How to photograph

Photography refers to the process of recording images with some special equipment. Generally, we take photos with mechanical cameras or digital cameras. Sometimes photography is also called photography, that is, the process of exposing the photosensitive medium by using the light reflected by the object.

Exposure process

When taking pictures, light enters the cassette through a small hole (more often, a lens group) and forms an image on the medium on the back of the cassette (relative to the incident direction of light). According to the actual light intensity and the photosensitive ability of the medium, the required light time is also different. In the process of illumination, the medium is irradiated by light.

post production

After photography is completed, the image information stored in the medium must be read by human eyes again through conversion. The specific method depends on the photosensitive means and medium characteristics. For film cameras, there will be chemical processes such as fixing, developing and enlarging. For a digital camera, it needs a processor to calculate the data and then output it through electronic equipment.

Equipment used

Generally speaking, people take pictures with visible light, and cameras are the most commonly used. Because of different scenes and uses, cameras have many classifications. Generally speaking, a camera must have several basic components to ensure the exposure process, including: photosensitive medium, imaging lens, exposure time control mechanism, film cassette and storage medium. [Edit this paragraph] Classification

Documentary photography

Photography was born for recording. Its powerful vitality after its birth lies precisely in its recording function. This is incomparable or irreplaceable by other technologies or arts. So, broadly speaking, photography is recording.

artistic photography

With the development of photography, people continue to add artistic elements to photography and begin to produce artistic photography. The difference between it and documentary photography lies in the artistic level, but there is no absolute boundary. For example, let's take a photo as an ID card or leave a souvenir. Generally, the photos taken by the photo studio have at most some information or record value. However, 50 years later, Mr. Zheng Jingkang's portrait of Mr. Qi Baishi is still one of the 20 best portraits in the world. The difference lies entirely in the artistic level.

Photo photography

Photo photography has always been an important form of portrait photography with its beautiful picture language and beautiful design connotation. Holography

Holography refers to a new photography technology, which records all the information of the amplitude and phase of the reflected wave of the object being photographed. 1. Painting photography

Painting photography is a popular art school in the field of photography at the beginning of the twentieth century, which originated in Britain in the middle of the nineteenth century.

2. Impressionist photography

Photographers of this genre insist on the documentary characteristics of photography in their creation. In their view, photography should have the loyalty of "equality with nature itself". Only when every detail in the picture has "mathematical accuracy" can the work exert its appeal and persuasiveness that other art media do not have.

4. Nature photography

5. Pure photography

They advocate that photography should give full play to its own characteristics and expression, get rid of the influence of painting, and pursue the unique aesthetic effect of photography with pure photography technology-high definition, rich tone levels, subtle changes in light and shadow, pure black and white tones, meticulous texture expression and accurate image depiction. In a word, the photographers of this school deliberately pursue the so-called "photographic quality": accurately, directly, subtly and naturally express the light, color, line, shape, grain and quality of the subject, without any other modeling art media.

6. New objectivism photography

The artistic feature of this school is to seek "beauty" in ordinary things. By means of close-up, close-up and other means, the subject is "separated" from the whole, a certain detail of the subject is highlighted, and its surface structure is accurately and truly portrayed, thus achieving dazzling visual effects. It does not think that the essence of art lies in the essence of objects, so its aesthetic thought belongs to naturalism. For example, in 1923, photographer Pacho took a close-up shot of the locomotive shaft, showing the state of the locomotive shaft in operation, which gave the audience a strong visual impression because the picture abandoned other details.

7. Surrealism photography

This school has strict art courses and theories. They believe that it is a task that classical artists have already completed to express the real world with realistic creative methods, while the mission of modern artists is to explore the new and unexplored "spiritual world" of mankind. Therefore, people's subconscious activities, accidental inspiration, psychopathy and dreams have become the objects of surrealist photographers' deliberate performance.

8. abstract photography

Photographers of this school deny that plastic arts reflect life and express artists' aesthetic feelings with observable artistic images, and claim that photography should be "liberated from photography".

