Humanity of Irrawaddy River

The inland shipping industry in Myanmar takes up 65% of the domestic transportation industry, and the Irrawaddy River is the main lifeline of Myanmar. More than 4,600 kilometers of Irrawaddy River system can be navigable all the year round, accounting for more than 7 1% of the total navigable distance (about 6,400 kilometers) in Myanmar inland. All kinds of precious jade, amber, precious stones and agricultural products in central Myanmar are mostly transported to all parts of Myanmar through the Yi River and its tributaries.

Myanmar is a country rich in oil. Myanmar's national crude oil output has exceeded 1 1 10,000 barrels, which can not only meet domestic demand, but also export a small amount. The middle and lower reaches of Irrawaddy River are the main oil producing areas in Myanmar, and almost all oil fields and refineries in China are located along the Irrawaddy River. Most of the oil produced in these oilfields is also transported to refineries by Irrawaddy River waterway.

Irrawaddy River and its tributaries are also important waterways for floating timber. In the mountainous areas along the Irrawaddy River and its tributaries, there are dense forests and many varieties, among which teak is the most precious. Myanmar is the main exporter of teak in the world, known as "the country of teak", which contains 75% teak resources in the world. The cut teak was first transported by elephants to nearby rivers, then transported to Yangon by rafts in rainy season, and then transported to other parts of the world. The valley in the middle reaches of Irrawaddy River is the oldest area in Myanmar. The area of this area accounts for only 1/8 of the whole country, but the population accounts for 30% of the whole country. This region has a long history and is the center of Myanmar's economic activities. The plain is broad here. At the confluence of Irrawaddy River and Qindun River, the largest tributary, the widest plain can reach 160 km. The middle reaches are flat and the river speed is slow, so many branches and meanders are formed on the river bed, and sandbars in the river are also particularly developed. Bagan is a world-famous "city of ten thousand pagodas". It is like a dazzling gem, dotted on the green carpet on the east bank of the middle reaches of the Irrawaddy River, shining with the ancient and splendid cultural light of Myanmar. Burmese once said, "If you haven't been to Bagan, then you haven't been to Myanmar." Bagan is one of the treasures of oriental culture and the capital of Bagan dynasty. During the Bagan dynasty, water conservancy was built, agriculture was developed, Burmese language was established, and handicrafts and culture were developed. When Hinayana Buddhism was introduced, the wind of building Buddhist temple towers was very strong. In just two or three hundred years, Bagan, which is dozens of kilometers away from Fiona Fang, is surrounded by pagodas everywhere. It is said that there were more than 4.44 million pagodas in its heyday, so it was called "the city of 4 million pagodas". With the southward movement of the political center and disrepair, there are only 5,000 existing pagodas. Among them, Dabiniuta is the most spectacular, with a height of more than 200 meters. At the top of the tower, you can have a panoramic view of Bagan.

Bagan's stupa embodies almost all the architectural art forms in Myanmar. Some are glittering, some are white and elegant, some are red and blue, and the colors are different in size and resplendent; The top of the tower is round and sharp, and some are round and sharp, in the shape of a golden bell jar, bowl, and magnificent. Accompanied by many silver bells hanging around the tower, the breeze blew the bells of Ding Dong. The reliefs in the stupa are exquisite in craftsmanship, simple in composition and lifelike.

Irrawaddy River is downstream of Diyomao. In the sandstone area from the promontory of the Earth and the Moon to Wang Miao, the width of the river is sharply reduced. Due to the tight binding of Arakan Mountains and Bo Gu Mountains, the river is swift, and narrow terraces are developed on the plain, and the scenery is quite similar to the upstream canyon.

