What does the research process include?

Question 1: How is the research done, including the steps (1) to select the topic.

1. Where did the question come from?

2. General principles of topic selection

Scientific nature: to have theoretical and factual basis, it must conform to scientific principles; The expected results should be reasonable; The research methods should be correct and rigorous.

feasibility

novel

3. The general process of topic selection

(1) Clear direction finding problem

(2) concentration range-empirical analysis

(3) Prompt the focus-form a topic

4. Matters needing attention in topic selection

(1) The topic should be small but not big.

(2) the topic should be combined with reality. The topic should be original.

(3) The advantages of the researchers should be taken into account, and their own work should be combined to adapt to the abilities of the researchers.

(2) The reporting entity

Declaring a project, that is, designing a research plan, is the concrete idea of how to carry out project research, the working framework of starting project research and the basic idea of how to carry out research. This is a necessary measure to ensure the smooth progress of the research; The central link to concretize the research; It is an important guarantee for the quality of research results; Conducive to inspection and self-inspection; Conducive to cooperative research. Generally, the subject research carried out by higher authorities is accompanied by a subject declaration form.

1. project declaration form (project research plan):

(1) Description and definition of the topic: The title or topic of the topic must clearly state the problem to be studied, reflecting the research object, research questions and research methods. For example, "experimental research on political self-study counseling teaching in junior one".

(2) Research background, purpose and significance:

Research background: that is, what is based on and what is inspired.

Purpose and significance of research: that is, why to study, what is the value of research, and what problems to solve, including theoretical and practical significance; External goal (purpose), internal goal-student development).

Research summary: the history and present situation of this study.

Characteristics or breakthrough points of research: new problems, new methods, new angles and new effects.

(3) Research scope: the definition of the overall scope of the research object; Defining the fuzzy concept of the research object; Definition of key concepts.

(4) Research content: A very important part cannot be studied without specific research content.

(5) Research methods:

① Precautions: Pay attention to the use of various methods; The method should be written in detail; Don't abuse this method

② Main methods:

Action research:

Experimental research:

Case study:

Investigation and study:

Literature research:

(6) Research object: representative and typical, which makes the research results have universal guiding significance.

(7) Research procedures (steps): Study the tasks and requirements of each stage.

The first stage (preparation stage): collecting information and opening a topic.

The second stage (implementation stage):

The third stage (summary stage):

(8) Forms of expected results: ① Papers, research reports, works, etc. ② Changes of students

(9) Research members (and responsible persons, division of labor)

(10) Budget and other required conditions

2. Fill in the project declaration form (project demonstration)

3. Matters needing attention in filling in the subject declaration form

(1) Understand the importance of filling in the declaration form. I can't handle it with half the effort.

(2) among several copies, keep one for yourself, preferably in the computer.

(3) The core is the purpose, significance, research steps, research contents and methods.

4. My project declaration form

(3) Opening remarks

1. The meaning and significance of open debate

2. Writing method of opening report

3. The difference with the project demonstration (applicant)

4. Hold a public demonstration meeting

(4) Implementation research

1. Attach importance to theoretical study and the guiding role of theory.

2. Pay attention to the choice of research methods

Characteristics of action research:

1. learn for action

The purpose of action research is pointed out. The purpose of the research is not to establish a systematic academic theory, but to solve the problems encountered by practitioners in their situation. The research purpose is practical. The solution to the problem is direct.

4. Learn by doing.

Action research points out the research status and methods. The environment of action research is the working situation of actual workers, not a specially arranged or controlled scene. The research process of action research, that is, the process of practical workers solving problems, is an action >>

Question 2: How is the project research done, including the steps? (1) topic selection

1. Where did the question come from?

2. General principles of topic selection

Scientific nature: to have theoretical and factual basis, it must conform to scientific principles; The expected result should be reasonable; The research methods should be correct and rigorous.

feasibility

novel

3. The general process of topic selection

(1) Clear direction finding problem

(2) concentration range-empirical analysis

(3) Prompt the focus-form a topic

4. Matters needing attention in topic selection

(1) The topic should be small but not big.