9. comparable photography

This school of photographers advocates respecting the characteristics of photography, emphasizing truth and nature, advocating that the subject should not be manipulated or interfered when shooting, and that the instantaneous modality of the subject should be grasped in the natural state.

10. Dadaism photography

Dadaism is a literary trend of thought that appeared in Europe during World War I. "Dada" was originally an incoherent vocabulary of "pony" or "toy horse" in French children's language. Dadaism artists deny rationality and traditional culture in their creation, claim that art is divorced from aesthetics, advocate "abandoning painting and all aesthetic requirements" and advocate nothingness, which makes their creation almost playful, so people call this art school "Dadaism".

1 1. Subjective photography

Subjective photography is a school of photography art formed after the Second World War, which is more "abstract" than abstract photography, so it is also called "postwar school".

It is the reflection of existentialism philosophy in the field of photography. Its founder is German photographer Ott Steiner. He believes that "photography is a vast field that has the ability to play its own role, and it also has a high degree of subjective initiative. But now it has become a kind of mechanical realism. " So he put forward the artistic idea of "subjectivization of photography art", and strongly advocated that the ultimate of photography art should be to remind photographers of their vague ideas and express their unspeakable inner state and subconscious activities. "Subjective photography is personalized and personalized photography. This is the art program of this school. Subjective photography artists attach great importance to their creative personality and despise all existing artistic rules and aesthetic standards. The theorists of this school openly stated that "subjective photography is not only an experimental image art, but also a free and unrestricted creative art" and "we can create photos at will by using technology. "

Characterized in that:

1 The picture has two forms: figurative and abstract, and the expression of self-concept is its ultimate goal. Everything in the picture is just a "carrier" for the photographer to express himself.

Make full use of the perspective characteristics of the lens to "peel off" the subject from the reality and "move" it into the picture, that is, use some optical properties of the lens to transform the objective object into a materialized body of ideas, so as to combine them in the picture and create their own "world". And this world is often absurd, mysterious, or puzzling.

3 use close-up means to clearly and strongly strengthen and highlight a specific form of an object.

Using darkroom technique, the original rich color of the subject is simplified, and the natural and ordinary relationship is transformed into a strong visual relationship.

5 Use exposure means (such as multiple exposures and continuous flashing) to separate the subject from the concept of time and actively exchange the concepts of time and spatial position.

In addition to Ott and Stannett, his famous photographers include Jay Schmohl, Shaw Van Ocan, Lan Payne and Mo Volkert. [Edit this paragraph] Impact

The influence of photography on impressionist painting is very famous in the history of art. Someone once said, "Impressionist painters are very obsessed with photographic expression". As can be seen from the following aspects, photography has a great influence on painting:

1. The contrast between light and shade of the object represented by the camera.

2. Free composition.

3. Simplification of background description.

These are all from

1. Impressionist painters' scientific attitude towards the nature of light;

2. Planarization distance method;

3. unaccustomed angle;

4. The clear processing of the picture end is shown in the figure.

SLR-refers to single lens reflection, that is, SLR-single lens reflection.

In this system, the unique design of the mirror and prism enables the photographer to directly observe the image passing through the lens from the viewfinder. It can be seen from the structural diagram of a single-lens reflex camera that the light passes through the lens and reaches the reflector, and then refracts to the focusing screen above to form an image. Through the eyepiece and pentaprism, we can see the scenery outside in the observation window. When shooting, press the shutter button, the reflector will pop up, and the shutter curtain in front of the film will be opened at the same time. The light (image) passing through the lens will be projected on the film to make the film sensitive, and then the reflector will immediately return to its original state, and the image can be seen in the viewfinder. This structure of the single-lens reflex camera ensures that it is shot through the lens, so that the image seen in the observation window is always consistent with the image on the film, and its framing range is basically consistent with the actual shooting range, eliminating the parallax phenomenon of the paraxial head-up framing camera. From the perspective of learning photography, it is very conducive to intuitive framing and composition. Another great feature of single-lens reflex camera is that it can replace lenses with different specifications.

