Review outline for the People’s Education Moderator course in the second semester of the second grade of junior high school

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"Books with Zhu Yuansi" 》

Original text

The wind and smoke are all pure, and the Tianshan Mountains are beautiful. Drifting in the current, anything. A hundred miles from Fuyang to Tonglu, there are strange mountains and rivers, unique in the world.

The water is all pale blue, thousands of feet deep. There are fish and rocks swimming around, which are unobstructed even if you look directly at them. The rapids are like arrows, and the waves are as fierce as running.

The high mountains on the Jia'an (the current new textbooks use "Zhang") are all covered with cold trees. They compete with each other and compete for heights, forming thousands of peaks. The spring water stirs the rocks, making a cool sound; the good birds sing to each other, and their chirping becomes a rhyme. The cicada spins endlessly, while the ape cries endlessly. Those who fly violently to the sky look at the peaks and calm their minds; those who are economical in world affairs look into the valleys and forget to rebel. The top of the horizontal keel is covered, and it is still dim during the day; the sparse strips overlap, and sometimes the sun can be seen.

Text Notes

1 Selected from Volume 7 of "Art and Literature Collection" (Zhonghua Book Company, 1982 edition). Wu Jun (469-520), whose courtesy name was Shuxiang. He was born in Guzhang (now Anji County, Zhejiang Province) in Wuxing. Liang writer and historian in the Southern Dynasties.

2. Ju: all

3. Jing: scattered

4. *** color: the same color. ***, the same

5. Drifting with the current: (by boat) drifting with the current of the river. Obedience, obedience, obedience.

6. To: To

7. Xu: Indicates an approximate quantity

8. Dujue: Unique

9. Ethereal Bi: green.

10. Rapids: turbulent water

11. See directly without any obstruction: Keep looking at it without any obstruction. Describe water as clear and transparent.

12. Jingjian: Jingjian: faster than an arrow. Very: to surpass.

13. If: Like

14. Ben: This refers to a galloping horse.

15. Cold tree: A tree that is cold-resistant and evergreen.

16. Race up with negative momentum: (Alpine) Relying on the strength of the mountain, race up. Negative: by virtue of. Jing: contending

17. Xuan Miao: Gaoyuan. It is used as a verb here, meaning higher than high

18. Directly: straight up. Points: upward.

19. Qianbaichengfeng: It means forming countless peaks.

20. Ji: impulse

21. Ling (líng) Ling Xi: Make a Ling Ling sound. Ling Ling is an onomatopoeic word that describes the clearness of the sound of water.

22. Xiangming: Harmony with each other.

23. Ying (yīng) Ying Cheng Yun: It means that the sound of the sound is harmonious and pleasant. Ying Ying, the sound of birds chirping. Rhyme, harmonious sound.

24. Qianzhuan: Call continuously for a long time. Thousand means many. Turn, the same as "chirp", the bird calls gracefully.

25. Wujue: It means "non-cessation" and never disappears. It is opposite to "not poor" in the previous sentence. This refers to the chirping of cicadas.

26. 鸢(yuān)飞戾(lì)天: means the eagle flies to the sky. This sentence is used here to describe those who pursue fame and fortune for the sake of fame and fortune. Kite, ancient books say it is a bird like an owl. Some people say it is a ferocious bird, roughly the same shape as an eagle. Violence, to.

27. Look at the peaks and calm down: Seeing the mountains here, the pursuit of fame and wealth will calm down. Xi: To calm...

28. Economics person: A person who handles government affairs. Economics, planning, management.

29. Seeing (these beautiful) valleys will make you forget to return. Anti: means "hui", to return. Peep: look

30. Heng Ke Shang Sheng: The slanting trees cover the top. Ke, branch. Cover: cover

31. Even in the daytime, it is as dark as dusk. Day: daytime. Ju: still like

32. Sparse branches cover each other: sparse branches cover each other. Interaction: mutual.

33. See: Same as "see now".

34. Sun: Sun, sunshine

Translation

The wind stopped, the smoke dissipated completely, and the sky and distant mountains showed the same color. (I was in a boat) floating and moving with the water, drifting carelessly. The distance from Fuyang to Tonglu is about a hundred miles, and the strange landscape is unique in the world.

