Photography Tutorial _ _ Sharing the Basic Knowledge of Camera

Basic knowledge of camera, zero-based photography

I. Types of cameras

1. Classification by structure

SLR camera, mirrorless cameras, portable digital camera (DC card machine), double reflex camera, paraxial camera.

2. Classification by framework

135 Quan Huafu (35mm), APS-C half-frame, medium-frame and large-frame cameras.

Two. Lens type

1. Classification by focus part

It is divided into wide-angle lens, standard lens, telephoto lens and macro lens.

2. Classify according to whether the focal length can be changed.

Divided into fixed focus lens and zoom lens.

① Classification by structure

First of all, SLR cameras

The full name is "single lens reflex camera", and digital SLR is called digital SLR (DSLR).

Features:

(1) has 1 single lens, which can be replaced;

(2) having a movable reflector structure;

(3) There is a mirror on the fifth floor;

(4) Observe through an optical viewfinder.

Second, no negative (single electricity, micro-single)

1, single charge

Full name "single lens electronic viewfinder camera", also known as "half lens camera".

Features:

(1) "fixed translucent" reflector;

(2) There is no mirror on the fifth floor;

(3) electronic framing through EVF;

(4) interchangeable lenses

2. Micro-single

It can be understood as a miniature single camera, that is, a digital camera with a miniature interchangeable lens, no mirror and an electronic viewfinder.

Features:

(1) Mirrorless and fifth floor mirror;

(2) electronic framing;

(3) replaceable lens.

Portable digital camera (card machine, DC)

A digital camera similar in size to a card. English Digitalcamer, abbreviated as DC It can be easily put into the pocket, and the portability advantage is not available in other cameras.

Features:

(1) Mirrorless and fifth floor mirror;

(2) electronic framing;

(3) The lens cannot be changed;

(4) small and portable.

Fourth, the dual-reflex camera.

Full name "single-lens electronic viewfinder camera", also known as "half-lens camera"

Features:

(1) "fixed translucent" reflector;

(2) There is no mirror on the fifth floor;

(3) Electronic framing through EVF:

(4) interchangeable lenses.

Five, paraxial camera

Paraxial camera, also known as paraxial camera, is named "paraxial camera" because its viewing optical axis is located next to the optical axis of the photographic lens and parallel to each other.

Features:

(1) One lens is used for framing and the other lens is used for imaging;

(2) no mirror structure;

(3) There is parallax between framing and imaging.

② Classification by frame

Frame: refers to the size of the camera sensor area, which is divided into large frame, medium frame, Quan Huafu, APS-C frame, etc.

What's the difference between a small-format camera and a large-format camera? At this stage, the size of the sensor is the biggest factor affecting the image quality. Large format cameras have the following advantages:

(1) The larger image sensor brings higher image quality;

(2) Pure low-sensitivity image quality and high-sensitivity image quality have higher usable sensitivity and less noise;

(3) More accurate metering, noise and white balance;

(4) Faster focusing speed and accuracy, stronger dark focusing performance;

(5) stronger continuous shooting speed (according to the positioning of the fuselage);

(6) More professional control design brings higher work efficiency;

(7) stronger fuselage and protective performance;

(8) A lens group with better imaging quality.

I. 135 Quan Huafu (35mm)

Quan Huafu's goal is the size of the traditional 35mm film. The imaging area is 36 x 24 mm

Canon's 5D series, Nikon's D800 series and Sony's A7 series are all full-frame cameras.

Second, APSC half frame

The size is about 25mmx 17mm, and there are three kinds. APS-CAPS-H, APS-P, and the most common is APS-C.

For example, Canon's 7D series, Nikon's D3000 series and Sony's A6000 series are all cameras in APS-C format. Because of the small area of photosensitive elements, some people will call this series "half width" or "residual width".

Because the imaging element of APS-C size is smaller than the full width, the image obtained by the sensor will feel "the picture is cut" compared with the full width sensor.

For example, a 35mm lens is used as a wide-angle lens in a full-frame camera, but when it is used in an APS-C camera, the image area is narrowed and becomes a standard lens. It should be noted that this value only describes that the viewing angle is equivalent to the focal length of the Quanfu lens, and the perspective relationship will not change. That is to say, the perspective effect of a 35mm lens will not become the perspective effect of a 50mm lens.

