global positioning system (GPS)

(1) is used to monitor mining environment, disasters, ground collapse, landslides, deformation, etc. It has the advantages of high precision, three-dimensional positioning, all-weather, high speed and no need for intervisibility.

(2) (2) The functions of GPS in photogrammetry and remote sensing include: controlling aerial photography and flight navigation to achieve accurate fixed-point photography; High-precision dynamic camera positioning, assisting aerial triangulation; Combined with other sensors (CCD digital camera, laser measurement system, synthetic aperture radar, etc. ) to determine the position, attitude and speed of the carrier.

(3)GPS can provide geographic basic data for GIS, and establish, monitor or form a mining area survey control network, which is convenient for the composite processing of multi-temporal, multi-scale and multi-resolution spatial data in GIS.

It should be pointed out that "3S" integration or integration technology is the development direction, and "3S" is not "RS+GIS+GPS", but "3S" ≥ p1(RS)+P2 (GIS)+P3 (GPS), where Pi is the weight, and its value is variable, depending on the research object, work target and people.

In a word, geo-information science and technology play an important role in the study of environmental protection and social and economic sustainable development in industrial and mining areas. It has the advantages of fast data acquisition, operation and processing, high-precision target positioning, spatial and instantaneous simulation, and regional development planning and decision-making.

However, the application of "3S" technology in the environmental field is still in the primary stage, and it has just started in China. Especially the complexity and particularity of environmental problems in mining areas, there are still many key or difficult problems to be further explored and solved. For example:

(1) Interpretation, inversion and pattern recognition of remote sensing image information. On the one hand, according to the topographical characteristics of the mining area and the actual needs of environmental monitoring and protection, appropriate remote sensing sensors and environmental indicators are selected; On the other hand, the remote sensing information mechanism of mining ecological environment is studied, and the remote sensing information is transformed into practical information for environmental protection and governance through inversion, interpretation and pattern recognition technology.

(2) The method of environmental quality evaluation in mining area by using remote sensing environmental information. Compared with the usual environmental quality assessment methods, there are many differences in using remote sensing image information to evaluate the environmental quality and its evolution in mining areas, which requires a set of practical scientific methods, such as the selection of evaluation methods, models, evaluation indicators (factors), weights and their relationships.

Coding, input, storage and combination of various spatial and non-spatial geographic information and environmental information in GIS application, evaluation of data quality, conversion of data format, establishment and operation of various environmental application models.

(4) Research on environmental expert system and decision support system. Solving environmental problems requires both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The auxiliary decision-making mode of expert system belongs to qualitative analysis, while that of decision support system belongs to quantitative analysis. Combining these two systems will greatly improve and solve some difficult problems in the field of environmental science. In addition, the knowledge acquisition of neural network expert system does not need to be sorted, summarized and digested by knowledge engineers, but only needs to train neural network with examples or expert problem-solving examples. Under the same input conditions, the neural network can obtain an output that is quite consistent with the answer given by experts. In other words, the knowledge acquisition of neural network expert system has the advantages of high efficiency and high quality. Therefore, the research and application of neural network environmental expert system is a development direction and key technology of environmental research.

(5) Theory and technology of "3S" integration. "3S" integration is a comprehensive high-tech, with great technical difficulty, great significance and great benefits. Its starting point and destination is to find its application target or application market. To realize the real "3S" technology integration, it is necessary to study and solve many basic problems in the design, implementation and application of the integrated system, such as real-time spatial positioning of the integrated system, integrated data management, automatic input and extraction of semantic and non-semantic information, automatic data update, real-time communication, spatial visualization and output of graphics/images, and distributed network integration environment based on client/server.