Focus-the image point formed by parallel light passing through the lens.

Focal length-the distance from the focal point to the center of the lens.

Function and function of focal length:

The length of the focal length is proportional to the imaging size. The longer the focal length, the greater the imaging, and the shorter the focal length, the smaller the imaging.

The focal length of a lens is inversely proportional to the viewing angle. The longer the focal length, the smaller the scene angle, the shorter the focal length and the larger the scene angle.

The focal length is inversely proportional to the depth of field. The longer the focal length, the smaller the depth of field, the shorter the focal length and the greater the depth of field.

The length of focal length is inversely proportional to the strength of perspective. The longer the focal length, the weaker the perspective, and the shorter the focal length, the stronger the perspective.

The length of the focal length is inversely proportional to the contrast. The longer the focal length, the smaller the contrast, and the shorter the focal length, the greater the contrast.

Relationship among focal length, image distance and object distance

Basic formula of lens:

Gaussian imaging formula1/f =1/u+1/v.

F focal length, u object distance, v image distance.

Relative aperture-the ratio of aperture diameter to focal length is calculated in the same way as the effective aperture n' = d'/f.

Effective aperture-ratio of maximum diameter of lens pupil to focal length n=d/f

depth of field

Focusing on a scene during photography will form a clear area before and after the scene. This blank area is called Quan Jingshen, or depth of field for short.

Use a large aperture and a small depth of field.

Use small aperture and large depth of field.

Small object distance and small depth of field

Wide-angle lens with large depth of field.

Three basic factors that determine the depth of field:

Aperture Aperture is inversely proportional to depth of field. The larger the aperture, the smaller the depth of field.

The focal length is inversely proportional to the depth of field. The greater the focal length, the smaller the depth of field.

The object distance is proportional to the depth of field. The greater the object distance, the greater the depth of field.

Depth of field and image depth

Image depth-the distance between the two imaging planes of the yoke at the front boundary and the back boundary of the depth of field. Image depth corresponds to the depth of field, and the greater the image depth, the greater the depth of field.

The standard for determining the depth of field: 135 The diameter of the blur circle allowed by the camera is generally 1/30 mm, that is, 0.033mm..

Hyperfocal distance:

When the lens is focused at infinity, the scene at infinity forms a clear image, and at the same time, the object at a certain point at a limited distance can reach a clear standard, and the object near this point is blurred, so the distance between this object and the lens is hyperfocal distance.

The larger the hyperfocal distance, the smaller the depth of field.

The bigger the aperture, the bigger the hyperfocal distance, and the bigger the aperture, the more hyperfocal distance will be 0.5 times. The longer the focal length, the greater the hyperfocal distance.

Give it a try:

If the hyperfocal distance of an aperture is 10m, the depth of field is 5m ~∞ when focusing on 10m, which increases the depth of field of 1/2 hyperfocal distance, that is, 5m. Using hyperfocal distance, we can clearly capture the moving objects with different distances in the depth of field, and save the focusing time.

light

The brightness of the lens is the luminous flux.

The greater the amount of light entering the aperture, the greater the brightness, and vice versa.

Brightness is calculated as a multiple of the aperture coefficient.

Brightness is one of the important factors that determine exposure.

Chang Qu

On a flat image plane, the definition of the image changes from the center to the outside, focusing to form an arc, which is called field curvature.

The reason is that the center is close to the lens and the periphery is far from the lens.

Generally, the group images are arranged in an arc to correct this shortcoming.

Second fire shutter

Step 1, press neutral, half of the shutter button; Press the shutter to the bottom for the second time before opening.

It can prevent hand shock, reduce the time difference of pressing the shutter, and avoid touching the shutter button by mistake, resulting in waste. For cameras without a second shutter, touching the lower shutter button by mistake will waste a negative.

Reflector plate

The reflection of tin foil is too bright, so the reflection and scattering can be softened by folding.

Using white paper reflector is also called softness;

A white reflector painted with white paint tends to yellow and lose its reflective effect.