The water in the river is turquoise, and the deep water is so clear that you can see the bottom even if you are thousands of feet away. You can see swimming fish and small rocks clearly, and you can keep looking without any obstacles. The rapid current is faster than an arrow, and the turbulent waves are as fierce as a galloping horse. The high mountains on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are covered with cold-resistant evergreen trees. They compete upward according to the mountain trend, competing for higher and higher heights; straight upward, thousands of peaks are formed. The spring water rushes against the stones, making a cool sound; beautiful birds sing to each other, and their songs are harmonious and beautiful.

The cicada (on the tree) is always singing, and the (mountain) ape is always not stopped when they call. Like the eagle flying into the sky, those who pursue fame and wealth will calm down when they see (these majestic mountain peaks); Those who deal with government affairs, see (these beautiful) valleys, (will) linger over them. The slanting branches cover it, and even during the day, it is as dim as at dusk. The sparse branches cover each other, and sometimes the sun can be seen.

"The Biography of Mr. Wu Liu"

Original text

I don’t know who Mr. Wu is, nor his surname. There are five willow trees beside the house, because they are called "Yan". Be quiet and talk little, and don't seek glory and profit. If you like reading, you don't ask for a deep understanding; whenever you get an idea, you happily forget to eat. Sexually addicted to alcohol, poor family cannot afford it often. I know this from someone who is familiar with me, or I might drink wine and invite him. If you drink all the time, you will get drunk in the future; if you get drunk and retreat, you will not hesitate to leave or stay. The ring blocks Xiao Ran, and does not block the wind and sun. The short brown knot is worn, and the basket (dān) is often empty. Yan (yàn) Ruye. He often writes articles to amuse himself and express his ambitions. Forget about gains and losses, and end up doing this.

Praise: Qian Lou's wife once said: "I don't worry about poverty and lowliness, and I don't care about wealth." Is this a very polite couple (chóu)? He holds a wine cup and composes poems to enjoy his ambition. What about the people without the Huai clan? What are the people of the Ge Tian family? [Edit this paragraph] Translation

Mr. Wu Liu doesn’t know where he is from, nor his name. Because there are five willow trees next to the house, I used them as my number. He is quiet, rarely talks, and does not covet glory and wealth. He likes reading, but he doesn't pay too much attention to the words. Whenever he understands the meaning of the book, he is so happy that he even forgets to eat. He had an alcoholic nature, and his family was poor and often ran out of wine. His close and old friends knew about his situation, and sometimes they would serve wine for him to drink. He will drink as much as he can as soon as he comes, hoping to get drunk. Go home when you're drunk, don't show off, just leave as you say. The simple living room was deserted and could not block the wind and sunshine. There were many patches on the coarse cloth jacket, and the rice basket and ladle were often empty, but he remained calm. I often write articles to pass the time, and my articles also reveal a little bit about my interests. He never cares about gains and losses, and spends his life like this.

Praise: "Qian Lou's wife once said: 'He is not worried about poverty and inferiority, and he is not keen on getting rich and becoming an official.' From this, it seems that he should be a person like Mr. Wu Liu. ? Drinking and reciting poems, he felt extremely happy for his ambition. He was probably a commoner during the Wuhuai period, or a commoner under the rule of the Getian family? ”

Explanation of words< /p>

〔1〕He Xu: Where, where.

[2]Unknown: Don’t know. Detailed, detailed knowledge.

〔3〕Because I thought it was a nickname: I took this as my nickname. Because, therefore; think, act accordingly. Yan, a modal particle, is equivalent to "矣". No., alias.

〔4) Glory: honor, profit.

〔5〕Don’t ask for a thorough explanation: It means just trying to understand the meaning of the book you read, without being obsessed with explaining every word or sentence. Very: excessive.

〔6〕Understanding: refers to understanding the meaning of the book.

(7) Sex: human nature.

(8) Hobbies: hobbies, likes.

(9) Close relatives: relatives and friends. Dear, relatives. Old, here refers to old acquaintances, old friends, old friends.

(10) This means: refers to the above-mentioned "sexual addiction to alcohol, poor family, cannot get it often".

(11) or: sometimes.

(12) Place wine: prepare wine.

(13) Recruit: Invite him.

(14) Drink all the time: When you go to drink, drink to the fullest. To make, to go, to, to...go. Noir means to drink; finish means to finish drinking.

