Besides UV, what other filters are needed, such as polarization, dimming, grayscale, skylight, etc. Which ones are mounted directly on the lens or need a bracket? Do polarization and gray levels repea

Besides UV, what other filters are needed, such as polarization, dimming, grayscale, skylight, etc. Which ones are mounted directly on the lens or need a bracket? Do polarization and gray levels repeat? Filter is the abbreviation of color filter, also known as "filter". An optical device that selectively absorbs (or passes through) light according to different wave bands. It consists of a mirror ring and a filter, and is usually installed in front of a camera or camera lens. The color filter for black-and-white photography is mainly used to correct the color sensitivity of black-and-white film, adjust the contrast and eliminate the interference light. Color filters for color photography are mainly used to correct the color temperature of light sources and make color compensation.

According to different materials, common color filters can be divided into three types: color film, glass sandwich film and colored glass:

Color film filter

Color film filter is a special kind of color transparent chemical film. Its advantages are high transparency, various colors, low production cost, and the size can be cut as required. It has applications in movie cameras, cameras and magnifying glasses. However, it has no anti-pollution protective layer, which is easy to stain and damage, and it is easy to fade when it meets high temperature, so it is not suitable for long-term use.

Glass sandwich filter

The glass-sandwiched color filter is formed by bonding two colorless glasses and a colored film. Its advantages are high transparency, many grades of pigments made by chemical methods, high absorption and passing ability for various colors of light, and easy wiping and storage. Widely used in film photography and color enlargers, there are also many such filters in cameras. The film sandwiched between two pieces of glass, such as damp or vibration, is easy to glue or deteriorate the lens; Two pieces of glass are thick when they are bonded together. If the glass is not polished well, it may also cause the focus of the lens to change and affect the clarity of the image.

Colored glass filter

The colored glass filter is made of colored optical glass with excellent texture by grinding. Its advantages are high transparency, thin grinding thickness, unchanged lens focus, and strong ability to absorb and pass various colors of light, even if it is wet and heated. This color filter is widely used in modern photography. However, due to the color modulation process of colored optical glass, its various pigment grades are not as many as those of color film and glass sandwich filter.

The most common of the above three kinds of filters are colored glass filter and glass sandwich filter. In addition, there is a liquid color filter, which injects colored liquid into a transparent instrument, and the shade of colored liquid can be modulated at any time according to international fixed standards. This colored liquid container is placed in front of the camera lens to adjust the tone of the subject. This color filter is specially used for special photography in the science laboratory.

The color filter has a special frame installed in front of the lens. The filter can be screwed directly in front of the lens.

Different filters have different functions:

I. Ultraviolet reflector

This kind of mirror can basically eliminate the influence of ultraviolet light and stray light on film sensitivity and protect the lens at the same time. Photography is more needed in plateau areas.

Second, the skylight.

: Absorbs ultraviolet rays, and can be used all day. Outdoor photography can reduce the blue shadow caused by scattered light in the sun and keep the natural color. At the same time, it protects the lens.

Third, the red mirror (R)

Absorbing blue light can produce romantic sky effect or moonlit effect when shooting during the day, and it has the function of absorbing ultraviolet rays. When shooting, it is generally necessary to add three levels of exposure, which can be mastered flexibly according to shooting requirements and filter depth. This kind of mirror is generally used for black-and-white photos and can also be used for color photography.

Fourth, the orange mirror.

Absorbs blue light and green light, and passes through yellow light, orange light and red light, that is, the wavelength is about 560-700nm. It can deepen the blue tone and enhance the contrast effect of the scene.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) yellow mirror (y)

Used for all black and white movies. It can accurately correct the tone of full-color film in outdoor photography, so that there is a greater contrast between blue sky or trees and white clouds. It can be used as a special effect filter in color photography.

Six, green mirror (g)

It transmits yellow and green light, absorbs red light and blue and purple light, and can pass in the wavelength range of about 500-600nm. Often used to darken the sky and show skin color. Need to increase the exposure by about 3 levels. Generally only full-color film is used.

