Why can Halley's comet get rid of the sun's gravity and fly into space in the near future?

Its return journey starts from 1948, and it runs to the sun at a speed of nearly 80,000 kilometers per day from the farthest point of the orbit, which is 5.25 billion kilometers away from the sun. This speed is still increasing. This is very much like a great space runner who follows the rules. At present, it has got rid of the gravity of Neptune and Uranus and brushed Saturn. At the beginning of 1985, it will pass through Jupiter's gravity field, which is a famous comet stumbling block. 1986 65438+ 10 month, we can see it with the naked eye. By then, it will fly in space at a speed of 4 million kilometers per day.

Halley's Comet is actually a bright rotating sphere with a diameter of six kilometers. It is a high-density substance composed of mineral fragments and space dust, frozen in the depths of water, ammonia, carbon monoxide and other elements that often move in the solar system. It headed for the furnace of the sun and reached the perihelion about 100 meters away from Jupiter. Because of the high temperature, the gas in the comet boils out, forming luminous sand, which is a coma, which is 450 thousand kilometers long. The solar wind and radiation swept away the gas and dust in the coma, forming a unique tail of the comet, which was 65 million to 654.38+0.3 billion kilometers long.

Astronomers all over the world are now cooperating to observe the passage of Halley's comet, and NASA will collect, study and analyze the observation results. Five spaceships will shoot behind the sun, with advanced equipment to take photos and analyze the chemical properties of Halley's comet. Japan will launch two spacecraft, two from the Soviet Union and one from the European Space Agency. In memory of Italian painter Giotto, the European Space Agency named its plan Giotto Project. After Comet Halley appeared in 130 1, Giotto regarded it as the star of Bethlehem. Painted on the mural of Sk Tam Church in Padua. The spacecraft of the European Space Agency will pass through Halley's comet at a speed of 68 kilometers per second, taking epoch-making color photos along the way and collecting information about the gas layer of the comet.

Astronomers believe that comets and planets were formed by primitive gas and dust around the sun about 4.6 billion years ago. However, the record of the planet's childhood no longer exists, because these celestial bodies have gone through vicissitudes-the outside is affected by solar radiation, and the inside has weather erosion and volcanic eruption. Halley's comet is refrigerated in interstellar space and has not experienced these changes. As every revolution of Comet Halley, a frozen surface will be melted by the sun, revealing its original or nearly original material, so the photos and samples of these original materials will provide us with valuable information about the origin of the solar system. Harley may even contain organic molecules, providing clues to the origin of life on earth.

In the past, people thought that this fiery wanderer was associated with natural and man-made disasters-war, plague, the death of the king and the collapse of the country. It appeared in 240 BC, and the first battle between Rome and Carthage came to an end. When it reappeared in 12 BC, the famous Roman Agulli was killed. In 66 AD, it flew over Jerusalem, and the Jewish historian Yue Se Firth predicted that Jerusalem would be destroyed. It really fell after four years. 1066, King Harold of England also thought Halley's Comet was an ominous sign, while William the Conqueror thought it was a good omen. William adopted the slogan "When a new star appears, a new king will reign". A few months later, Harold died and William became king of England. The famous Bayeui tapestry depicts the war, which shows that Harold and his men were very scared when they saw the burning comet.

The last appearance of this mythical comet was in 19 10. At that time, although most people were not superstitious about it as they used to be, it aroused other fears. An astronomer announced that optical splitter's analysis showed that the tail of a comet contained toxic gas and the earth had to pass through it. Jianghu people have made some drugs to ensure detoxification, all of which are triple profits.

The most lasting influence of Halley's comet is still in science, which helps to prove Newton's theory of gravity. Newton had expounded his first law of motion at the age of 24: the object is stationary, and the mover will move in a straight line at a constant speed without interference. Newton heard that Kepler, a German astronomer, proved that planets move in elliptical orbits. He wanted to know what made them deviate from a straight line. He came to the conclusion that gravity, that is, the force that makes the apple fall to the ground and makes the moon go around the earth. According to his guess, orbit is the balance between the trend of linear motion of objects and gravity.

In order to prove this theory, Newton published calculus, which is a kind of mathematics to calculate the radian of a curve and the internal area of a curve. 1684, when the young astronomer Harley came to see him, Newton had not published his works. Harley is also studying the same problem, but he can't think of a theoretical orbit that conforms to the reality of planetary operation. Newton immediately said the correct answer-ellipse.

Harley was surprised. He asked Newton to expand his research on celestial mechanics, edit the draft for Newton, check the certificate and publish it at his own expense. The book "Principles" is one of the greatest masterpieces of all time.

Newton and Harley speculated that some comets, like planets, may visit regularly and can predict when they will come again. About 30 years later, Harley was elected as a professor of geometry at Oxford University. After sorting out the historical records of comets, he found that there were 24 detailed records of comets between 1337 and 1698. He used Newton's calculus to study the paths of these comets.

Halley was deeply surprised by the similarity of comets 153 1 year, 1607 and 1682. Are they the same comet? All the conditions are met except one: the running time of a week is different. Comet 1682 appeared 75 years later, and comet 1607 appeared 76 years later. He remembered Newton's law: objects attract each other according to their size and distance, and Harley speculated that Jupiter must have pulled the comet out of orbit. After recalculation, he predicted that the comet would reappear at the end of 1758 or 1759.

Harley died in 1742. When 1758 came, people all over the world were excited. At that time, people still had doubts about gravity and planetary motion, so they were all waiting to see the results of Harley's amazing prediction. It is said that Voltaire once said that astronomers all over the world don't sleep all the year round. Ironically, the first person to see this comet was an amateur-a German farmer named Paric-who first saw this comet with an ordinary telescope, almost a month earlier than a professional astronomer.

Later, scientists predicted that the comet would reappear in 1835 and 19 10 years with more sophisticated instruments and advanced mathematical methods for calculating the motion of celestial bodies, and the dates were only a few days apart. This time, yeomans, an American astronomer, thinks that the time error of Halley's Comet's closest approach to the sun calculated by him will not exceed 1 hour. He calculated the time between 65438+ 10 am and 1 1 am GMT on February 9th, 0986. By the beginning of 1984, scientists can estimate the time accurately within one minute.

Halley's comet will not be as magnificent as before when it appears above the earth, because it was behind the sun at that time. However, because the spacecraft carries a camera, we will be able to see the comet nucleus and gas layer on the TV set that we have never seen before. People are waiting.