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Ancient Egypt generally refers to the Egyptian civilization in the lower reaches of the Nile River during the demise of Persia in Egypt from the 32nd century BC to 343rd BC. Ancient Egypt was a typical hydraulic empire.

geography

Most of Egypt is desert, with yellow sand rolling. Only where the Nile River washes away is the green belt that breeds Egypt. The area of 1/30 has gathered more than 90% of the population of Egypt. Egypt is one of the ancient civilizations in the world and is greatly influenced by religion. The world-famous pyramids are the product of ancient Egyptians worshiping the concept of eternity. At present, there are more than 80 pyramids in Egypt, the largest of which is the pyramid of khufu. Besides the pyramids, the Sphinx is also a symbol of Egypt.

Chronology of ancient Egypt

The first dynasty: 3200 ~ 2850 BC. From menes to Qatar, there are eight pharaohs.

The second dynasty: 2850 ~ 2686 BC. From Hotepseknemoui to kask, there are six pharaohs.

Ancient Kingdom or Memphis Empire (2686 ~ 2 BC181year)

The third dynasty: 2686 ~ 26 BC13 years. From Neteriknet-Djeser in Natri to Houni, * * * has five kings. Jossel's rule was the beginning of power and victory. At this time, a magnificent stone building represented by the stepped pyramid building in Shakala appeared. Imhotep, the architect, writer and scholar of the complex, became one of the first great men in history books. This era is a period of the development of a powerful centralized monarchy. The monarch sat in Memphis and appointed the governor to rule the country.

The fourth dynasty: 26 BC13 ~ 2494. From Snefrou to Skepseskaf, there were six or seven pharaohs. Judging from the grandeur of the pyramids, the rule of Snefru, Khufu and harff was the peak of this era. The pyramids built in Dashar, Merton and Kisa show the good governance and economic prosperity of the dynasty. The fifth dynasty: 2494 ~ 2345 BC. From Uzer to Unas, there were nine pharaohs. The most famous are Sahoure and Djedkare-Isesi.

In the fifth dynasty, the consciousness of "sun worship" developed rapidly, and the famous pyramid inscription was engraved on the wall of the Wunis pyramid in Shakara. The sixth dynasty: 2345 ~ 2 BC181year. From Titi I to Queen Nitocris, the seven kings include Pepi I and Pepy II who lived for hundreds of years.

Although the Sixth Dynasty was famous for its military and commercial expeditions as far away as the southern tip of Africa, Memphis, a place where some governors kept expanding and concentrating in history, was threatened and caused civil strife.

The first transitional period (2181~1991BC)

Seventh dynasty: only ruled for 70 days.

The eighth dynasty: 2 18 1 ~ 2 130 BC. * * * There were eight to twenty-seven pharaohs, but their names were not recorded.

The ninth dynasty to the tenth dynasty: 2 130 ~ 2040 BC in the north. There are six pharaohs, three of whom are called Katie.

Eleventh dynasty: 2 130 ~ 2040 BC in the south. * * * There are three pharaohs.

Montuhotep II unified the whole country in 2050 BC, and the Thebes monarch of the 1 1 dynasty ruled the whole of Egypt. Although this makes their hometown Thebes more and more important, it is still not enough to replace Memphis. The rulers of Thebes had to travel back and forth in fashion, and built palaces and small towns such as Yiti-Tawi at the entrance of Fayoum in the 12 dynasty. The dynasty moved the center of power northward without giving up Thebes, indicating that the powerful centralized government was gradually restored.

The Middle Kingdom or the First Empire of Thebes (BC 199 1 ~ 1786)

The end of the eleventh dynasty: 2060 ~ 2000 BC. Three Montuhot elders unified Egypt for the first time around 2040 BC. Twelfth dynasty: 2000 ~ 1786 BC. Seven pharaohs were named Amon Hamat or Sesot Rees, and the last ruler was Queen Nefirul of Zeebek.

Like other countries in the world, stability and turmoil always appear alternately. The provincial decentralization forces and other forces unknown in history destroyed the Thebes regime inherited from the twelfth dynasty, and Egypt was divided into many vassal States.