〔15〕I will be drunk in the first period: I hope I will be drunk. Expectation, expectation, hope.

(16) Since

〔17〕Zeng spared no effort to leave or stay: It means that Mr. Wuliu has a straightforward attitude, drinks when he comes, and leaves after drinking. No, no. Zeng, used before "no" to strengthen negative expectations. Stingy, reluctant to give up. Quliu means to go or leave.

[18] Ring Blockage (dǔ) Xiao Ran: The simple living room is empty. It is ring-blocked and surrounded by earthen walls, which describes the living room as simple and crude. Xiao Ran: It looks desolate and empty.

〔19〕Short brown (hè) knot: coarse cloth short coat with patches. Short brown, short jacket made of burlap. Knots refer to holes and patches in clothes.

(20) Yan (yàn) such as: looking at peace and contentment. Yan, calm, comfortable. For example, the adjective ending is equivalent to "ran".

(21) The basket (dān) is often empty: describing poverty and difficulty in eating enough. Tao, a round bamboo vessel used for serving rice in ancient times. Ladle, drinking utensil. Often empty, often empty.

〔22〕Self-entertainment: to entertain oneself.

(23) Forget: Don’t take it to heart, forget.

(24) Suicide: finish your life by yourself. The end, the end, the end.

(25) Like: The ancients often used it at the end of biographical articles to express the comment of the biographer on the biography.

〔26〕Qian (qiánqian) Lou: A native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, he had no intention of becoming an official and resigned from the princes' employment many times. After his death, Zengzi went to pay his respects. Qian Lou's wife praised Qian Lou for "taking the light taste of the world, settling down for the humble position of the world, not caring about poverty and lowliness, not caring about wealth. Seeking benevolence, you will get benevolence, seeking righteousness, you will get it." "Righteousness."

〔27〕 Qi Qi: Worried.

〔28〕Ji Ji: Looking anxious.

〔29〕Ji Jiyan: Investigate what she said. Hereby: This. Refers to Mr. Wu Liu. Ruoren.

(30) Extreme: speculation.

(31) Hereby: The pronoun, this, refers to Mr. Wu Liu.

(32) Ruoren: Such a person refers to Qian Lou.

(33)俦: Class.

(34) Holding a wine glass in the mouth refers to drinking. Goblet, wine glass

(35) To enjoy one's own ambitions: To make one's own emotions happy. Le, make...happy. Ambition, mind, ambition

"Horse Theory"

Original text

There is Bole in the world, and then there is a thousand-mile horse. A thousand-mile horse often exists, but a bole does not always exist. Therefore, even though there is a thousand-mile horse, it will be carelessly grown and be dead in a stall, never being called as a thousand-mile horse.

A horse that travels a thousand miles can eat as much grain as a stone. Those who eat horses don’t know that they can travel thousands of miles and eat. Although this horse is capable of running a thousand-mile, it is not full of food, has insufficient strength, and its talent and beauty are not visible, and it is impossible to be equal to an ordinary horse. How can you expect it to be able to run a thousand-mile?

If the horse is not driven according to the right way, if the food is not used to its full potential, if the sound of the horse is not understood, the horse will come upon it and say: "There is no horse in the world!" Woohoo! Is there really no horse evil? In fact, I really don’t know about horses! [Edit this paragraph] Notes

1. Explanation of words

1. Bole: A native of Qin Mugong in the Spring and Autumn Period, his surname was Sun and his given name was Yang. He was good at looking at horses.

2. Only in the hands of slaves: only in the hands of grooms. Humiliation: to be humiliated.

3. Parallel death: death in parallel. Parallel: Two horses riding together. Trough: a food utensil for feeding livestock, and Fang: a stable. Stable: stable

4. Not known as a thousand-mile horse: It is not known because it is a thousand-mile horse. With, by virtue of. Known, famous.

5. Horses that can run a thousand miles: Horses (among them) can run a thousand miles. Yes, particle. In this sentence, "horse" and "thousand-mile person" are partly compound referents.

6. Yishi (shí): Eat a meal. Or: sometimes. Eat all the millet and one stone: eat up one stone (dàn) of food. Complete, complete, used as a verb here, which means "eat all". Millet: the ration used to feed horses in ancient times. Ten buckets of millet are stones.

