the selected people and engage in training for these people, even indirectly related to the formation of perfect individuals, bodies and morals (Jiang, Min 64). But directly speaking, it is to improve athletes' competitive ability, to give full play to their potential in the competition, and to defeat the enemy as the primary purpose. So, should coaches educate athletes on nutritious diet? What the public should pay attention to (including parents, coaches and schools)-young athletes are consumers, and they are one of the main factors that affect restaurant owners to improve diversified eating environment (Hosler, 1993). However, we didn't expect athletes to have the ability to analyze and check the dietary guidelines prescribed by coaches and make appropriate choices on diet. In particular, there is a big gap between theoretical knowledge and practice in diet. Therefore, Hosler (1993) suggested that schools (even coaches) should play an active role, not only educating athletes and their parents, but also educating them on proper nutrition and nutritious diet, and even giving them a written test on nutrition knowledge. 3. What food should athletes eat? As we all know, perfect nutrition habits can improve outstanding performance on the playground and in class. For most young athletes, the most suitable nutrition means that they can provide high-energy and high-carbohydrate foods, because athletes need these foods more than those who sit at their desks for a long time (Witt, 1993). Because people's feeling of fatigue is also related to the degree of muscle glycogen consumption, in addition, before the start of sports competition, muscle glycogen storage is linearly related to endurance. The higher the glycogen storage, the stronger the endurance. Once the glycogen is exhausted, it is difficult to maintain high-intensity exercise (Ahlborg et al., 1967). Therefore, in order to enhance athletes' physique and improve their performance, it is unheard of in recent years to use sports science to develop supplements (ergot supplements) to supplement athletes' usual nutrition. Ergonomics AIDS can be divided into five categories (Guo Jie, Min 84): (1) Physiological supplements. (2) pharmacological supplements. (3) psychological tonic. (4) Biomechanical auxiliary equipment. (5) nutritional supplements. Among them, nutritional supplements are special nutrients other than the six major nutrients, such as caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, ginseng, carnitine, chromium, bee pollen, honey and so on. In addition, Grandjean( 1983) suggested that the athletes' diet should be 45-55% carbohydrate, 12- 15% fat and 30-40% fat, and vitamins and minerals should be supplemented appropriately. Clarkson (1996) advocates that athletes should eat a high-sugar diet of 60-70% at ordinary times, because high carbohydrate helps to maintain the storage of muscle glycogen in high-intensity training, so that athletes can withstand high-intensity training. Liu Chun Ying and Xu Meizhi (Min. 88) It is pointed out that creatine supplementation is only helpful for explosive events, but not for endurance events. They also mentioned that at present, many excellent athletes in China, such as weightlifting teams and fitness teams, have achieved satisfactory results in using creatine, and suggested that each person should supplement 0.3 grams per kilogram of body weight every day for seven consecutive days, and the effect would be obvious. Other methods, such as the glycogen super-compensation technology proposed by Ahlborg et al. in 1967, are an exercise technology that endurance athletes often use to increase muscle glycogen storage. Its implementation particularly highlights exercise and sugar supplementation. For the effect of muscle glycogen overload, the implementation steps include three main parts: 1, starting to consume a lot of muscle glycogen with exhaustive exercise; 2, followed by the low sugar supply period; 3. Finally, give continuous high-sugar supplement. All of the above shows that the nutritional diet policy put forward by these scholars and experts should be used as a reference for special and high-level athletes. Fourth, the preparation of pre-season diet takes basketball players as an example. The energy consumption of a game is about 0.2 127/ kcal/kg/min, especially for male basketball players. The daily total calorie requirement is about 4492 kcal (Yu Bao et al., Min 79). Here, how should the coach monitor the nutrition of athletes' diet to make up for the lack of calories or control the excess calories in the diet? Suggested steps are as follows (Chen, Min 80): (1) Check whether athletes are obese. Before discussing athletes' diet, we must first know whether athletes are underweight or obese. Of course, we need to check whether they are obese. Such examination should include health examination, whole body skin fat examination and so on. The whole body skin fat examination is to measure the body fat of obese people. More accurate methods include isotope dilution method, potassium 40 test, computerized tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance vibration method and so on. The most common methods are subcutaneous fat measurement and body circumference measurement, so as to know whether athletes have too much body fat. On the other hand, the purpose of health examination is (Chen, Min 80): 1 to determine the physical health of the players. 2, early detection of player diseases for treatment and correction. 3. Avoid most preventable sports injuries. 4, legal responsibility, avoid telling the future law. 5, the basis of medical insurance compensation payment standard. Three points of physical examination (Chen, Min 80): 1. First, understand whether there are diseases and whether it is suitable for cooperative weight loss. 2. If you are sick or defective, can you be treated and corrected before losing weight? 3. On the other hand, we can know the physical condition of the players as a reference for the arrangement of training intensity. (2) Monitoring underweight and overweight, followed by those who are found underweight or obese after examination, so (Huang Binbin, citizen 82): 1, to find out whether athletes consume too many calories in one day's exercise? 2. Understand the calories required by athletes for one day's exercise. 