Conversion factor: Nikon, Sony X1.5; Canon x 1.6

Third, the medium format camera

Also known as medium frame, medium frame and 120 frame, indicating that the sensor size of the camera is 120 frame. The common specifications of sensor size of medium format camera are 6x45, 6x6, 6x7, 6x9, etc. The unit here is centimeters. There are many famous medium format cameras in the film era, such as Hasselblad 503cW and Lulai's double-reverse series, all of which are 6x6 medium format cameras.

There are also medium format cameras in the digital age, but the photosensitive element area is generally smaller than that of film, such as Hasselblad X 1D and Pentax 645.

Fourth, large format camera.

The main shooting content and application scope of large format camera are different from other cameras, and its professional operation mode is also difficult for other cameras to achieve. The film is 4x5 inch, 8x 10 inch.

Features:

(1) The photosensitive medium is sheet-like "film", which can only be shot in a single frame, and the loading and unloading is complicated;

(2) fixed focus lens;

(3) It has the functions of offset and tilt.

The larger the frame, the better the imaging quality, so there is a saying that the bottom is greater than one level, but the larger the frame, the higher the price, the larger the volume and the heavier the weight.

③ Classification by focal length.

First of all, the standard lens

A standard lens generally refers to a lens with a focal length of 50mm, which is close to the range seen by human eyes and basically has no distortion. The 35mm focal length lens is also close to the field of view seen by human eyes in a half-frame camera.

Second, wide-angle lens

The focal length is less than 50mm, and the field of vision is wide, which may distort the picture. Wide-angle lens can be divided into standard wide-angle lens and super wide-angle lens, and there is also a special lens: fisheye lens.

1, super wide-angle lens: Generally, a lens with a focal length shorter than 2mm (such as 14mm 18mm lens) is called a super wide-angle lens, which brings a wide viewing angle and creates a visual impact of powerful equipment. It is widely used, especially in the fields of architecture, landscape, news photography and so on.

2. Wide-angle lens: 28-35mm lens with wide viewing angle, but without the exaggerated perspective effect brought by super wide-angle lens, it is easier to master, and it is suitable for scenery, report photography and other fields.

3. Fisheye lens: Because the first lens protrudes like a fish's eyes, the scenery it sees is like the effect of a fish looking at the water surface from the water, so it is named. Fisheye lens can shoot extremely exaggerated perspective effect, and the viewing angle is generally around180, which is often used in artistic photography and creative photography.

Third, telephoto lens:

The telephoto lens, also called telephoto lens, has a focal length greater than 50 mm, which can bring the distant scene closer and the picture closer. Generally, telephoto lenses are used to chase photos/concerts.

1, medium focus lens: a lens between 75mm and 135mm, which is also called "portrait lens" because it can shoot a very comfortable head-to-body perspective effect.

2. telephoto lens: 180-400mm lens, which can take photos with a certain magnification at a long distance and is suitable for stage photography and sports photography.

Super telephoto lens with a lens above 3.400mm: You can take photos with a certain magnification at a longer distance. During the Olympic Games or the World Cup, almost all the white or black guns on the sidelines are super telephoto lenses. In addition to large-scale sports events, super telephoto lenses are often used for wildlife photography.

Four, macro lens:

When shooting at close range, you can get a large magnification lens of 1: 1, which is suitable for shooting flowers, insects and other products in natural and ecological photography. Macro lens is often needed in the field of document remake.

④ Classification according to whether the focal length can be changed.

First, the zoom lens

1. Concept: Zoom lenses can be divided into wide-angle zoom lenses, medium-focus zoom lenses, telephoto zoom lenses and large zoom ratio lenses (such as Canon 18300mm/35-56). Generally speaking, it is more difficult to ensure the image quality by changing the lens than by war.

2. Advantages:

① The zoom lens can change the shooting range by changing the focal length without changing the shooting distance, so it is very beneficial to picture composition.

② Zoom lens provides more shooting opportunities, because there is no need to change the lens.

Second, the fixed focus lens

1. Concept: There is only one lens with a fixed focal length, and the focal length cannot be changed. For example, 50mmF 1.8 (Little Tan Meng) is a 50mm fixed-focus lens.

2. Advantages:

① The aperture of the fixed-focus lens is large. The large aperture can control the digital depth of the photo, and the photographer can draw the audience's attention to the most important thing in the photo through the depth of field.

② The additional advantage of large aperture is that it can reduce the sensitivity to reduce the noise of photos.

3. Most fixed-focus lenses have depth-of-field scales, which can easily read out the current depth-of-field range and focal length.

4. The large aperture of the fixed-focus lens makes autofocus faster and more accurate.