Requesting a brief discussion of Japanese garden sketches.

The vocabulary of Japanese gardens is different from that of Chinese gardens. Japanese gardens use their own garden vocabulary, such as building mountains and wild suji, ponds and water, Nakajima and Dejima, flying stones and stepping stones. , Stone lantern and Five Elements Pagoda, Living Wall and Death Wall, Tea House and Waist Hanging, Squatting and Washing Bowl, Snow Hidden and Dust Cave, Three Stones and Nine Mountains and Eight Seas Stones, etc. It is difficult to understand the essence of Japanese gardens without understanding these terms that have the same Chinese characters but different meanings. There are many small pieces in Japanese gardens, some are made of stone, some are wooden, and some are made of iron, but stone pieces are the most common. Stone lanterns, hand-washing bowls, five-wheel towers, dust caves, etc. are stone products. The torii gate in front of the shrine, which is equivalent to a Chinese archway, is made of wood; the bird alarms, water scoops, curtains, etc. are made of bamboo; and individual lanterns are made of iron. These sketches became characteristic objects in Japanese gardens. When other countries imitated Japanese gardens, they first copied these garden sketches. 1. Stone lanterns Stone lanterns were not originally invented by the Japanese, and today’s stone lanterns are also different from those in the past. There are many aliases for stone lanterns, such as lantern tower, lantern, night lantern stove, lantern lux, stone lantern, lantern niche, night lantern, light, stone lantern stove, stone lantern tower, stone niche lantern, etc. According to different materials, they can be divided into stone lanterns, wooden lanterns and metal lanterns. Stone lanterns as lamps are often mixed with lanterns. The name of the stone lantern used today first appeared in written records engraved at Toyokuni Shrine in Kyoto in the 9th year of Keicho (1604) in the Edo period (1603-1867), so it is not a name that has been used since ancient times. Later, there are records of stone lanterns in Usa Shrine in the 13th year of Keicho (1608). In the 18th year of Qingchang's reign (1613), the name of the stone lantern tower appeared again in Usa Shrine. The stone lanterns used today refer to lanterns made of stone for both lighting and viewing purposes. Lanterns can be divided into offering lanterns and garden lanterns according to their uses. The former is earlier and is generally used before gods and Buddhas as lamps, while the latter is used in gardens as tea ceremony etiquette and garden sketches. The earliest prototype of the stone lantern was the lamp lit when worshiping Buddha in China, which is also the form of lamp offering. This form was introduced to Japan via Korea, with examples such as the lamp offerings in front of the Buddha in Byodo-in's Phoenix Hall. It means "standing light". There is a tall lantern from before the Tang Dynasty in front of the cliff Buddha at the Longzi Temple site in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China. It is the oldest example in China. There are many stone lanterns in the Silla ruins of Korea. It can be seen in Bulguksa Temple, Buseoksa Temple, Beopjusa Temple and Hwayansa Temple in Gyeongju, South Gyeongsang Province. Unlike today's Japanese stone lanterns, they were thicker in structure. After Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 13th year of Emperor Kinmei's reign (552), the technology of stone lanterns was also introduced to Japan. It is generally believed that lanterns were introduced to Japan during the Nara period (711-794). Stone lanterns at that time were mostly made of tuff, so its texture was relatively soft and has not been passed down to this day. The earliest visible lantern in Japan is the metal lantern in front of the Buddha at Todaiji Temple in Nara. The earliest stone lanterns were produced at Toma Temple in the Nara period. There are also stone lantern foundations remaining in the central part in front of Kofukuji Temple's five-story pagoda and Chujindo Temple in the late Nara period. This shows that the earliest lanterns were used as lamps in front of the Buddha and were limited to indoor lighting. During the Heian period (794-1192), stone lanterns were placed in gardens as one of the elements of Pure Land-style gardens in front of the Buddha. There are examples of this in front of Byodo-in Amida Hall, Joryuriji Temple three-story pagoda and Amiyado Hall. In the late Heian period, lanterns used exclusively for Buddhism also entered shrines, such as the stone lanterns at Kasuga Taisha Wakamiya Shrine. This shows that stone lanterns have been in the garden since the Heian period, but their Buddhist significance is even greater. In the later period, it was borrowed by the shrine. During the Kamakura period (1192-1333), stone lanterns were common in temples and shrines in Kinki. In addition, the ancient indoor lanterns were also moved to the outdoor garden to serve as lighting and decoration for the garden. Many newly built temples and shrines also have