The second part: the original works and translations of Dan Qing

Song Zi said: Gentle people will never degenerate, but they will pay attention to mystery and whiteness. What are their advantages compared with Beijing? From fiery red to black pregnancy, the water is silvery white and the red is changing. The hammer of the furnace is incredible. In these five chapters, Zhu Lin is black and big. Ten thousand volumes cross, ink is Zhu, and the sky is clear. The study is a treasure, what is jade? To the painter's portrait of everything, or take the original posture, or cooperate with it, the color is salty and prepared. Husband is also attached to the camp, and * * * is a five-element pervert. Who can be with God?

○ Zhu

All cinnabar, mercury and cinnabar are the same thing, so those with different names are divided into fine and old. The best cinnabar comes from Chen, Jin (now Mayang) and Xichuan, with pregnancy in the middle, but it is not refined. Sand covered with strong light, arrows and mirrors is three times heavier than mercury, so it is chosen as cinnabar. If you raise water, it will reduce the basic value. Only coarse cinnabar can smelt mercury, and mercury can also smelt silver.

Whoever gets the top grade of cinnabar gets more than ten feet of cave soil. When you first see its seedlings, it looks like a white stone, which is called vermilion bed. The sand beside the bed is as big as a chicken. Secondly, sand is not used as medicine, but only for studying painting and smelting mercury. Its seedlings don't need white stone, and its depth is tens of feet. The outer bed is either mixed with greenish yellow stone or sandy soil, which is full of pregnancy, so the outer sand and gravel are mostly self-cracked. This kind of sand is most abundant in Guizhou, such as Si, Yin and Tongren, but it is also widely distributed in Shangzhou and other places.

Where the secondary sand is taken, the pit is white and tender, so it will not be polished, but will be upgraded. If the sand is tender and bright, when it is taken, put it into a giant iron grinding cylinder, grind it into powder, then put it into the cylinder, and then inject clean water to soak it. After three days and three nights, the man who fell and floated fell into another jar called Jules. If it is heavy, it will be dry, and it will be famous.

Where mercuric chloride is used, or white secondary sand is used, or two pieces of ink, water and water falling from a pot are used to form a large wire, and every 30 kg is raised in a pot, and the carbon under it is also used for 30 kg. Cover a pot per liter, leave a small hole in the pot, and fasten the pot with salt mud. The kettle is made of iron arc bow and chute, wrapped with hemp rope and fixed with salt mud. When the fire is burning, one end of the meander is inserted into the pot for ventilation. Put two bottles of water at one end of the pot, and the episode slides inside, and the gas in the pot stops until the water in the pot stops. * * * Calcined for five hours, in which the sand is pulverized into е, which is distributed in the full kettle. Frozen for a day, take it out and sweep it. This is the most wonderful mystery, which turns all the secrets into reality. ("Materia Medica" casually records that "dig a hole in the ground and put a bowl to hold water". )

Anyone who reuses mercury for Zhu is called. Its method is either to use a clay pot with a chin or to use an upper pot and a lower pot. Put two kilograms of stone pavilion grease (that is, sulfur producers) into the jar for every kilogram of mercury, and the stars will not be seen in the same research, and the green sand head will be fried and canned. Cover it with an iron lampshade and press it with iron ruler. Tie wire to the bottom, fix the joint with salt mud, and put three nails on the ground to fix the jar. After three wicks of incense, the waste pen is frequently dipped in water to wipe the lamp, and then the silver powder is pasted on the jar, and the person pasted on the mouth is more fragrant. Uncover it when it is cold, and use it after scraping. Its stone pavilion grease sinks into the bottom of the tank and can be reused. For every liter of mercury, there are 25 taels of Zhu 14, and the number comes from sulfur.