(2) the topic should be combined with reality. The topic should be original.

(3) The advantages of the researchers should be taken into account, and their own work should be combined to adapt to the abilities of the researchers.

(2) The reporting entity

Declaring a project, that is, designing a research plan, is the concrete idea of how to carry out project research, the working framework of starting project research and the basic idea of how to carry out research. This is a necessary measure to ensure the smooth progress of the research; The central link to concretize the research; It is an important guarantee for the quality of research results; Conducive to inspection and self-inspection; Conducive to cooperative research. Generally, the subject research carried out by higher authorities is accompanied by a subject declaration form.

1. project declaration form (project research plan):

(1) Description and definition of the topic: The title or topic of the topic must clearly state the problem to be studied, reflecting the research object, research questions and research methods. For example, "experimental research on political self-study counseling teaching in junior one".

(2) Research background, purpose and significance:

Research background: that is, what is based on and what is inspired.

Purpose and significance of research: that is, why to study, what is the value of research, and what problems to solve, including theoretical and practical significance; External goal (purpose), internal goal-student development).

Research summary: the history and present situation of this study.

Characteristics or breakthrough points of research: new problems, new methods, new angles and new effects.

(3) Research scope: the definition of the overall scope of the research object; Defining the fuzzy concept of the research object; Definition of key concepts.

(4) Research content: A very important part cannot be studied without specific research content.

(5) Research methods:

① Precautions: Pay attention to the use of various methods; The method should be written in detail; Don't abuse this method

② Main methods:

Action research:

Experimental research:

Case study:

Investigation and study:

Literature research:

(6) Research object: representative and typical, which makes the research results have universal guiding significance.

(7) Research procedures (steps): Study the tasks and requirements of each stage.

The first stage (preparation stage): collecting information and opening a topic.

The second stage (implementation stage):

The third stage (summary stage):

(8) Forms of expected results: ① Papers, research reports, works, etc. ② Changes of students

(9) Research members (and responsible persons, division of labor)

(10) Budget and other required conditions

2. Fill in the project declaration form (project demonstration)

3. Matters needing attention in filling in the subject declaration form

(1) Understand the importance of filling in the declaration form. I can't handle it with half the effort.

(2) among several copies, keep one for yourself, preferably in the computer.

(3) The core is the purpose, significance, research steps, research contents and methods.

4. My project declaration form

(3) Opening remarks

1. The meaning and significance of open debate

2. Writing method of opening report

3. The difference with the project demonstration (applicant)

4. Hold a public demonstration meeting

(4) Implementation research

1. Attach importance to theoretical study and the guiding role of theory.

2. Pay attention to the choice of research methods

Characteristics of action research:

1. learn for action

The purpose of action research is pointed out. The purpose of the research is not to establish a systematic academic theory, but to solve the problems encountered by practitioners in their situation. The research purpose is practical. The solution to the problem is direct.

4. Learn by doing.

Action research points out the research status and methods. The environment of action research is the working situation of actual workers, not a specially arranged or controlled scene. The research process of action research is the process of practical workers solving problems, and it is a manifestation of action and practical work. & gt

Question 3: What steps does the study of writing small items generally include? Generally speaking, the research on small educational topics is mainly divided into four steps, namely, selecting topics, making plans, implementing research and expressing results. For the problems in the study, you can log on to Baiyi Publishing Network.