Seven, blue mirror (b)

Used for black and white photography. Mirrors absorb red, orange and yellow through cyan, blue and purple light. When the wavelength is about 400-500nm, it is necessary to increase the exposure by about 2 levels (depending on the depth of the color lens).

Eight, gray mirror (ND)

It has consistent absorption characteristics in the visible range. It blocks light without changing color. It is a common filter to adjust brightness.

Nine, Leiden 80

The reflector is a color temperature conversion filter, which is divided into three types: A, B and C. The color temperature of Leiden 80A can be increased from 3200K to 5500 K. Using this reflector, the solar film can be applied to artificial light sources.

X. Leiden 8 1

: Leiden 8 1 is a warm light balance filter, which is divided into three types: A, B and C. The color is light amber, which can slightly correct the blue tendency in the shot picture to restore the true color. In practical use, Leiden 8 1C is the most.

Xi。 Leiden 82

The mirror is a color balance filter. Light blue, divided into three types: A, B and C. This kind of filter is characterized by small color temperature change, and is mostly used for fine adjustment on the premise that the color temperature of light source is basically the same as that of film balance.

Twelve. Leiden 85

Series 85 is divided into three types: A, B and C, and belongs to color temperature conversion filter. 85B can reduce the color temperature from 5500K to 3200K. The mirror is amber, which is suitable for using light film in the sun.

Thirteen. fluoroscope

Fluoroscope is a special color compensation filter. When daylight color film is used to shoot under fluorescent lighting, the shot picture will produce blue and green tones. If you shoot with a fluorescent lens, you can correct the above color deviation and make the color of the picture return to reality.

14. Changing night vision goggles

: grey mirror class. Be strongly blocked by light. Under the premise of proper exposure, you can shoot excellent night scenes in the sun.

Fifteen. Red intensifying mirror

The mirror is an advanced filter made of imported optical materials made of expensive rare earth elements. It can completely absorb the turbid yellow light and orange light between 570 and 600 nm in the spectrum, and at the same time make the red light pass smoothly. Therefore, the color saturation of red, light red and brownish red objects in the scene can be significantly improved, making them more vivid, gorgeous and intense. For example, maple leaves are redder in autumn, and strawberries and tomatoes are more attractive; The atmosphere of sunset is more intense; Weddings or Christmas are more festive. When mirrors are used with polarizers, the blue sky can be more colorful and beautiful. The exposure of 1/2- 1 should be increased when using this mirror.

Sixteen. Gradient mirror

Gradient mirror is one of the most important filters in photographic art creation. It can be divided into gradient mirror and gradient diffusion mirror, and can be divided into soft gradient and hard gradient in gradient form. "Soft" means a large transition range, and vice versa, it means a small transition range, which should be chosen according to the creative characteristics.

17. Polarizing (vibrating) mirror

Play a role in weakening the reflected light on the surface of the object. Exterior photography can make the blue sky bluer, with sharp contrast and saturated colors. Black-and-white and color photography are acceptable. When shooting, you need to add 2 levels of exposure, which is a necessary filter for photographers.

Eighteen, soft lens

Also known as soft mirror, it is divided into 1#, 2# and 3#. Using this kind of mirror can produce a soft and clear effect. Shooting portraits can soften wrinkles, spots, pores, etc. Human skin creates a delicate, rich, youthful and charming effect. This kind of mirror is widely used in all kinds of photography and post-production.

Nineteen. Atomizing mirror

This kind of mirror is a common filter for natural scenery photography, and is also widely used in advertising photography and portrait shooting. It can make the work have a foggy effect and increase the sense of atmospheric perspective. According to the intensity of lens diffusion, different models are divided. A strong lens can produce a dense fog effect, and a weak lens can produce a mist effect. In addition, the exposure will also have an impact on the intensity of fog.