7. Food: same as "feed", feeding. The word "food" in the following words "ershi" and "shizhi" are all pronounced as sì.

8. Qi: refers to a thousand-mile horse, a pronoun. Able to travel a thousand miles: Able to walk a thousand miles. Zhi: (The attributive is postpositioned and not translated.)

9. Yes: This is a demonstrative pronoun.

10. Ability: talent.

11. Talent and beauty should not be shown externally: Talents and strengths cannot be shown externally. See, same as "appear", reveal.

12. Qie: Ju, still. Desire: Want, want. Wait: Quite. Not available: impossible. De, can, means that objective conditions allow it.

13. An: How, where, interrogative pronouns.

14. Ce: The original meaning is whip. The noun here is used as a verb, which is translated as: to beat with a whip. It refers to a thousand-mile horse, a pronoun. According to the way: follow the correct method (to drive a thousand-mile horse).

15. Make the best of it: make the best use of its talents. Cai, the same as "cai", refers to the ability to travel thousands of miles.

16. Ming: the horse brays, and it: not translated (transferred). Understand its meaning: communicate with its mind.

17. Implementation: Holding a riding whip. Ce, the whip used to drive horses, noun. Pro: face. Linzhi: Facing the thousand-mile horse.

18. Wuhu: expresses lamentation, alas.

19. Q: Could it be, indicating a rhetorical question.

20. It: can be translated as "I'm afraid". It expresses a speculative tone.

2. Tongjiazi

(1) People who eat horses: "food" means feeding, feeding.

(2) Talent and beauty are not visible: " "Seeing" appears and manifests.

(3) Food cannot make the best use of one's talents: "materials" are general talents and talents.

(4) There is no such thing as "evil": "evil" Tongye, expresses doubt, is it equivalent?

3. Ancient and modern meanings

It is the ancient meaning: this. Example: It is a horse, although it can run a thousand miles

Today's meaning: judgment word.

Angu meaning: How. Example: An can travel thousands of miles?

Today's meaning: safety; stability; installation.

Old meaning of waiting: the same. Example: If you want a horse, you can’t wait.

Modern meaning: waiting; used after personal pronouns and nouns to express plural or enumeration.

4. The word has multiple meanings

Although it has the ability to run a thousand miles: of

The horse that can run a thousand miles: structural particle

It does not follow its own path: pronoun, It, in this article, refers to a thousand-mile horse

It sounds but its meaning cannot be understood: particle, untranslated

Although it has the ability to run a thousand miles: talent, ability

If you want it to be able to run a thousand miles: be able

Curse it but not follow the way: hit it with a whip

Hold it and come at it: whip it but it can't be beaten

To understand the meaning: Conjunction, indicating a turning point, but

Come on when the decision is made: Conjunction, connecting adverbials and predicates

Not enough to eat, lack of strength, talent and beauty are not visible: eat , verb

To feed cannot use up its talents: to feed, verb

So even though it has a famous horse: even though

Although it has the ability to run a thousand miles: although

It is true that there are no horses: Could it be

It is true that there are no horses: it can be translated as "I'm afraid"

5. Content words

A thousand-mile horse—— A horse that travels a thousand miles a day, this article refers to talent

Bole - a person who is good at looking at horses, this article refers to a person who recognizes talents

Humiliation - humiliation

Parallel ——One or two horses side by side

Famous——Famous

One food——eat a meal

Those who eat horses——mean “feed”, feed< /p>

Taimei - talents, beautiful qualities

See - manifested on the outside, "seeing" is connected with "presenting"

Etc. - equal, the same< /p>

Often - ordinary

It is - this kind of thing, used as a pronoun

Certainly - to beat the horse with a whip

Perform the policy ——Horse Whip

Tao——Method

Exhaust——Exhaust

Talent——Through “Talent”, Talent

Ming ——Tweet

Tong——understand

hold——hold

pro——face

know——identify, Understand

6. Function words

And - indicates a turning point, but

So - therefore

Yu - in

的——structural particle, of

with——by virtue

Although——even if

or——sometimes

Qi——stands for "Qianlima"

An——How

(Ce) Zhi—— is used as a pronoun to replace Qianlima

With——according to

p>

(Ming) - Particle, meaningless [Edit this paragraph] Translation

After Bole existed in the world, only then could there be a thousand-mile horse. A thousand-mile horse often exists, but a Bole does not always exist. Therefore, even a very strong horse will only be humiliated in the hands of the groom and die in the stable with ordinary horses, and will not be able to obtain the title of a thousand-mile horse.