Among them, the promotion of Zhu and the study of Zhu have similar effects. If the royal family and your family painted colors, then the people who studied by Chen Tong and Jin Dansha would not need this Zhu Ye. The inkstone is obvious where Zhu and the study are glued together. If ground on an inkstone, it will be made into soap juice. In other words, painters paint with fresh things, but it is obvious to add tung oil, and it is also awkward to paint. Where there is nothing but mercury and Zhu, it is unreasonable and arrogant to say that there is sea and grass, and everyone who eats ears believes it. If mercury rises, it can't return as е, and the so-called ingenuity of nature will be exhausted.

Ink

Every ink burns smoke and condenses it. Tung oil, clear oil, pig oil smoke take one tenth, pine smoke take nine tenths. Anyone who is expensive ink, the country pushes Huizhou people, or because of the difficulty in transporting oil, sends people to live in Jing, Xiang, Chen and Yuan, and returns with cheap tung oil as cigarettes. If the ink is printed on paper in the future and the shadow of the sun glows red, dip the wick in Lithospermum juice and burn it.

Where is it? Oil with cigarettes, one or two cigarettes per catty of oil. If you are getting sick, one person will pay 200 yuan for the lamp. If you blow slowly, the smoke will get old and the fire will burn the material. For the rest, ink is usually used. Pine trees are first drained of gum and then cut down. Where there is no clean hair of rosin, its smoke will be used as ink, and I will eventually be stuck. Where the pine tree is perfumed, a small hole is made in the root of the tree, and the whole body cream is poured out after it is warm.

Where the pine smoke burns, it is cut to size, and the bow is a round house like a ship, which is more than ten feet in succession. The inner and outer interfaces are made of paper and cushions. Every once in a while, smoke comes out of the small hole, and the road where the smoke is ventilated is covered with soil and bricks. Pay for a few days, take a break to cool off and sweep in the middle. Anyone who burns pine smoke and sets fire to ventilate smoke is from beginning to end. One or two knots near the tail are clear smoke and made of good ink. In the festival, it is mixed smoke, and it is taken as ink. If only cigarettes were shaved in the first quarter or two, these goods would be sold to printers and writers, who would still use them for research. The rest are painters and chalk.

Where pine smoke is used as ink, there is a distinction between ups and downs in long-term immersion. When it is mixed with glue, it will become more or less brittle and become firm by knocking. Adding rare materials, such as gold, musk, pine smoke and lampblack, will increase. The rest of Mo Jing and Mopu are described in detail by naturalists, which is only due to the rough materials.

Attached.

Hu Fen (white, see Hardware for details). )

Huang Dan (red and yellow, see hardware for details. )

Huadian (for blue, see Zhang Shi for details. )

Purple powder (purple), the expensive one is Hu fen and cinnabar, and the thick one is the juice dyed with safflower. )

Daqing (to cyan), see Zhuyu Volume for details. )

Copper patina (green, brass into a plate, coated with vinegar, wrapped in bran, scraped off with warm internal heat every day. )

Stone green (see "Zhuyu" for details. )

Ochre (crimson, everywhere in the mountains, the county is better. )

Stone yellow (medium yellow, purple outside, yellow inside the stone skin, yellow in the stone. )

Mr. Song said: The ancient cultural heritage can be spread through the ages without separation, relying on the black and white literature records, which is unparalleled. Fire is red, but the blackest ink smoke is brewing in it; Mercury is white, but the reddest vermilion comes from it. Incredibly, the melting pot of nature has changed greatly! Five colors have appeared since the distant times, and with the two main colors of scarlet and ink, we can highlight major orders; Thousands of books, when reading, circle black words with vermilion pen, which makes good articles glow. The study has its own Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone. What's the use even if Zhu Yu is here? As for painters depicting everything, some people use primary colors, while others use mixed colors, so there are all kinds of colors. The modulation of pigment depends on the action of fire and water, which is reflected in the mutual running-in changes of water, fire, wood, gold and earth (five elements). If it is not the most mysterious nature in the world, who can do all this?

bright red

Cinnabar, mercury and cinnabar are originally a kind of things, and the difference in names is only caused by the difference between fine and thick, old and tender. Superior cinnabar is produced in Chenshui and Jinjiang Valley in western Hunan and western Sichuan. Although it contains mercury, it is not used to extract mercury. This is because several kinds of cinnabar, such as bright sand, arrowhead sand and mirror sand, are three times more expensive than mercury, so they should be selected for sale. If they are refined into mercury, their value will be reduced. Only rough and inferior cinnabar is used to extract mercury and then refined into cinnabar.

