The branch of surveying and mapping.

The main research object of surveying and mapping is the earth and its surface morphology. In the process of development, geodesy, general surveying, photogrammetry, engineering surveying, marine surveying and mapping and cartography have been formed. 1. Introduction:

With the continuous development of social economy and science and technology, the level of surveying and mapping technology has also been improved rapidly. The means of surveying and mapping operations have also made a qualitative leap. Surveying and mapping instruments and equipment gradually changed from optical theodolite to semi-station instrument, and then introduced total station, thus developing static (dynamic) GPS. With the continuous innovation of instruments and equipment, the labor intensity of surveying and mapping field work is gradually reduced and the work efficiency is continuously improved. The following will introduce what problems should be paid attention to in the usual use of the total station, and how to maintain the battery of the total station to make the total station play its greatest role.

2. The basic composition of total station

Total station, that is, total station, is a three-dimensional coordinate measurement system composed of electronic angle measurement, electronic ranging, electronic calculation and data storage unit. The measurement results can be displayed automatically, and the house can be exchanged with foreign equipment. Because the full-station electronic velocimeter perfectly realizes the electronization and integration of measurement and processing, people usually call it full-station electronic velocimeter or total station for short.

Generally speaking, the total station consists of the following two parts:

1. Special equipment for data acquisition: mainly electronic angle measuring system, electronic ranging system, data storage system and automatic compensation equipment.

2. Process controller: it is mainly used to realize the functions of the above-mentioned special equipment in an orderly manner. A process control machine includes an external device connected with measurement data and a microprocessor for calculating and generating instructions.

3. Matters needing attention in the custody of total station

(1) The instrument shall be kept by a special person and brought back to the office after being used on site every day; Don't put it in the toolbox.

(2) The instrument box should be kept dry, moisture-proof and waterproof, and the desiccant should be replaced in time. The instrument must be placed on a special shelf or in a fixed position.

(3) When the instrument is not used for a long time, it should be taken out regularly in January to prevent mildew, and the instrument should be electrified to drive away the tide, so as to keep the instrument in good working condition.

(4) The instruments shall be placed neatly and shall not be inverted.

4. Matters needing attention when using:

(1) Before starting work, check whether the strap and handle of the instrument box are firm.

(2) Before taking the instrument out of the box, be sure to see the way and position of the instrument in the box. When loading and unloading instruments, you must hold the handle. When taking the instrument out of the instrument box or loading it into the instrument box, please hold the handle and base of the instrument, not the lower part of the display unit. Never take the lens barrel of the instrument, otherwise it will affect the internal fixed parts, thus reducing the accuracy of the instrument. Hold the bottom of the instrument or the lower part of the telescope bracket with both hands. After the instrument is used, cover the objective lens and wipe off the surface dust. All parts should be placed properly when packaging, and the box cover should be accessible when closing.

(3) When observing the instrument in the sunlight, you should give the instrument an umbrella and wear a sunshade to avoid affecting the observation accuracy. When measuring in a dirty environment, the instrument should be guarded by a special person. When the instrument stands on a smooth surface, connect the three legs of the tripod with a thin rope (or thin lead wire) to prevent sliding.

(4) When erecting the instrument on a tripod, try to use a wooden tripod, because using a metal tripod may cause vibration, thus affecting the measurement accuracy.

(5) When the distance between stations is far away, the instrument should be unloaded and packed away when moving stations. Check whether the instrument box is locked and the safety belt is fastened before walking. When the distance between stations is very close, the instrument can lean on the shoulder with the tripod when moving the station, but the instrument should be kept upright as far as possible.

(6) Before moving the station, check whether the connection between the instrument and the tripod is firm. When handling, the brake screw should be slightly closed to prevent the instrument from shaking during moving the station.

(7) If any part of the instrument fails, it should be repaired immediately if it is not used reluctantly, otherwise it will aggravate the damage of the instrument.

(8) Optical components should be kept clean, and dust and sand must be wiped off with a brush or soft mirror cleaning paper. It is forbidden to touch the surface of any optical element of the instrument with your fingers. When cleaning the lens surface of the instrument, please clean the dust with a clean brush first, and then gently wipe it from the center of the lens with a clean wireless cotton cloth dipped in alcohol. When cleaning the dust on the instrument box, do not use any thinner or gasoline, but use a clean cloth dipped in neutral detergent to scrub.

(9) When working in a humid environment, dry the moisture and dust on the surface of the instrument with a soft cloth, and then box it. Immediately after returning to the office, take the instrument out of the box and put it in a dry place. Dry thoroughly before packaging.

(10) When the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor is large in winter, the instrument should be unpacked after being moved out of the room or indoors for a period of time.

5. Matters needing attention in instrument transfer

(1) First, put the instrument into the instrument box, then put the instrument box into the wooden box specially used for transfer, and fill the gap with foam, sponge, shavings or other shock-proof items. After loading, cover the wooden box or plastic box. If necessary, it should be tied with a rope.

(2) Instruments that are not transported in wooden or plastic boxes should not be checked, but should be carried by the surveyor himself. During the whole transfer process, people are not allowed to leave the instrument. For example, if they take a bus, they should put the instrument on a soft object and hold it in their hands. When driving on a bumpy road, they should hold the instrument in their arms.

(3) Pay attention to handle with care, put it straight, and don't squeeze or press it. Rain or shine, we should take measures such as sun protection, rain protection and earthquake prevention in advance.

6. Use of batteries

Total station battery is one of the most important components of total station. At present, the batteries equipped with total station are generally nickel-hydrogen (nickel-hydrogen battery) and nickel-cadmium (nickel-cadmium battery). The quality and quantity of batteries determine the length of field work.