3. Provide an appropriate diet menu. 4. Ask the assistant coach or protector to supervise and assist the athletes' eating behavior. If there is no improvement, please ask the doctor to check whether the gastrointestinal organs of the athletes have congenital diseases. Suppose that if obesity is diagnosed through examination, the coach will monitor the athlete's weight loss plan. According to the guidelines for losing weight put forward by the American College of Sports Medicine, exercise, nutrition (food) and behavior correction are the best ways to lose weight (cited from, Min 82). Because obesity is an imbalance of calorie budget, the intake of calories is more than the consumption of calories, and the excess calories are converted into fat and stored in fat cells, resulting in gradual weight gain (Huang Binbin, Min 82). According to the causes of obesity, subtract the two, then reduce the diet, maintain or increase the exercise, and then monitor the athletes' eating behavior, so as to achieve the purpose of losing weight. It should be noted that the weight loss ratio is 1~2 pounds per week, that is, about 500~ 1000 calories need to be reduced every day. If this amount is exceeded, dehydration may occur. Secondly, for underweight players, if it is caused by insufficient nutrition and calories through questionnaires or interviews, coaches and team management need to provide nutritional diet information and specific improvement menus; If the player is underweight due to congenital diseases, the coach and team management need to assist the player to seek medical treatment before the season, and make good contact with the player's parents to monitor whether the player's gastrointestinal organs have gradually become normal, so as to gradually control the weight. (III) Information Provision After the above steps are completed, the coach or team management should immediately request experts to help provide a proper diet menu, so as to prevent the players from being misled by the wrong information in the mass media. For example, in 1987, 57.0%, 47.7%, 52.0% and 68. 1% of the trainees approved by the Sports Federation of the Republic of China took four kinds of nutritional supplements (vitamin and mineral supplements, protein supplements, health food and functional drinks) respectively. They use more vitamin and mineral supplements, such as vitamin C, multivitamins/minerals and calcium tablets. Protein supplements contain chicken essence at most; The most health foods are ginseng, propolis or royal jelly, bird's nest, creatine, Cordyceps sinensis, lecithin and Ganoderma lucidum. Huya and Kangbeite (Zhan, Xu Meizhi, 1999) are the most common functional drinks. According to this data, most of the supplements taken by the above players are purchased through mass media information, and the correct way is to take them after being audited by experts and scholars. For example, Williams (1994) suggested that the use of creatine was not listed in the banned drug test by the International Olympic Committee, so everyone can use it with confidence, because creatine can increase the fat-free weight, increase the reserve of creatine phosphate in muscles, improve its utilization rate and delay fatigue, reduce the accumulation of lactic acid after exercise, improve or delay fatigue, and also improve the re-synthesis rate of creatine phosphate during the recovery period after exercise and shorten the recovery period. Moreover, after athletes supplement creatine, they can increase the concentration of creatine phosphate in muscles and increase muscle mass, thus maintaining muscle strength during high-intensity exercise and improving sports performance. With this information, I believe that the knowledge of domestic coaches or team management in this area should be quite lacking. In addition, coaches rely on experts and scholars to tell athletes that those foods are high in calories, that is, foods containing high fat, a lot of sugar and a lot of starch; Those are low-calorie foods, in case the athletes don't absorb enough calories. The following excerpts are for reference (Modern Life Editors Group, Min 8 1): High fat: butter, cheese, chocolate, ham, margarine, vegetable oil, lard, ice cream, nuts, beef, dog meat, eggs, milk, etc. A lot of starch: wheat, barley, corn, sweet potato, beans and so on. Lots of sugar: candy, biscuits, jam, jelly, honey, dried fruit, etc. Low calorie food: cauliflower, chicory, snail, tomato, watercress, green vegetable, chicory, grape, grape juice, cantaloupe, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, celery, mushroom, cucumber, eggplant, okra pod, radish, sauerkraut, kidney bean, summer pumpkin, etc. (4) Examples of athletes' diet: examples of athletes' actual diet in peacetime training. Wite( 1993) suggested: 1. Breakfast food: because breakfast can help and improve the performance in training and normal school, whole grains, juice, low-fat milk, cheese, yogurt and so on. Will have a good start in the day. 2. Supplementing calories and energy for lunch: The food manager of school lunch can help athletes to get high-carbohydrate and low-fat food choices. If you bring your own lunch, fish, chicken, lean meat, sandwiches, yogurt, milk, fresh fruit, juice and vegetables are better. 3. Supplement after exercise: Athletes should eat at the second hour after training. At this time, high carbohydrate can help muscles recover energy quickly. For example, popular snacks include bread, muffins, fruits, juices, popcorn, pretzels and non-greasy fast food, as well as carbohydrate beverage supplements. Rice and flour are also recommended as high-carbohydrate dinners. 4. To achieve a balanced and appropriate nutrition needs to be balanced. Teenagers who are growing up quickly need a high-carbohydrate diet, not a high-carbohydrate diet. They must achieve a healthy balance among six nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals and liquid (water). 5. Make up the nutrition consumed by training. For athletes who can't meet their energy and sugar needs, they may need to get supplements from commercial high carbohydrates. People who can't digest or absorb proper food should see a doctor or nutritionist. Another example of a diet plan is provided for the coach's reference (Zheng Xuan, Min 88): breakfast: low-fat fruit milkshake, oatmeal, toast or donuts; Drink two or three glasses of water at this time in the morning. 10 am: sandwiches or yogurt, fruits, doughnuts, low-fat biscuits, whole wheat bread, biscuits, vanilla pancakes or candy bars (pay attention to the sugar content). Lunch: spaghetti, salad, roast chicken, baked potato, tuna or chicken sandwich, Chinese food (not fried) at 3 pm: drink plenty of water. After exercise: Compare breakfast or snacks in the morning. Dinner: Similar to lunch, slightly changed. Evening snacks: biscuits, oatmeal, yogurt or a small amount of fruit. Practical problems such as nutrition and proper energy absorption of athletes' three meals are also related to the problem of "almost" because they are an important part of sports science.