these ancient lanterns to show their long history. This shows that during the Kamakura period, stone lanterns were not only popularized in temples and shrines, but also the practice of converting stone lanterns from offering lamps to garden lanterns began. During the Muromachi period (1393-1573), a large number of lanterns originally placed in front of the temple Buddha were gradually moved to the front of the shrine building. However, the popularization of stone lanterns from temples to shrines was eventually abandoned by temples and shrines because stone lanterns could easily cause building fires. The combination of architecture and stone lanterns has come to its end, but the combination of gardens and stone lanterns has made great progress. The practice of turning indoor lights into outdoor garden lights has not only withstood the test of practice, but has also gradually gained public recognition. Especially when the tea ceremony was established in the late Nakamuromachi period, it was discovered by tea people and used as lighting on the winding roads at night, thus becoming an indispensable souvenir in the tea garden. As a result, lanterns that had been abandoned by shrines and Buddhist temples stood majestically in the tea garden. During the Momoyama period (1573-1603), the tea ceremony became popular and the tea garden developed further. Not only a large number of tea ceremony masters emerged one after another, but also a large number of tea gardens emerged one after another. Sen no Rikyu (1522-1591, a tea ceremony and tea garden master in the Momoyama period) and Furuta Oribe (1544-1615, a war general and gardener in the Momoyama period) are both famous for their tea gardens. Based on the step-by-step updated creations of tea ceremony and tea garden masters throughout the ages, the decorative significance of the stone lantern is as important as its practical significance. Most of the six craftsmen of the tea ceremony designed their own favorite stone lantern shapes, such as Sen no Rikyu shape, Oribe shape, Shaogu shape, and pearl shape.

The Edo period (1603-1867) was the era when stone lanterns deformed the most and fastest. Various shapes appeared one after another. It is widely used not only in tea gardens, but also in other forms of gardens. Especially in small gardens, it is an iconic representative. There are three types of stone lanterns based on their origins. One is from ancient temples, such as Kasuga Shrine-shaped lanterns, Byodo-in-shaped lanterns, Taiqin-shaped lanterns, Hannya-ji-shaped lanterns, Touma-ji-shaped lanterns, and Rokukoan-style lanterns. Genkoji-style lanterns, Denmeiji-style lanterns, Daomeiji-style lanterns, Nishiya-style lanterns, Sunshoan-style lanterns, Kanshuji-style lanterns, Mikazukido-style lanterns, Renkaji-style lanterns, Hokkeji-style lanterns, Toshogu-style lanterns Lanterns, Koetsuji-style lanterns, Eitokuji-style lanterns, Hachimangu-style lanterns, Kanshuji-style lanterns, Zendoji-style lanterns, etc. Second, in terms of shape, they are divided into triangular lanterns, water firefly lanterns, three-light lanterns, dance-style lanterns, teak-shaped lanterns, square lanterns, falling goose-style lanterns, thatch-style lanterns, songqin-style lanterns, treasure-shaped lanterns, sleeve-shaped lanterns, Square baseless lanterns, piano-column-shaped lanterns, teahouse-style lanterns, face-shadow-style lanterns, round pendant lanterns (made of metal), etc. The third one is created according to the author's preference, such as pearl-shaped lanterns, Shoou-shaped lanterns, Rikyu-shaped lanterns, Iehara-style lanterns, Chongyuan-style lanterns, Oribe-shaped lanterns, Enshu-shaped lanterns, etc. Others include Korean-style lanterns, Yoshino-style lanterns, Edo-style lanterns, natural rock-style lanterns, Tengen (metal) lanterns, Genshen-style lanterns, Yukimi lanterns, etc. The structure of the stone lantern from bottom to top is: foundation, lamp post, middle base, fire bag, lamp top, orb. There are lotus carvings on both ends of the lamppost and the lower part of the orb. The cross-sections of the middle base, fire bag and lamp top are often made into polygons with the same number of sides, and each side of the fire bag is a window for placing the lamp. 2. Hand-washing bowl and squatting hand-washing bowl are essential items in the tea garden. The tall one is called the hand-washing bowl, and the short one is called the squatting bowl. During the tea party, tea guests must wash their hands and rinse their mouths before entering the tea room and before passing the tea garden in order to purify their body and mind. The order of washing hands starts with the owner and proceeds in descending order. On the other hand, the hand-washing bowl is also used to wash hands after defecation. In the tea gardens before Kobori Enshu (1579-1642, garden architect in the Edo period), there used to be the spiritual leader of Murata Shumitsu (the founder of the Muromachi period tea ceremony, year of birth and death unknown), Sen no Rikyu (1522-1591, The Momoyama period tea ceremony and tea