The second transitional period (BC 1786 ~ BC 1567)

13th to 14th dynasties: BC 1786 ~ BC 1674. There are about forty pharaohs, some of whom are named Sebehotep. Some pharaohs ruled the northern, central and southern old French areas at the same time. Since BC 1730, these kings have only been vassals of Pharaoh Hikso.

Fifteenth to sixteenth generations: BC 1674 ~ BC 1567. The 16th dynasty is called "Little Sissok" dynasty, which only exists in the eastern delta. There were five pharaohs in the "Great Sissok" dynasty, including one Khyan and two Apopi.

Seventeenth dynasty: BC 1674 ~ 1567. Ten pharaohs ruled Thebes and its surrounding areas. They are vassals of Sissok. The last three pharaohs, Ta 'a I, Ta 'a II and Ka Mosis, began to struggle with the Sissok people in the north.

The New Kingdom or the Second Kingdom of Thebes (BC 1567 ~ 1085)

Eighteenth dynasty: 1567 ~ 1320 BC. From Ahmosis to Horan Heb, * * * has fourteen monarchs, including four Bittemos and four Amenorfis. Empress Ashipusu, Empress Ahnatun and Empress Tutankhamun all belonged to this dynasty.

The 19 dynasty: 1320 ~ 1200 BC. Nine pharaohs of Ramses, including Ramesses I II and seti i II.

Twentieth dynasty: BC 1200 ~ 1085. Ten monarchs, except the first named Sethnakht, are all named Ramses.

The third transitional period (BC 1085 ~ 7 15 years)

The 2nd1dynasty: 65438 BC+0085 BC ~ 945 BC. In tanis, there are Daisy, Pusunas I and II. Rehor and Pinajem ruled Thebes.

Handicraft industry in ancient Egypt

Almost every Egyptian has something to do with agriculture. They are either landowners or farmers who cultivate the land. Farmers know the fluctuation rhythm of Nile water and combine this rhythm with exquisite irrigation system, so they can grow a variety of crops.

Farmland in Egypt is flooded by the Nile for three to four months every year. After the flood receded, fertile river silt was left behind and agriculture began. First, turn the field twice with a plow pulled by cattle, loosen the deposited soil before sowing, and then let the livestock step on the seeds. Crops planted include wheat, barley, flax, fruits and vegetables, such as onions, garlic, salads, peas, lentils and green beans. The irrigation of farmland uses intercepting ditches (some small ditches with waterways leading to the Nile for water intake) and "Shaduf", a counterweight bucket that can scoop the river water to the catchment ditch at the edge of the field.

Life in ancient Egypt

Farming is a way of life for most ordinary Egyptians, and their farming technology was in a leading position at that time. As the surviving works show, Egyptian craftsmen are also one of the best craftsmen in the world. But life in Egypt has never been all work and no play.

Leisure activities of ancient Egyptians

Egyptian aristocrats like luxury. They used chariots, hounds and even tame cheetahs to hunt birds, crocodiles, hippos and lions in droves. They also invented fishing for fun.

In order to celebrate birthdays, weddings or religious festivals, they often hold grand and colorful banquets. They invited chefs, dressed up, raised their glasses and drank, and watched musicians and dancers perform.

Sports activities provide entertainment for everyone. Boxing and fencing are very popular. In addition, when the new Pharaoh ascended the throne, he usually held a race around the pyramid.

Chess and card games are also very popular, especially Senet, which is a game designed according to the path of the deceased to the underworld.

Horus-the noblest god.

Horus, with the eagle head, is the noblest god, and all pharaohs consider himself as his incarnation.

Horus is the son of Isis and Osiris. His mother brought him up to avenge his father who was killed by his brother. In the end, Horus won the whole Egyptian rule.

Horus was originally the god of the sky, hovering over Egypt like an eagle to protect his father King Osiris. Horus became the king of Egypt when he defeated Seth, the murderer of his father. He is depicted wearing a crown, with the white part above symbolizing Upper Egypt and the red part below symbolizing Lower Egypt. Because of this, Egyptian rulers always regarded themselves as the Horus of the world and became the incarnation of Osiris after their death.

Horus's worship centers are Bedet, Sheila Compass and Edfu, and Horus's eyes are regarded as magical amulets.