Question 4: What is the research process of research-oriented projects? The general process of research-based learning: topic selection-designing research scheme-making opening report-exploring research-reporting research results-discussing research results. The subject content, information channels, teaching time and space, methods and thinking, teacher-student relationship and teaching evaluation of research-based learning are all open. In teaching, teachers should pay attention to encouraging students to start from reality and creatively carry out research-based learning activities, and try to provide all kinds of information and materials to facilitate students' research and learning (with specific plans and steps). In order to guide students' research learning activities, various record forms of research process are specially designed. On the one hand, these records help students to sort out, summarize and review their reflections, on the other hand, they also reflect the authenticity of the process when completing the questions. Therefore, students should be reminded to take timely records and keep them. When recording, each group should not only have one copy, but each group member should have one copy, which is both a backup and not afraid of losing it. Moreover, because everyone participates in the specific recording process, every team member knows the flow of the activity like the back of his hand, which is more conducive to the efficient development of the activity. These record forms pay more attention to the universality of use when designing. School teachers can directly copy and use these designs, or modify them according to students' conditions, so as to record the specific situation of students' activities more specifically.

Question 5: What are the research methods? Questionnaire survey, interview, case study, experiment, observation, literature research, etc. 1. Action research method: make a personality research plan, analyze students' practice, and then study, adjust and practice. And summarize the record experience and form valuable words. 2. Data collection method: go deep into the class and students, investigate the current situation of students, collect with different resources, find out the problems, and clarify the research objects. 3. Student-driven method: A few students learn first and go first, which drives and infects the students around him to learn. 4. Educational experiment method: Based on our own teaching classroom, through the changes of students' scientific learning before and after the experiment, we can find a scheme suitable for the development of students' scientific literacy. 5. Case study method: According to the research objectives, guide students to proceed from reality and make study plans to provide effective guidance for the needs of personality development. 6. Literature method: extensively collect and sort out literature materials, such as classic books, celebrity aphorisms, recommended bibliography of curriculum standards, etc., to provide students with contemporary and creative positive reading materials. 7. Education survey method: go deep into the class and individual students, investigate the current situation of students' extracurricular reading, select representative typical cases for careful analysis, identify the problems and clarify the research objects. The basic methods of educational research are as follows: 1. Observation method 1. Observation: In order to know the truth, we can find the essence and law of a phenomenon. 2. Steps of observation: the implementation of observation is divided into the following three steps, one of which is the design of observation research, which can be divided into the following aspects: (1) Make a rough investigation and exploratory observation. The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation so as to plan the whole observation process correctly. For example, to observe a teacher's teaching work, we should go to school in advance to learn about the teacher's work, students' situation, relevant environment and conditions, and so on. This can be done by talking with teachers and schools and consulting some related materials, such as teaching plans, teaching diaries, students' homework and lectures. (2) Determine the purpose and center of observation. According to the characteristics of the research task and research object, what problems should be considered, what materials and conditions are needed, and then make clear provisions. If this provision is not clear, observation cannot be concentrated and the result cannot be in-depth. Don't have a few observation centers, and don't have a wide range. All observations should be made around a center. If you have to observe several centers, then observe them in groups and cooperate with each other. (3) Determining the observation object is to determine the overall scope to be observed; The second is to determine the case object to be observed; The third is to determine the specific items to be observed. For example, in our spare time, we want to study the business and culture of the graduates of secondary normal schools or junior colleges newly assigned to teach in primary schools, so the overall observation is the new teachers who have worked for one or two years. Within this overall scope, we will decide which primary schools to observe and which teachers in which teaching and research groups to observe. After the specific observation list is determined, the time, place and specific observation items to be observed shall be determined. (4) To make an observation plan, in addition to defining the purpose, center and scope of observation, as well as what problems to understand and what materials to collect, we should also arrange the observation process: the frequency, density and duration of each observation, and how to ensure the normality of observation phenomena. (5) Planning and preparing observation means There are generally two kinds of observation means: one is to obtain observation data; The first is the means to save observation data. The main means to obtain observation data is human sensory organs, but sometimes some specially set instruments are needed to help observation, such as observation screens, computer terminal equipment, and more advanced ones such as action reactors. These instruments mainly play two roles: ensuring the objectivity of observation and improving the accuracy of observation. The human brain is a natural organ for storing data. However, this kind of preservation method, which is related to the observation subject, lacks accuracy and persistence, and cannot realize the objectification of data. Therefore, people first use characters, graphics and other symbols, and then use photography, audio recording, video recording and other technical means to accurately and comprehensively record the instantaneous events, events and feelings in the observation process in a permanent way for repeated observation and analysis of data. Either way, preparations should be made before the observation, and the functions of the instruments used in the observation should be checked in advance to ensure that there are no obstacles in the use process. For observers, it is necessary to master the basic methods of using instruments and know what to do in observation. If you want to be detailed and complete ... >>

