The Rhyme of China's Ancient Poetry

Poetry creation should pay attention to artistry and several aspects, one of which is "rhythm", and pay attention to the collocation of words and the harmony of tones. In these aspects, the ancients had many incisive expositions, such as poems and songs. When it comes to the rhythm of poetry, it generally includes three aspects: First, the level tone was first put forward by Shen Yue in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and it was widely used in metrical poems after the prosperous Tang Dynasty, mainly focusing on the coordination between the levels tone. The second is duality. In verse, especially in metrical poems, the requirement of duality is strict. There are generally sentence pairs in poetry, and there are also many sentence pairs and paragraph pairs in fu and eight-part essay. The third is rhyme, which means that rhyming words regularly appear in appropriate places (usually pause places). These three aspects all come from the characteristics of Chinese pronunciation, that is, monosyllabic morphemes are dominant and have tones. When writing poems, especially metrical poems, the use of parallelism, duality and rhyme is good and natural, which can enhance the sense of music and present the beauty of rhythm; Poor use and excessive use will give people a feeling of thankless, and even hurt the meaning with words. Parallel prose from the Six Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty is an obvious example. This is the basic skill that every poetry lover must master. Metric: The rhyme of English poetry is distinguished according to the number of syllables contained in the step and the position of stressed syllables. There are six steps in traditional English poetry: iambic poem, Troche poem, Anapu poem, Dactyl poem, Amphibrach poem and Spondee poem. In prose language, there are few rhymes, but it is not without them. Rhyme is commonly used (including fu, poetry, words, songs, etc. ), and rhyme is rhyming words. The first rhyme format is sentence by sentence rhyme, that is, one rhyme to the end, which can be seen in some lyrics and American literature; Second, every other sentence rhymes. Most poems rhyme every other sentence, only the first two rhymes. The situation of words is more complicated, including rhyming sentence by sentence, rhyming every other sentence and rhyming every other sentence. Rhyme is mostly the whole rhyme, and some longer works rhyme in the middle. There are many differences between ancient and modern rhymes. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Qieyun and Tangyun, the rhymes were very fine. Guang Yun in Song Dynasty was designated as 206 rhymes, but because some rhymes can be used together, the actual rhyme was 1 12 in Tang Dynasty, 108 in Song Dynasty and 106 in Jin Dynasty. Pei Wen Shi Yun in Qing Dynasty is a masterpiece of rhyme, which is divided into four parts: Ping, Shang, Xia and Nei. Pingsheng includes 65,438+05 rhymes of Dong and Er Dong in Yi Sheng, Shang Ping, and 65,438+05 rhymes of Xiaping Yisheng County and No.2 Primary School. The upper tone includes 29 rhymes of Dong Yi and No.2 Town, the German tone includes 30 rhymes of Yi Song and No.2 Song, and the entering tone includes 65,438+07 rhymes of Yiwu and Erwo, * * 65. To learn ancient poetry, Pei Wenyun should be the first choice. Rhyme is the strictest in metrical poetry. Many words, such as "final", "wind" and "public" in East China and "middle", "wind" and "public" in East China, are all pronounced the same now, but metrical poems can't pass. If you pass, you will make rhyming mistakes, be laughed at and fail the exam. After the middle Tang Dynasty, neighboring rhymes gradually appeared, such as the thirteen-yuan rhyme used in Du Mu's poem Qingming, but the first sentence used twelve neighboring rhymes. The rhyme of words is not so strict. Like a flat voice, the words are merged into 14 rhyme. Rhyme also has the difficulty of choosing rhyme and secondary rhyme. When writing a poem, you will encounter difficulties in actively choosing rhyme or passively limiting rhyme. Like the four branches and eleven truths in Pingsheng, it contains many words and is easy to choose, called Kuan Yun; Rhymes like Wuwei and Twelve-character Rhyme contain fewer words and are difficult to choose, so they are called narrow rhymes. There are also some rhymes, such as Sanjiang and Fifteen Salts, which contain fewer words and are difficult to choose. They are called dangerous rhymes. And like some friends' "rhyme limit", the traces are close to word games. Poets must pay attention to the choice of rhyme when writing poems. After the Song Dynasty, the habit of rhyming with other people's poems can also be regarded as a kind of "rhyme restriction". Many scholars like to play this kind of rhyming acrobatics and watch kung fu in difficult movements. Su Dongpo wrote his first rhyming poem in a refined and natural way: "What life looks like everywhere should be like flying snow. I accidentally left my fingers and claws in the mud, and Hong Fei was driving that complicated thing. The old monk is dead and has become a new tower. There is no reason to look at the old topic with a broken wall. Remember the rugged past? The road is long and Xiu Yuan is sleepy. " [ 1]