Soft light plate

Between the sun and the object, use white thin plastic cloth, nylon cloth, etc. Soften the light and reduce the contrast.

Reflective umbrella

Reflective umbrellas have the same appearance as ordinary umbrellas. The inside of the umbrella is silvery white, which has strong reflective ability. When in use, put the umbrella on a tripod with changeable angles. When the umbrella is illuminated by strong light, the scattered light is soft and the shadow is light, so it is an ideal light source. When taking close-ups of portraits, it is not stimulated by strong light, which is most suitable for taking portraits and still lives.

decorative light

Decorative lights are mainly eye lights, and smaller lights are used. Or in places where other kinds of light can't reach, enhance the brightness of details to express the texture and outline. This kind of light is also used to eliminate facial defects, such as making a thin face look fuller.

anonymous

Refers to a photographic lens. Usually, most of the lenses we use are coated, because they are antireflection films, so they reflect less light, so the lenses look lavender. But now we are talking about lenses without coating, so they reflect a lot of light and look white, so they are called bald heads.

speed

Indicates the exposure speed of photosensitive materials. The unit of sensitivity is "degree" or "fixed". For example, "ISO 100/2 1" means a film with a fixed sensitivity of 100/2 1. The higher the sensitivity, the more sensitive the film is (that is, the less light is needed to shoot the same photo normally in the same shooting environment, that is, a higher shutter or a smaller aperture can be used). The sensitivity of 200-degree film is twice that of 100-degree film, and that of 400-degree film is twice that of 200-degree film, and so on.

colour temperature

Different pigments contained in different kinds of light are called "color temperature". The unit of color temperature is "K" (Kelvin). The color temperature we usually use is 5400 K-5600 K; The color temperatures that light types A and B can adapt to are 3400K and 3200K respectively. Therefore, different types of films should be selected according to the subject and environment, otherwise there will be color cast (unless the color temperature is corrected by color filter).

Attachment: Definition of color temperature "Suppose there is a black metal in an environment of minus 273 degrees (absolute zero). With the increase of temperature, black metal will emit light with different wavelengths, and the metal color temperature corresponding to colored light plus 273 is the color temperature of light. " For example, when a metal is heated to 2500 degrees Celsius, it will emit red light, and the color temperature of this red light is "2500+273" K, which means that the color temperature of this red light is 2773 K. The lower the color temperature, the higher the percentage of long-wavelength light (red and orange light). The higher the color temperature, the higher the percentage of short wavelength light (blue light and purple light). For example, the color temperature of sunlight at noon is about 5500 K; The color temperature of the flash is about 5600 k; The color temperature of the blue sky is about 20000 k; 100 watt light bulb's light color temperature is about 2600K K.

Exposure; expose

The process by which light reaches the surface of a film and makes it sensitive. It should be noted that by exposure, we mean film exposure, which is a necessary process for us to obtain photos. This is very different from what non-professionals call "exposure". What they call "exposure" refers to the accident that the camera leaks light and causes the film to fail.

relative aperture

The ratio of the effective aperture (beam diameter) of a lens to the focal length. The larger the relative aperture, the faster the lens speed. Such as 1:2.8, 1:3.5-4.5, etc. Among zoom lenses, lenses with fixed relative aperture are generally called professional lenses, lenses with fixed relative aperture but between 1:2.8- 1:4 are called quasi-professional lenses, and the rest are called mass lenses.

Exposure combination

It means that different aperture and shutter combinations can be used in the same shooting environment. For example, the shutter measured by the exposure meter is 1/30 seconds, and the aperture should be 5.6, so F5.6 and 1/30 seconds are an exposure combination. We can also use the exposure combination of F4 and 1/60 seconds instead, and we can also use the exposure combination of F2.8 and1125 seconds instead. In other words, these combinations are equivalent. However, it should be noted that although these exposure combinations are equivalent, that is to say, the exposure is accurate, but the depth of field obtained by different combinations is different.