Twenty, crescent soft mirror

This kind of mirror is a kind of hazy mirror, which is designed to create special effects for wedding photography in professional studios. The crescent-shaped mirror, misty and hazy, can give people an elegant dreamy feeling and full of romance. It is one of the most popular mirrors in wedding photography.

Twenty-one, overspeed mirror

This is a special effect mirror, half of which is hollow and the other half is a cylindrical lens. Installing an overspeed mirror at the front end of the lens can make the front end of the subject's image clear, and most of the images behind it are dragged out of the virtual shadow, thus making the object show the effect of rapid movement, just like a moving object suddenly stops, and the picture is dynamic and interesting.

Twenty-two, mirror

The mirror is a rectangular reflector with positive reflection (mirror vacuum silver plating) and a pair of coaxial knobs at both ends (for adjusting the lens angle). It is best to use a tripod to fix the camera and shoot with a short focal length and a small aperture. Using this kind of mirror, the land scenery, buildings and people around without water can be photographed as if they were photographed by lakes or rivers, and the reflection of the scenery clearly appears, making the whole picture interesting. Tip: Pay attention to protecting the specular reflection film.

Twenty-three, starlight mirror

The starlight mirror is divided into 2 lines, 4 lines, 6 lines, 8 lines and 16 lines with the luminous point as the center. This is a series of parallel lines etched regularly on the surface of colorless optical glass, which produces radiation effect after diffraction. This is an effect mirror that must be used when shooting a stage or night scene, which can play an extraordinary role in the picture.

Twenty-four, magic mirror

Also known as cyclone mirror, with the center as the focus, it scatters spirally around, and the effect is like entering the magical world. You can use a wide-angle lens or a small aperture when using it. 25. Explosion mirror: Also called scattering mirror, it focuses on the center and produces strong radiation (explosion) around it. The movement is obvious, and the effect is better with complex background. It is one of the filters that render the dynamic effect of the subject. Shoot with a small aperture when using.

26, hollow mirror

Hollow filter means that the central part keeps the original state of the glass, and the periphery is processed into various effects through special processes, including red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple, soft light, starlight, hazy, close-up, atomization and so on. The main feature of this kind of mirror is to highlight the theme and create an atmosphere that sets off the center around. It is one of the effect mirrors commonly used by photographers.

Twenty-seven, dream mirror

Its characteristic is the central focus, and the surrounding scenery is hazy and slightly halo, which makes people feel like they are in a dream. It is often used to shoot wedding dresses and stars, and also used in other artistic photography. This kind of mirror is more effective in dark background and when using a long focal length lens.

28. Close-up

Using this kind of mirror, the lens can focus on objects much closer than usual, thus producing close-up images, such as shooting flowers, insects and so on. Or re-create written materials. This mirror can be divided into four grades:+1, +2, +3 and +4. Try to use a small aperture when shooting. Photography and TV camera are both suitable.

Twenty-nine, polygon mirror

Prism can be divided into 2 shadows, 3 shadows, 4 shadows, 5 shadows, 7 shadows, etc. Made of optical glass by cold working. When shooting, the aperture is small and the overlapping interference between images is less; The aperture is large and there are many overlapping interferences. If the shooting distance is short, there will be more overlap between images, while if the shooting distance is long, there will be less overlap between images. In addition, the scene background should not be complicated, otherwise it will affect the visual effect. This mirror works better with a SLR camera.

Thirty, multi-row mirror

It belongs to a prism, and its usage is the same as that of a multi-prism, but its arrangement direction is the same. This kind of mirror can form a special interest and is often used in advertising photography.

Thirty-one, rainbow mirror after the rain

Rainbow after rain can artificially simulate the rainbow effect in any season, thus adding a charming and novel feeling to the picture. In order to make the simulated rainbow effect more ideal, we should choose the backlight when shooting, and pay attention to the influence of the change of focal length and aperture on the clarity of the rainbow. If the photographer uses a focal length of 35mm, it is generally appropriate to use an aperture of F 1 1.