Question 6: What are the contents of the process data of the research? There are many matters in this respect, such as: (1) the literature does not indicate the source; (2) The factual materials have no time, place or background; (3) Lack of research on data reliability; (4) I often see usage examples and don't know the position of this model in the group; 5) The methods, tools and questionnaires used to collect data are often unscientific; [6] Lack of comprehensive analysis of materials and so on. You can come to Baiyi Publishing Network for details.

Question 7: What is a project research course? The original meaning is evaluation. Said the text: "Take the class and try it."

"Theme" is a problem that needs to be tried, explored, studied or discussed. Modern Chinese Dictionary defines a topic as a major problem that needs to be studied or discussed or an important matter that needs to be solved urgently. Topic refers to the most basic research unit determined to solve relatively independent and single problems. We often say "project initiation", and some people call "subject" "project". In fact, topics and projects are both related and different. The subject is the most basic unit of scientific research, with the characteristics of oneness and independence. This project is a complex and comprehensive scientific research problem, which consists of several interrelated topics.

Second, the content of the study.

The research process of the subject includes selecting a topic, making a research plan, consulting literature, conducting research, evaluating and popularizing research results, etc. Project research is the most common and basic way of educational science research. Topic is not only the name or title of the research question, but also the object, content, scope, purpose and task of the research. The topic shows the direction and content of the research, thus defining the topic.

Third, how to demonstrate a topic? The demonstration of a subject is mainly to clarify the following questions:

A. What is the nature and type of the problem to be studied?

B. what is the practical significance of the problem to be studied? Its theoretical value (that is, what breakthroughs are expected in theory? (What guiding theoretical systems may be formed)

C. what research results have been achieved on the issues to be studied? What is the research direction?

D. analyze the conditions of the studied problem.

E. What are the research strategies and steps?

F. What are the results of the study and their manifestations?

Four, the basic methods of educational research mainly include:

1, observation method: in order to know the truth, we can discover the essence and law of a phenomenon.

(1), general investigation and exploratory observation.

(2) Determine the purpose and center of observation.

(3), determine the observation object

(4) Make an observation plan

5], planning and preparing observation means

[6], unified standards.

Once, put forward the observation outline paragraph by paragraph.

2. Investigation method: The same purpose is to know the facts, analyze the facts, draw conclusions and confirm some problems, so as to improve the work (including improving research methods) or form new research topics. Including questionnaires, interviews, etc. Understand the facts, analyze the situation, study it carefully, draw a conclusion, and find a solution or a plan for further research. Illustrate the operation process of survey method with examples: the main steps of sampling survey.

(1), determine the purpose of the investigation (determine the problem and form a hypothesis; Verify the hypothesis through investigation, clarify the problem and draw a conclusion).

(2) Determine the sampling population. The sampled population should be consistent with the population (target population) who obtained the information.

(3) Determine the data to be collected. Generally, only data related to the purpose of the survey are collected, and the questionnaire should not be too long.

(4) Select the sampling method. At this time, which unit in the population can basically be decided as an individual.

5], the preparation of sampling box. Such as school directory, student roster, etc.

[6], estimate the sample size and estimate the cost.

Once, sampling test, fill in the questionnaire as small as possible, and make some necessary improvements.

Being, organize field investigation. Investigate according to the sampling plan.

Levies, according to the sampling method used for data analysis. Data analysis is based on the sampling method used.

⑽. Write an investigation report. Preserve population information, which may guide future sampling surveys.