A horse that can travel a thousand miles a day can sometimes eat a stone of grain in one meal. The people who feed the horse don't know how to feed it according to the nightclub it travels a thousand miles a day. (So) Although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles a day, it is not full of food and has insufficient strength. Its talents and beautiful qualities cannot be expressed. If it wants to be equal to an ordinary horse, it cannot be equal, so what? Can you ask it to travel thousands of miles a day?

Driving it does not follow the method of driving a thousand-mile horse, and feeding it cannot exhaust its talents. It barks, but cannot understand its meaning. (Just) stand in front of it with a whip and say: "There is no thousand-mile horse in the world." !" Alas! Is there really no thousand-mile horse? I'm afraid they really don't know how to run a thousand-mile horse!

"Preface to a Horse in Dongyang"

Original text

I was addicted to [1] learning when I was young. The family was poor and had no way to write [2] a letter [3] for reading. Every time he borrowed [4] it in the house where the book was collected, he would write it down by hand and count the days to return it. It is extremely cold, the inkstone is hard, and the fingers cannot be bent or stretched, so do not be lazy [5]. After recording, I went to see him off, not daring to exceed the appointment [6]. Therefore, many people spend their spare time reading books, and I have to read all kinds of books. After being crowned [7], I admire the way of the sages. Also worried about [8] not having a master [9] famous people and traveling, he tried [10] to go [11] hundreds of miles away, and followed the pioneers [12] from his hometown to hold scriptures and inquire [13]. The first Dade Long Wangzun[14], his disciples filled his room[15], but he did not even lose his words[16].

Yu Li waits on the left and right, leaning over to ask questions [17] and asking questions [18]; or when he is yelling [19], he becomes more respectful and courteous [20] and dare not say a word in reply. [21]; As soon as [22] he is delighted, he will ask again. Therefore, although I am stupid, I have learned something.

When Yu Zhi was a disciple, he carried his luggage[23] and dragged his clothes through the deep mountains and huge valleys. It was a harsh winter[24] with strong winds, heavy snow several feet deep, and the skin of his feet was chapped[25] without knowing it. Zhishe [26], the four limbs [27] are stiff and unable to move, and the nun [28] holds the soup and fertilizes it, covering it with a quilt, and over time it becomes harmonious. Living in Niji [29], the owner eats again and again every day and does not enjoy the taste of fresh fat. All the students in the same room are embroidered with silk, wearing hats decorated with red tassels, a white jade ring around the waist, a sword on the left, and a sword on the right. Yeran is like a god, and I, Zeyan, have a torn robe in the middle. , There is no intention of admiration, but those who are satisfied with it do not know that the verbal and physical worship [33] is not as good as others. Gai Yu's diligence is as difficult as this.

Although he is old and has not achieved anything, he is still considered a gentleman and has received the favor of the emperor. After serving as a minister, he will be appointed as advisors day by day. People all over the world also mistakenly refer to him by his name. Kuang Cai Is it too much?

Nowadays, all students are studying in Taixue [37], the county magistrate [38] will pay tribute to Linshou, and their parents will have Qiu Ge's inheritance at the age of 18, so they will not suffer from cold and despondency; they will sit under the building and recite "Poems" and "Books", there is no need to travel around; there are Si Ye, doctors [39] as teachers, but they don't ask without asking, and they don't get what they ask for; all the books that should be available are collected here, there is no need to I recorded it by hand, so I can see it later. If one's work is not refined and one's virtues are not perfect, it is not because of his inferior nature, but his mind is not as sharp as my ears. Is it anyone else's fault?

Ma Shengjun of Dongyang has been studying at Taixue for two years and is highly regarded as a virtuous person by his peers[40]. Yu Chao was the capital [41], and he was born as a son of a native of the country to pay homage to Yu. He wrote [42] a long book and his words were very eloquent. Discussing with it, the words are harmonious but the color is foreign [43]. He said that when he was young, he devoted himself to studying very hard. He can be described as a good scholar. He will return to see his relatives, and it is difficult for him to learn the old ways. Saying that Yu Mian's people are scholars is Yu's ambition; those who slander me and praise my great fortune[44] and are arrogant to the people in my hometown don't know what I am! [Edit this paragraph] Notes

[1] Hobby: Special hobby.