garden masters) were based on flying stones. It was not until the Kobori Enshu period that the academy-style tea garden based on squatting began. He combined the style of the academy with the style of the tea garden, and created a new tea garden model based on squatting to show the difference from the previous dynasty. The development of the Sibashiki Formation passed through Sen no Rikyu and Furuta Oribe (1544-1615, a war general and garden architect in the Momoyama period), and reached maturity by Kobori Enshu. In the Edo period, it was also used in front of the academy or tea room in the pond garden, and it was even more widely used in the tea garden-style tsubo garden. The tall hand washing bowl is nearly one meter high, while the small hand washing bowl is only 20-30 cm high. This low hand basin is called squat stance. Usually, the hand-washing bowl in the garden is made of a huge stone with various shapes. So there are various names, such as chrysanthemum shape, Ise well mouth combination shape, money shape with "Buquan" engraved, treasure seal pagoda shape, salt altar shape, Ise rock shape, bridge pile shape, Japanese flat shape Cypress shape, rhombus shape, square pillar star shape, Namba temple shape, plum blossom shape, floating boat shape, silver pavilion temple shape, Erawan Buddha carving shape, cassock pattern shape, ashlar square mouth shape, date shape, bridge shape, sickle shape, bucket shape, Washing bowls in the shape of copper pot, Mount Fuji, lamp base, Chinese boat, Sima Wengong, water cylinder, sphere, kettle, iron bowl, cylindrical star, etc. As a hand-washing bowl stone set, it is not only a hand-washing bowl, but multiple landscape stones. The general structure is centered on a hand-washing bowl with a stone base, surrounded by several companion stones for drawing water, washing hands and standing. It has also gone through a long process from surrounding stones to a single hand-washing bowl, and then from a single hand-washing bowl to a group of squatting stones. This also reflects the process of the development of the tea garden from the flying stone standard to the squatting standard. The earliest hand-washing bowl was just surrounded by natural pebbles to symbolize the spring water in the mountain. Later, tea drinkers created the hand-washing bowl based on the remaining components of the stone pagoda and inspired by the stone products. The earliest extant hand-washing bowl is a stone hand-washing bowl on the edge of the pool in front of the Yijoruri Temple Hall in the fourth year of Yongren (1296). During the time of the tea ceremony master Sen no Rikyu, he created the hand washing bowl stone set. Not only is there a hand washing bowl, but there is also a group of companion stones. At that time, there were only side stones and front stones. A little more complicated is that the front stone is used as a stepping stone, with the soup bucket stone on the left and the hand candle stone on the right. In the Furuta Oribe period, there was an additional stone at the back, a stepping stone in the front, a field bucket stone (also called a heart body stone) on the left, and a hand candle stone (called a stepping stone at this time) on the right. In the Kobori Enshu era, there were no more added stones, but the soup barrel stones, hand candle stones and stepping stones were the same, except that there were Buddha stones and control stones in front of the stepping stones. Regardless of the combination, between the stepping stone and the basin there is a pile of small pebbles called hydrophobic stones. Nowadays, the hand-washing function of many hand-washing bowl stone sets in gardens has been lost, and they have more decorative functions. There are many ways to practice and call the hand-washing bowl or squatting bowl according to its relationship with other garden components. If you squat on the other side of the companion stone, it is called Xiangbo; if you squat in the middle of the companion stone, it is called Zhongbo; if you squat in the center of the water flow, it is called Liubo; in the water flow, a circle of small stones is used to surround it in the shape of a washing bowl. , and there is actually no washing bowl, it is called a false flowing bowl.

The squatting position is in the center of the stream, and you have to cross a stone bridge to wash your hands. It is called a bridge bowl, such as the one in the garden of Kodaiji Temple in Kyoto. Squatting in the middle of the water, with a stepping stone on its side to cross the water, it is called a stone crossing bowl. The squatting position is located on the bank of the current. There are accompanying stones on the bank, which is called a pond bowl. When the water level in the pool is very deep, the hand washing bowl is made into a tall cylindrical shape to use for hand washing, which is called a bridge pile bowl. If the hand-washing bowl or squatting bowl is placed in a very low position, it must be lowered by stepping, which is called the lower-level bowl. If the hand-washing bowl is placed under a cliff, it is called a cliff-lower bowl.