3. Test method (measurement method, questionnaire method) is to describe certain behaviors or infer certain behaviors (including: ability and achievement, personality, interest, motivation, attitude, concept and psychological needs, etc.). ); So as to consider the reconstruction strategy or scheme, or further form a new research topic. In pedagogy and psychology, measurement is an important method of quantitative research. Its main functions are assessment, diagnosis and prediction.

4. Action research method: Action research method is an exploratory research method to adapt to small-scale education reform. Its purpose is not to establish theories and induce laws, but to constantly explore and improve work in action research and solve practical problems in education. (characterized by implementation, evaluation and modification).

......& gt& gt

Question 8: What is the significance of the research topic? Requirements, methods and steps of research topic.

(1) topic selection

Choosing a topic is the beginning of research, that is, determining what topic you want to study.

1. Where did the question come from?

(1) Reference topics or application topics provided by schools or relevant departments above schools.

(2) The problems that teachers are confused or interested in their own education and teaching work have risen to the topic.

2. General principles of topic selection

Scientific nature: to have theoretical and factual basis, it must conform to scientific principles; The expected results should be reasonable; The research methods should be correct, rigorous and innovative.

3. The general process of topic selection

(1) Clear direction finding problem

(2) concentration range-empirical analysis

(3) Prompt the focus-form a topic

4. Matters needing attention in topic selection

(1) The topic should be small but not big.

(2) The topic should be combined with the actual situation of the school and come from the practical problems of education and teaching. The topic should be original. The statement of the theme should be concise and specific.

(3) The advantages of the researchers should be taken into account, and their own work should be combined to adapt to the abilities of the researchers.

(2) The reporting entity

Declaring a project, that is, designing a research plan, is the concrete idea of how to carry out project research, the working framework of starting project research and the basic idea of how to carry out research. It is a necessary measure to ensure the smooth appointment of research; The central link to concretize the research; It is an important guarantee for the quality of research results; Conducive to inspection and self-inspection; Conducive to cooperative research. Generally, the subject research carried out by higher authorities is accompanied by a subject declaration form.

1. project declaration form (project research plan):

(1) Description and definition of the topic: The title or topic of the topic must clearly state the problem to be studied, reflecting the research object, research questions and research methods. Such as "strengthening preview guidance and improving students' self-study ability"

(2) Research background, purpose and significance:

Research background: that is, what is based on and what is inspired.

Purpose and significance of research: that is, why to study, what is the value of research, and what problems to solve, including theoretical and practical significance; External goal (purpose), internal goal-student development).

Research summary: the history and present situation of this study.

Characteristics or breakthrough points of research: new problems, new methods, new angles and new effects.

(3) Research scope: the definition of the overall scope of the research object; Defining the fuzzy concept of the research object; Definition of key concepts.

(4) Research content: A very important part cannot be studied without specific research content.

(5) Research methods:

① Precautions: Pay attention to the use of various methods; The method should be written in detail; Don't abuse this method

② Main methods: Action research. Experimental research; Case study; Investigation and study; Literary studies.

(6) Research object: representative and typical, which makes the research results have universal guiding significance.

(7) Research procedures (steps): Study the tasks and requirements of each stage.

The first stage (preparation stage): collecting information and opening a topic.

The second stage (implementation stage):

The third stage (summary stage):

(8) Forms of expected results: ① Papers, research reports, works, etc. ② Changes of students

(9) Research members (and responsible persons, division of labor)

(10) Budget and other required conditions

2. Fill in the project declaration form (project demonstration)

3. Matters needing attention in filling in the subject declaration form

(1) Understand the importance of filling in the declaration form. I can't handle it with half the effort.

(2) among several copies, keep one for yourself, preferably in the computer.

(3) The core is the purpose, significance, research steps, research contents and methods.

4. Subject Statement Form

(3) Opening remarks

1. The meaning and significance of open debate

2. Writing method of opening report

3. The difference with the project demonstration (applicant)

4. Hold a public demonstration meeting

(4) Implementation research

1. Attach importance to theoretical study and the guiding role of theory.

Second, pay attention to the choice of research methods.