Near Niangjiao, 48 kilometers south of Wang Miao, the Irrawaddy River began to divide into several tributaries and flowed into the Andaman Sea, forming the famous Irrawaddy River Delta. Delta, from Bosheng estuary in the west to Yangon estuary in the east, is about 90 kilometers long from north to south and 242 kilometers wide, covering an area of more than 30,000 square kilometers. Except for some highlands, the delta area is almost a modern alluvial plain. The terrain is low and flat, generally equal to the tide line, and some of it is lower than the tide line. Because about 300 million tons of sediment is dumped into the sea every year, the speed at which the delta extends outward is amazing. According to the measurement, the average annual extension to the sea is about 66 meters. Although Irrawaddy River is not the longest river in Myanmar, it is the most important river in the country because of its shipping and irrigation value. Myitkyina, located about 48km (30 miles) south of the confluence of Enmeikai River and Milikai River, is the end of ships sailing on the Irrawaddy River in the northernmost season. Bhamo is located about 2,465,438+0 km (65,438+050 miles) south of the confluence, which is the northern limit of annual navigation. Between the confluence and bhamo, the width of the river is 0.4~0.8 km (0.25~0.5 miles) in dry season. The average depth of the main channel is about 9 meters (30 feet).

The main ports of Irrawaddy River are Myitkyina, bhamo, Jiesha, Mandalay, Mingyang, Chok, yenangyaung, Wu Min, Magway, Tayemiao, Beimiao, Xingshida and Yangon from north to south. Among them, Mandalay, Shaobu, Beimiao and Xingshida docks are better equipped.

Although the Irrawaddy River is rich in hydropower resources, it is rarely developed. The completed hydropower stations include Jinshuida Hydropower Station. Jinshuida Hydropower Station is located in the south of Mandalay 1 10k m, on Banlang River, a tributary of Irrawaddy River. The installed capacity of the hydropower station is 6 1 10,000 kilowatts, and the annual power generation is165 million kilowatt hours; ; The main dam is an earth-rock dam with clay core wall, with a height of 75m and a length of 600m. Together with three auxiliary dams with a height of 25-45m, a reservoir with a storage capacity of 765 million cubic meters is formed. The project focuses on power generation, giving consideration to irrigation and flood control. It can irrigate 84,400 hectares of farmland and protect more than 4,000 hectares from floods. In order to ensure uniform water delivery to the downstream and participate in peak shaving of power system, a reverse regulation reservoir is built downstream. The project was completed in 1986.

A series of flood control and irrigation projects have been built in the middle and lower reaches of Irrawaddy River and the delta area, as follows:

(1) Yixin Dam was built in 1976, with 6,700 hectares of irrigated farmland and 0/600 hectares of reclaimed wasteland, taking into account the flood control of Yixin River;

② Seguji Dam is located in the lower reaches of Maji River in the north of Mandalay, which can make nearly 53,000 hectares of cultivated land grow double-cropping rice, generate electricity and supply water to Mandalay;

(3) Ruibao and Wu Ye Canal were built in the early 20th century, with weirs on Mohe River. The total length of the canal system on both banks is 1.062 km, and the irrigation area is 1.45 million hectares.

(4)1902 Reconstruction of the canal system in Mandalay. The first canal is located on the Chong Ma River near the inclined bucket, with a total length of 322km and a total irrigation area of 47,000 hectares;

⑤ Algae-based canal system is located in Shi Jiao County, with five independent channels with a total length of 4.6km and a total irrigation area of 46,000 hectares;

⑥ The Banlang River Canal System is located in Shi Jiao County, and its head is a masonry canal, which consists of four diversion canals, with a total length of 46 kilometers and a total irrigation area of 38,800 hectares.

⑦ The Montayne Dam is located on the Montayne River, upstream of Lake Mitila 16km. The earth dam is 20.4m high and 280m long. 1962 was started and 1967 was completed, with a storage capacity of 42.8 million cubic meters.

Today Kaite Maoketang Dam is located in Jiaobodong City, Minjian County, Mandalay District. The earth dam is 34.3m high and 259 1m long, and the reservoir capacity is 86.34 million cubic meters, which can irrigate farmland 1. 1.4 million hectares. The two main canals, with a total length of 30.6km, were built in 196 1 ~ 1967 respectively.

Pet-name ruby Bei Naiwen Irrigation Project is located in Pulong County, including an earth dam with a height of 35m and a length of 16 15m. It is located on Bei Naiwen River, with a storage capacity of 359 million cubic meters and can irrigate 39,000 hectares of farmland. The total length of the main canal is 72 kilometers and the total length of the canal is 447 kilometers.