(1) It is recommended not to take out the battery when it is turned on, because the stored data may be lost at this time. Please put in or take out the battery after it is turned off.

(2) Rechargeable batteries can be reused. However, if the battery is fully charged, the working time of the battery will be shortened. At this time, the voltage of the battery can be restored by refreshing, thus improving the working time. It takes about 8 hours for a fully charged battery to discharge.

(3) Do not charge or discharge continuously, otherwise the battery and charger will be damaged. If charging or discharging is needed, use the charger after stopping charging for about 30 minutes.

(4) Don't charge or discharge the battery just after charging, sometimes it will damage the battery.

(5) Exceeding the specified charging time will shorten the service life of the battery and should be avoided as far as possible.

(6) The display level of battery remaining capacity is related to the current measurement mode. In the angle measurement mode, the remaining capacity of the battery is sufficient, and it cannot be guaranteed that the battery can also be used in the distance measurement mode because the power consumption of the distance measurement mode is higher than that of the angle measurement mode. When switching from angle mode to distance mode, ranging will stop from time to time due to insufficient battery capacity.

In short, only in daily work, pay attention to the use and maintenance of the total station, pay attention to the charge and discharge of the total station battery, in order to extend the service life of the total station and maximize the effectiveness of the total station. Image measuring instrument (also known as image precision mapping instrument) (Yikang Optical Measuring Instrument specializes in producing digital projectors, two-dimensional and three-dimensional) is a qualitative leap on the basis of measuring projectors, which promotes the transformation of industrial measurement mode from traditional optical projection alignment to computer screen measurement based on digital image era. It is worth mentioning that there is a transitional product of digital display screen and computer on the market at present. Strictly speaking, this kind of equipment that only uses computer as aiming tool is not an image measuring instrument, but can only be called "image measuring projector" or "image aiming projector". In other words, the image measuring instrument is based on computer screen measuring technology and powerful space geometry calculation software. Image measuring instrument is divided into digital image measuring instrument (also known as CNC image measuring instrument) and handheld image measuring instrument. The difference between them is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

One: where does digital technology go?

When measuring the distance between point A and point B, the manual image measuring instrument operates as follows: first, shake the handle in the X and Y directions to aim at point A, then lock the platform, switch hands to operate the computer and click the mouse to confirm; Open the platform again, crank it to point B, and repeat the above actions to determine point B. Every time you click the mouse, read the displacement value of the optical ruler at this point into the computer, and the calculation function can only be operated after all the values of this point are read in. This first-class equipment is like a technical "building block platter", and all functions and operations are separated; Shake the handle for a while and click the mouse for a while. When shaking hands, you should also pay attention to uniformity, light and slow, and you can't turn; Usually, a simple distance measurement by a skilled operator takes several minutes.

Digital image measuring instrument is different. Based on micron-scale precision numerical control hardware and humanized operation software, it completely integrates various functions, thus becoming a truly modern precision instrument. Have the basic abilities of stepless speed change, gentle movement, omnipresence, electronic locking and synchronous reading; After the mouse moves to find the points A and B you want to measure, the computer will help you calculate the measurement results and display graphics for verification. Images and shadows are synchronized, and even beginners can measure the distance between two points in just a few seconds.

Second, digital technology has realized the random placement of workpieces;

When carrying out datum measurement, the hand-held image measuring instrument needs to rotate the indexing disk on the object platform and adjust the datum edge of the part to the coordinate axis parallel to the platform, because its primary software cannot support extremely complicated spatial geometric transformation. Digital image measuring instrument can use software technology to complete the rotation of spatial coordinate system and the complex transformation between multiple coordinate systems. The measured workpiece can be placed at will, and the coordinate origin and reference direction can be established at will and the measured value can be obtained. At the same time, marks can be displayed on the screen, and the coordinate direction and measuring point can be seen intuitively, which makes the most common reference distance measurement very simple and intuitive. Since then, the product of the mechanical age-the indexing plate, together with the crank, has become history.

Thirdly, digital technology realizes real-time error correction.

In the process of finding the target point and measuring the displacement, manual operation will cause certain deviation between the main guide rail and the auxiliary guide rail of the mobile platform, and continuous back-and-forth movement will also produce a return gap. It will directly affect the measurement accuracy when measuring accurately at micron level. The digital image measuring instrument has the ability of motion locking, and the design adopts the technology of no return error, thus completely eliminating these errors and improving the stability of motion and measuring accuracy.

The longer the measuring distance, the greater the error and the lower the measuring accuracy with the length. Hand-held image measuring instrument does not have nonlinear real-time correction function, and can not eliminate nonlinear errors caused by environmental factors such as temperature and vibration. Digital image measuring instrument has excellent error correction ability. Based on strict mathematical model, it is corrected by software calculation and real-time control, so as to minimize nonlinear error, improve measurement accuracy and break through the technical bottleneck of speed and accuracy.

Fourthly, digital technology can be used for rapid numerical control measurement;

When measuring the same workpiece in batches, the hand-held image measuring instrument needs to be moved manually one by one, sometimes it rolls tens of thousands of times a day, but it can only complete the limited measurement of dozens of complex workpieces, which is inefficient.

Digital image measuring instrument can establish numerical control coordinate data through sample measurement, drawing calculation and numerical control data import. The instrument can automatically move to the target point one by one to complete various measurement operations, saving manpower and improving efficiency. Under the working ability of hand-held image measuring instrument, the operator is relaxed and efficient.

Scope of application:

Machinery, electronics, aerospace, molds, springs, gears, wiring terminals, circuit board contacts, hardware plastics, magnetic materials, electronic circuits, components, watches, hardware stamping industry, ore industry and other precision hardware industries.