[Edit this paragraph] Architectural term "rhythm"

Rhythm exists not only in music, but also in other art media, such as dance, art, architecture, photography, rhythmic gymnastics and some sports. Rhythm is an attribute that the elements that make up a system form system repetition, and it is also one of the most reliable methods to regularize a series of unrelated feelings. Moreover, because of this potential pursuit and grasp of regularity, people often associate music with architecture. The rhythm of architecture: architecture must embody the unity of plane, elevation and section, which has the layout of plane, the internal structure of section and the external style of elevation. In this unity of three-dimensional space (length, width and height), there are different architectural forms with different styles, either majestic (such as the Forbidden City) or beautiful (such as Suzhou Gardens). The repetition of architectural structure and moving lines make all kinds of architectural images balanced, patchwork, harmonious and unified, which produces a strong charm of beauty. For example, in a rock mass or stratum, its composition, grain size structure and color change regularly and repeatedly in the vertical direction, which is called rhythmic stratification. Architecture is known as "epic of stone", "solidified music" and so on. The rhythmic beauty of architecture is manifested in repetition: it can be repetition with different intervals and the same shape; Can also be repeated with different shapes and the same spacing; It is also possible to repeat units in other ways. The first condition of this repetition is the similarity of units or the regularity of spacing; Secondly, the logic of rhythm. Goethe sighed for Strasbourg, Hugo eulogized Notre Dame, and aesthetic masters such as Hegel, Schelling and Schlaege praised the charm of architecture. This feature is still maintained in modern architecture. For example, the Sydney Opera House, like a group of sails, is wonderful. No wonder she has the status of "World Heritage" recognized by UNESCO before she is 30 years old! The rhythmic beauty of architecture is inextricably linked with music. Rhythm is an attribute that the elements that make up a system form system repetition, and it is also one of the most reliable methods to regularize a series of unrelated feelings. Xie Lin, a world famous violinist, said: "Architecture is solidified music." Later, the German musician Pudeman said, "Music is a flowing building." The History of Aesthetics written by Gilbert and Kuhn said that Gothic architecture was handled skillfully and soared. "Ignoring the natural trend of sinking materials, the cathedral has become a strange kind of music." I.M. Pei's Rock Music Memorial Hall adopts the shape of a glass pyramid, which makes the solemn and solid ancient imperial throne become a light and transparent modern happy hall. This building is full of movement, just like a building with dancing notes. In architectural art, the height of the group is dispersed, and the density is dispersed. The overall style and concrete structure of a single building has its own unique rhythm, like "solidified music". The winding rhythm of the Great Wall in Wan Li, with beacon towers set at a certain distance, presents a magnificent momentum of take-off, full of rhythmic beauty and boldness. The altars in Beijing are stacked one after another, hovering upward, and the European Gothic architecture is full of spires, piercing the blue sky, showing a rising sense of rhythm that goes straight to God. It can be seen that rhythm is an important factor that constitutes formal beauty. The development of art is infinite, and the methods of art are infinite, so artistic creation (including architectural design) logically moves towards diversification, forming a coexistence pattern. The rhythmic beauty of architecture is the unremitting pursuit of every architect. From the artistic point of view, architecture is similar to music, which is the expression of abstract thinking and creativity unique to human beings, and it is a re-weaving of universal laws such as rhythm, repetition and rhythm. Although architecture is also an imitation of natural objects at the beginning, this imitation is advanced abstraction and creation.