Shutter speed

Opening time of shutter. It refers to the time (exposure time) when light sweeps across the film. For example, "1/30" means that the exposure time is 1/30 seconds. Similarly, "1/60" means that the exposure time is1/60s, and the shutter of1/60s is1/30s.

B] white balance

The English name of White Balance is white balance. The color of the object will change due to the color of the projected light, and the photos taken under different light conditions will have different color temperatures. For example, a photo taken under the illumination of tungsten lamp (light bulb) may be yellow. Generally speaking, CCD can't automatically correct the change of light like human eyes.

Interpretation of photographic terms

1. What is an electronic lock?

Ae is the abbreviation of automatic exposure control device. ae lock is locked in a certain ae setting, which is used to manually control the exposure during automatic exposure to ensure the normal exposure of the subject. There are several points to note when using ae lock: 1, manual mode or * *, and automatic exposure (ae) lock cannot be used. 2. Do not adjust the aperture size after pressing ae lock. 3. When shooting with a flash, do not use (ae) lock.

2. What is 2.ccd?

Ccd is not only a "charge coupled device", but also a photosensitive system like a traditional camera negative, and it is a circuit device that senses light. You can think of it as tiny sensing particles scattered behind an optical lens. When light and images are projected onto the ccd surface through the lens, the CCD will generate current and convert the sensed content into digital data for storage. The more ccd pixels, the larger the size of a single pixel, and the clearer the collected image. Therefore, although the number of ccd is not the only key to determine the image quality, we can still regard it as one of the important standards of camera grade.

3. What is cmos?

Complex-educational metal-oxicle-semiconductor, translated as "complementary metal oxide semiconductor" in Chinese, is also a circuit device that senses light. Now Canon digital cameras generally use this kind of photosensitive device.

4. What is dpof?

Dpof refers to digital printing sequence instruction, which is used to record information on storage media (image memory card, etc.). ). In this format, you can set the number of images to be printed.

5. What is 5.exif?

EXIF (exchangeable image file format for digital cameras) is a specification formulated by jeita (Electronic Information Technology Industry Association) to determine the way to record additional information on jpeg images and sounds.

6. What is 6.exif 2.2?

EXIF version 2.2 is a newly revised digital camera file format, which contains all kinds of shooting information needed to achieve the best printing.

7. What is ptp?

Ptp is the abbreviation of "Picture Transfer Protocol" in English.

Ptp is the standard first negotiated by Kodak and Microsoft. Image devices that meet this standard can be better enjoyed by systems and applications after being connected to windows xp system, especially in network transmission. The system can directly access these devices, upload pictures when creating online photo albums, and transmit pictures when chatting online.

Of course, this is mainly for the convenience of ordinary users with little computer knowledge, and it is easier to combine cameras, application software and websites to complete some stupid functions.

8. What is the tiff format?

Tiff is a flexible image format. Its full name is the tag image file format, and the file extension is tif or tiff. The format supports 256 colors, 24-bit true colors, 32-bit colors, 48-bit colors and other color bits, as well as rgb, cmyk, ycbcr and other color modes, and supports multiple platforms. Tiff files can be uncompressed, large or compressed, and support many compression methods such as raw, rle, lzw, jpeg, ccitt3 and 4.

9. What is a wave?

This is the standard windows file format for recording. The file extension is "wav" and the data itself is in pcm or compressed format.

10. Image storage format

Because the image file shot by digital camera is very large, but the storage capacity is limited, the image is usually compressed and then stored. The most common image storage formats are jpeg and tiff files. After jpeg is highly compressed, you can change the file to its original size 1/4, 1/8 or116, which can save a lot of storage space, but also make the original image data lost. Many cameras will provide specific compression ratios for users to choose.

Tiff files are almost uncompressed, so images will be more complete than jpeg. However, the higher the image resolution, the smaller the compression and the more memory space it takes up, so it is necessary to take into account the quality requirements of the image and the capacity of the memory card when taking pictures. For example, an 8mb smartmedia memory card can store 80 photos with 640×480 resolution and high compression format, but if you store photos with 1024×768 uncompressed format, you can only store 3 photos, which is quite different. So be sure to preset the storage mode or simply prepare enough memory cards before shooting. [Edit this paragraph] Photographic lamp

Light mainly includes four characteristics-light intensity, light properties, light directionality and light color.