High-grade cinnabar ore can only be found by digging more than ten feet deep. When I found the mine seedlings, I only saw a pile of white stones called vermilion beds. Some cinnabar beside the bed is as big as an egg. Those inferior cinnabar are generally not used for dispensing, but only ground into powder for painting or mercury smelting. This second-class cinnabar mine doesn't necessarily have albite seedlings. You can get them by digging a few feet deep. The outside of its sediment is also mixed with blue-yellow stones or sand. Because there is cinnabar in the soil, most stones or sand are cracked by themselves. This kind of inferior cinnabar is the most common in Sinan, Yinjiang, Tongren and other places in eastern Guizhou, and it is also common in Shangxian, Shaanxi and Tianshui, Gansu.

Inferior cinnabar, if the whole ore is tender in texture and white in color, is not used to grind cinnabar, but all used to extract mercury. If the sand is tender, but there is red light flashing inside, use a big iron trough to grind it into dust powder, then put it in a jar, soak it in clear water for three days and three nights, then shake it and pour the floating sand into another jar. This is Jules. Take out that precipitated sand and air dry to form initial ink.

To smelt mercury, use white inferior cinnabar or floating cinnabar poured out of the jar, add water, rub it into thick strips, put it on a plate and put it in a pot. Each pot contains 30 kg * *, and the charcoal for the fire below is also 30 kg. The other pot should be placed upside down on the top of the pot, leaving a small hole on the top of the pot. The seam between the two cans should be reinforced and sealed with salt mud. The small hole on the top of the pot is connected with a curved iron pipe. The iron pipe should be wrapped tightly with hemp rope and reinforced with salt mud, so that there can be no air leakage at each joint. The other end of the elbow is connected to a pot containing two bottles of water, so that the gas in the melting pot can only reach the water in the pot. The bottom of the pot is heated by fire, and after about ten hours of calcination, cinnabar will all turn into mercury, covering the whole pot wall. After cooling for a day, take it out and sweep it. The truth here is the most elusive, and the changes in nature are really mysterious (Shennong's herbal notes say that mercury smelting should "cut a hole in the ground and put a bowl to hold water", which is an unintentional note)!

Mercury is refined into cinnabar, so it is called cinnabar. Refine with an open clay pot or two clay pots. Add two kilograms of stone pavilion grease (natural sulfur) to each kilogram of mercury, grind them together until the bright spot of mercury can't be seen, fry them into bluish black, and put them into a jar. The jar mouth should be covered with an iron lamp, a iron ruler should be pressed on the lamp, the jar and the iron lamp should be tied tightly with iron wire, then sealed with salt mud, and then three iron bars should be inserted in the ground to support the clay jar. The fire is heating up, so make an appointment to burn three wick incense. In this process, the surface of the iron lamp should be constantly wiped with the waste brush dipped in water. At this time, mercury will turn into cinnabar powder and condense on the cylinder wall, and the color of cinnabar near the cylinder mouth will be more vivid. After cooling, unseal the iron lamp and scrape off the cinnabar. The remaining shiting grease sinks to the bottom of the tank and can be taken out for reuse. Every catty of mercury can be refined into 14 ounce of refined cinnabar and two-thirds of secondary cinnabar, and the extra weight is produced by the sulfur of Shi Ting grease.

The cinnabar extracted by this method is similar to that developed by natural cinnabar. The royal nobles painted with vermilion powder directly ground from Chenzhou and Jinzhou, instead of refined vermilion powder. Cinnabar used for research is usually glued into strips, and the original bright red color can be displayed by grinding it on the inkstone. But if you grind it on a tin inkstone, it will turn gray-black immediately. Painters use cinnabar red oil painting utensils, which will be very bright when mixed with tung oil and very dark when mixed with natural pigments.

