Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography major - How did underwater archaeology develop?
How did underwater archaeology develop?
Personnel diving technology
Team members engaged in underwater archaeology must receive more professional training in archaeology besides diving skills, and have the ability to actually operate underwater exploration, carry out surveying and mapping, and take photos and videos. A few underwater archaeologists also have licenses to sail boats, speedboats and other ships independently.
Geophysical exploration equipment technology
Geophysical exploration equipment used in underwater archaeology mainly includes multi-beam underwater sonar, shallow stratum profiler, lateral sonar, short baseline system, underwater robot (ROV) and so on. These devices are hung on the ship's side and the probe is put into the water. When the ship is in motion, it can have a clear understanding of the seabed structure in real time, and present a three-dimensional imaging map of the seabed topography, which has a more intuitive and comprehensive analysis of the seabed situation and is convenient for extensive detection and discovery of underwater cultural relics in a large range.
What does underwater archaeological excavation look like?
An underwater archaeological excavation is not as simple as expected, and a lot of preparatory work needs to be done in the early stage. "Because, personnel safety is the first. In my opinion, it is accidental how much an archaeological excavation has achieved. No matter how big the results are, we must first ensure the safety of the players. " Cui Yong said that every time you go into the water, you should make a set of perfect procedures in advance, and everyone should strictly abide by them. For example, it is necessary to check the depth and current of seawater before launching, because the current speed affects the swimming speed of people. Too fast or too slow may make it impossible for people to finish the excavation work. Also pay attention to the tide, and wait until the sea surface is "flat" before launching. "Because the water flow is small during the' flat tide', it is convenient for painting, taking pictures, photographing and collecting cultural relics." He said. And limited by the capacity of the gas cylinder, it can only stay underwater for half an hour at a time, and it must be filled with water as soon as the time comes. According to the requirements of diving regulations, the water speed should not exceed18m per minute. When it rises to 3 meters above the water surface, it takes several minutes to get out of the water. Some young players, eager to explore, always forget to get into the water, and then he will call out a reminder through the loudspeaker. In addition, there are emergency divers on the shore to observe the bubbles of underwater players at any time to monitor the underwater movement.
Archaeologists can only go into the water after all the conditions are met. Generally, two people work together, so you need to bring diving equipment into the water. After entering the water, they have to get out of the water and make a gesture of "everything is normal" to the emergency diver. Then, the team members dive along the water entry rope, and tie the water entry rope to the steel bar inserted in the sunken ship or the seabed to make it a guide rope. "Don't underestimate this rope. On the dark and cold bottom of the sea, it is like a' blind road' on the sidewalk; Underwater archaeologists move with the rope and get out of the water along the rope. If you leave the search rope, you may stay away from the shipwreck and be in danger. " An underwater archaeologist said.
Similar to field archaeology, underwater archaeology also needs to arrange exploration methods. Due to the special underwater working environment, the exploration methods are slightly different, generally there are two kinds of soft exploration methods and hard exploration methods. Soft exploration method is to pull the rope horizontally and vertically under water to form a box on the site. The method of hard exploration is to put a frame with a box made of stainless steel on the site. Underwater work still requires painting, but how to draw underwater? "Ordinary pencils can also be used underwater, but paper is waterproof," Cui Yong said. "Underwater photography needs a waterproof camera cover. Waterproof covers are more expensive than cameras. "
Development of underwater archaeology in the world
Worldwide, the history of underwater archaeology is not long. In 1930s, 19, because of the appearance of diving masks, mankind took a big step towards the underwater world. Since the emergence of modern archaeology in the middle of19th century, with the confirmation of residence on the Swiss lake, scientific investigation and excavation of ancient underwater remains have been carried out, marking the establishment of underwater archaeology.
1943, the French invented scuba, which solved the problem of underwater breathing below 10 meter, and archaeologists finally got rid of the dependence on professional divers. 1960, American archaeologist george bass was invited to investigate and excavate the shipwreck site of Byzantine period in the 7th century in Cape Gelidonia, Turkey, which opened the first time that archaeologists applied archaeological methods to the excavation and research of underwater sites, and initiated the practice of underwater archaeological methods, which was a milestone in the development history of underwater archaeology.
Development of Underwater Archaeology in China
Underwater archaeology in China started in 1980s and gradually formed its own system. In terms of personnel, National Cultural Heritage Administration entrusted the Underwater Archaeology Center of China National Museum to hold five training courses and trained more than 80 underwater archaeologists. Some team members retired from the front line of work because they held leadership positions or for physical reasons. At present, more than 50 players are still active in the field of underwater archaeology.
These members come from the cultural relics systems of coastal provinces and cities all over the country. They usually work in their respective posts, and get together when they have underwater archaeological work, which is organized by the Underwater Archaeological Center of China National Museum.
Technically, underwater archaeologists all have "international three-star" diver certificates and can work within 30 meters of water depth. Some of the team members went to the Philippines for training, and they can work in a water depth of 60 meters, which has broadened the field of underwater archaeology in China by 30 meters and is at a relatively advanced level in the world. In addition, due to the serious coastal pollution in China, the visibility is extremely low, usually only about half a meter, and even zero in some places. Compared with foreign countries, underwater archaeologists in China have the ability to work in a worse environment.
In terms of equipment, China's underwater archaeology has reached the international first-class level. The multi-beam underwater sonar detector worth 3 million yuan has very accurate underwater imaging technology, which greatly improves the efficiency of underwater archaeology.
In 2007, "Nanhai No.1" surfaced as a whole, and the world's first method of salvaging ancient sunken ships was successful. Some archaeologists said that the successful salvage of "Nanhai No.1" marked that China's underwater archaeology reached a new level and ranked among the advanced countries in the world.
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