Characteristics of action research:

1. learn for action

The purpose of action research is pointed out. The purpose of research is not to establish a systematic academic theory, but to solve the situation of practitioners. & gt

Question 9: What is the basic method of research? The basic research methods are as follows: 1. Observation method 1. Observation: In order to know the truth, we can find the essence and law of a phenomenon. 2. Steps of observation: the implementation of observation is divided into the following three steps, one of which is the design of observation research, which can be divided into the following aspects: (1) Make a rough investigation and exploratory observation. The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation so as to plan the whole observation process correctly. For example, to observe a teacher's teaching work, we should go to school in advance to learn about the teacher's work, students' situation, relevant environment and conditions, and so on. This can be done by talking with teachers and schools and consulting some related materials, such as teaching plans, teaching diaries, students' homework and lectures. (2) Determine the purpose and center of observation. According to the characteristics of the research task and research object, what problems should be considered, what materials and conditions are needed, and then make clear provisions. If this provision is not clear, observation cannot be concentrated and the result cannot be in-depth. Don't have a few observation centers, and don't have a wide range. All observations should be made around a center. If you have to observe several centers, then observe them in groups and cooperate with each other. (3) Determining the observation object is to determine the overall scope to be observed; The second is to determine the case object to be observed; The third is to determine the specific items to be observed. For example, in our spare time, we want to study the business and culture of the graduates of secondary normal schools or junior colleges newly assigned to teach in primary schools, so the overall observation is the new teachers who have worked for one or two years. Within this overall scope, we will decide which primary schools to observe and which teachers in which teaching and research groups to observe. After the specific observation list is determined, the time, place and specific observation items to be observed shall be determined. (4) To make an observation plan, in addition to defining the purpose, center and scope of observation, as well as what problems to understand and what materials to collect, we should also arrange the observation process: the frequency, density and duration of each observation, and how to ensure the normality of observation phenomena. (5) Planning and preparing observation means There are generally two kinds of observation means: one is to obtain observation data; The first is the means to save observation data. The main means to obtain observation data is human sensory organs, but sometimes some specially set instruments are needed to help observation, such as observation screens, computer terminal equipment, and more advanced ones such as action reactors. These instruments mainly play two roles: ensuring the objectivity of observation and improving the accuracy of observation. The human brain is a natural organ for storing data. However, this kind of preservation method, which is related to the observation subject, lacks accuracy and persistence, and cannot realize the objectification of data. Therefore, people first use characters, graphics and other symbols, and then use photography, audio recording, video recording and other technical means to accurately and comprehensively record the instantaneous events, events and feelings in the observation process in a permanent way for repeated observation and analysis of data. Either way, preparations should be made before the observation, and the functions of the instruments used in the observation should be checked in advance to ensure that there are no obstacles in the use process. For observers, it is necessary to master the basic methods of using instruments and know what to do in observation. A camera is not enough to shoot a class in detail and comprehensively. Observers should prepare several cameras and divide their work in advance. Even the observation records should be designed in advance. Print the items that must be recorded on the recording paper according to a certain format, or agree on some recording symbols to minimize the time of writing words when recording on site. We take middle school students' classroom behavior records as an example, as shown in Table 5- 1. In the following table, according to the research needs, the researcher lists the behaviors that he thinks students may have in class. However, it is estimated that the list will not be complete, so some space is reserved for observers to use when necessary. If researchers want to ask others to help them observe, they must clearly explain the specific meaning of each project and the handling methods in case of emergencies in advance, and ask them to be familiar with the location of each project. To be on the safe side, you can also do several observation exercises before formal observation to help observers get familiar with the contents of the table; If defects are found in the table, they can be adjusted before formal observation. (6) Formulating unified standards to increase the objectivity of observation, facilitate the measurement and evaluation of various phenomena, facilitate the quantitative representation of observed phenomena, and enable the observation results to be checked, compared, counted and integrated ... >>