Mercury and cinnabar have no other sources. The statement about the mercury sea and the mercury grass is groundless, and only blindly credulous people will believe it. After mercury is refined into cinnabar, it can no longer be reduced to mercury, because the ingenuity of nature in creating and educating everything has come to an end.

black

Ink is a mixture of smoke (carbon black) and glue. Among them, about one-tenth of the ink is made of tung oil, clear oil or lard burning smoke; About nine out of ten people use pine smoke as ink. Making precious ink, Huizhou people in Anhui Province were most admired in this dynasty (Ming Dynasty). Sometimes because of the difficulty in transporting oil, they send people to rent houses in Jiangling, Xiangyang, Chenxi and Yuanling, Hubei Province, buy cheap tung oil and lit cigarettes locally, and take the burnt ash back to make ink. There is an ink that can emit red light when written on paper in oblique sunlight. It is made of the smoke produced by lighting the oil lamp after the wick is dipped in Lithospermum juice.

Take the smoke from fuel oil as an example, you can get one or two excellent cigarettes per catty of oil. With quick hands and feet, one person can take care of more than 200 pairs of lamps specially used for collecting cigarettes. If you don't scrape off the oil fume in time, the smoke will go too far, and the quality will drop, resulting in a great waste of oil and time. The rest is usually ink, which is made of pine smoke. Drain the rosin from the pine tree first, and then cut it down. Even if a little turpentine doesn't flow cleanly, there will always be dregs in the ink made of pine smoke, which is not easy to write. The way to drain turpentine is to cut a small hole near the root of the pine tree, then light it and burn it slowly, so that the turpentine on the whole tree will pour out towards this warm hole.

To burn pine for smoking, first cut the pine into a certain size, and build a circular arched canopy on the ground with bamboo poles, just like the awning on a ship, which is connected section by section and grows to more than ten feet. The inside and outside and the interface should be sealed with paper and straw mats. Every few sections, leave a smoke hole, cover the place where the bamboo shed touches the ground with mud, and design the smoke passage in advance for bricklaying in the shed. Let the pine burn in it for a few days. After a cold break, people can go in and shave. When burning pine smoke, the operation sequence of smoke ventilation is from the shed head to the shed tail. The smoke taken in the last paragraph is called clear smoke, which is the raw material for making high-quality ink. The smoke taken from the middle section is called mixed smoke, which is used as ordinary ink. The cigarettes taken in the first two paragraphs are called cigarettes, which can only be sold to booksellers and can only be used after grinding. The rest is left to painters and painters to make black pigments.

If pine smoke used for ink making is soaked in water for a long time, fine and pure pine smoke will float on it, while coarse and coarse pine smoke will sink below. After being mixed with glue and solidified, the ink is struck with a hammer, and the firmness and brittleness of the ink are distinguished according to the striking times. As for engraving gold characters on pine smoke or lampblack or adding precious raw materials such as musk, how much can be decided by people themselves. Other knowledge about ink is described in books such as Mo Jing and Ink Spectrum. If you want to know more, you can read it carefully. Here is just a brief overview of the raw materials and methods of making ink.

enclose herewith

Hu Fen (whitest, see hardware volume for details).

Huang Dan (red and yellow, see hardware for details).

Indigo flower (pure blue, see Zhang Shi for details).

Purple powder (pink, expensive made of Hu fen and cinnabar, thick made of dye house safflower juice).

Daqing (deep blue, see Zhuyu for details).

Copper patina (dark green, specifically: beat the brass into a plate, coat it with vinegar, wrap it with rice bran, and scrape it off the copper plate with warm fire every day).

Stone green (see Zhuyu for details).

Ochre (crimson, produced in mountainous areas all over the country, with the best quality produced in Daixian County, Shanxi Province).

Stone yellow (a kind of stone with yellow center, purple surface and yellow inner layer, also called "yellow son in stone").