We mainly talk about the directionality of light, that is, we often say front light, side light, backlight and top light.

1, lighting along the light This is a kind of light with the flattest effect. Without taking advantage of the three-dimensional sense and spatial depth of the subject, it lacks vitality.

2. The effect of side lighting is obviously improved, and the light and dark changes of the subject show a sense of standing and surface texture, which is more in line with people's normal visual habits, so it is widely used in photography.

Backlight can outline the shape of an object and separate it from the background. Forming bright lines on the edge of the object shape can render the atmosphere to be expressed and enrich and activate the picture.

4. The effect of the top light makes the picture show a hot feeling, which produces a strong projection under the eyes, nose and chin of the characters, and plays a role in uglifying the characters. [Edit this paragraph] Advertising photography

Advertising photography is photography with commodities as the main shooting object, which reflects the characteristics of commodity shape, structure, performance, color and use, thus arousing customers' desire to buy. Advertising photography is an important means to spread commodity information and promote commodity circulation. With the continuous development of commodity economy, advertising is no longer a simple business activity, it has become a mirror of real life and an important means and medium of advertising communication.

underwater photography

One of the ways to film trick photography is to shoot it in the water. Photographers (elephants) carry cameras (elephants) with protective covers and diving equipment, and dive into the water to shoot directly. Underwater photography (images) can truly reflect underwater scenes, such as the life of aquatic plants, geological data of seabed and riverbed, archaeological discoveries, etc. Underwater photography is widely used in scientific research, military technology, sports and teaching.

The method of photographers and cameras diving into the water to shoot the scenery in the water. The photographer wears a diving suit and duck breast and controls the underwater camera to shoot. Photographers and ordinary cameras can also be placed in diving equipment to shoot through sealed windows. It is deep underwater and needs underwater lighting. You can also dive the underwater camera into the water, the photographer is above the water, and the camera can shoot remotely.

Documentary photography

Documentary photography, which records social life, is different from simple documentary photography, and it strongly appeals to people's individual reporting nature.

Documentary photography shows the photographer's concern for the environment, respect for life, and pursuit of humanity ... Documentary photographers use cold machines to record marginal scenes or facts that are intentionally or unintentionally "ignored", but they can often use the power of images to make photography a tool to participate in social transformation. Judging from the social background and historical absence of documentary photography, its criticism and revolution are self-evident. By-product documentary photography history is the history of injustice, darkness, turbulence and austerity in the world that photographers record, express and spread. They use images to achieve the purpose of propaganda and agitation, and then promote social change and make the world a better place. [Edit this paragraph.

Peng Pai photography

Shed shooting is also a very popular shooting method in photography activities, because the outdoor shooting effect is often affected by inappropriate lighting conditions or changeable weather. But if you shoot in the studio, you can control the image and shoot as long as you want. Using readily available equipment and materials, it is possible to take a delicate and impressive portrait. In this way, there is a way to shoot in the shed.

First, use a tripod.

You must put the camera on a tripod to prevent it from shaking. Try to keep the camera close to the subject, and be careful not to introduce unnecessary shadows.

Second, focus on the orbit.

Although it is not necessary for shooting, the focus track is a good auxiliary device, which can help you take good close-ups. The focal track can make the camera move along the X-axis and Y-axis in very small increments, and can accurately control the camera position and the depth of field of the picture. It is very troublesome to move the triangular bracket to the ideal position.

Third, use cable release.

Even if you have installed the camera on a tripod, if you press the shutter carelessly, it may still shake the camera, so in order to avoid this situation, I suggest you use cable release.

5. Use reflective cards when necessary.

Wrap it in a white card or aluminum foil to reflect the light on the object and illuminate the shadow on the object. Be careful not to let this card appear in the shooting range.

6. Be patient.