[2] No way: There is no way.

[3] To a book: Get a book, here is the meaning of buying a book.

[4] Pretend to borrow: borrow. "Fake" also means borrowing.

[5] Fu Zhi Lao: That is to say, do not be lazy, do not slack off, and do not relax in copying books. "Zhi" is the object of "lazy" and refers to the matter of "recording".

[6] Walk: run.

[7] Overdue: exceeding the agreed time limit.

[8] Crowning: In ancient times, when a man was twenty years old, a crowning ceremony (with his hair tied and a hat worn) was held to indicate that he had reached adulthood. This refers to twenty years old.

[9]Suffering: Worry, worry.

[10] Master teacher: a teacher with profound knowledge. huge.

[11]Taste: once.

[12] Trend: run towards.

[13] Xianda: A moral and knowledgeable senior.

[14] Ask: Ask for advice. Knock and ask.

[15] Delong Wangzun: High morals and great reputation.

[16] Disciples filled his room: students crowded his room. Disciple, disciple, student. Fill, plug. This means crowded.

[17] Words and expressions: words and expressions.

[18] Questioning and questioning: raising questions and asking for reasons. To quote, to quote, to propose. Question, ask.

[19] Lean over and tilt your ears to ask for advice: bend down and tilt your ears to ask for advice (showing respect and concentration).

[20] Chidu: rebuke, scold.

[21]To: thoughtful.

[22]Reply: This refers to justification.

[23]俟: Wait.

[24] Negative suitcase (qiè) and dragging 壣 (xǐ): Carrying a bookcase and dragging shoes (meaning that the shoes are broken).

[25]Long winter: severe winter.

[26] Chapped (jūn): The skin is cracked due to cold and dryness.

[27]She: This refers to the school, the school.

[28] Branch: Same as "limb".

[29]媵(yìng) person: a dowry woman. This refers to the maid.

[30]Soup: hot water.

[31]Woguan: wash with water. Tong "wash".

[32] Yu Ni Lv: Live in a hotel. Reverse travel, hotel.

[33] Smell: sachet.

[34]Ye (yè)ran: the appearance of shining brilliance.

[35]犊(yùn) robe and clothes: shabby clothes. 犊, old catkins. Broken, broken.

[36] Oral and physical support: refers to the enjoyment of food and clothing.

[37] Taixue: Imperial College, located in the capital, is the highest institution of higher learning in the country.

[38] County official: This refers to the imperial court. Linshao: Linshi, that is, food expenses.

[39] Si Ye, Doctor: Refers to the Imperial College Si Ye and the Imperial Doctor, both are instructors.

[40]Liu generation: People of the same generation.

[41] Chao Jingshi: This refers to going to Beijing to see the emperor after resigning from office.

[42] Author: Same as "author". Long book: long letter. Zhi: A gift given as a token of respect when we first met.

[43] Yi: peace.

[44] The prosperity of chance: refers to a good encounter. This refers to the prosperity of official status [edit this paragraph] Translation

I was very fond of reading when I was a child. (Because) my family was poor and could not afford to buy books to read, (so) I often borrowed them from others who had them, and copied them with my own hand, counting the days to return them on time. When the weather is extremely cold, the ink in the inkstone turns to solid ice, and my fingers cannot bend or straighten, nor dare to relax (copying books). After copying, return the book as quickly as possible, not daring to exceed the agreed deadline. Because of this, many people are willing to lend me books, and I can see a variety of books. (When I) reached adulthood, (I) admired the teachings of ancient sages even more. Later, I was worried that I would not associate with masters and celebrities, so I once ran hundreds of miles away, holding scriptures in hand, to consult local moral and knowledgeable seniors. The senior was highly respected, and his room was crowded with students seeking advice from him, but he never softened his words and expressions. I stood by and waited on him, asking questions, asking for truth, bending over and asking for advice. Sometimes when I met him scolding me, (my) expression would be more submissive, my etiquette would be more thoughtful, and I would not dare to say a word; when he waited When I was happy, I went to ask for advice again. So even though I was stupid, I was finally able to gain something.

When I was studying as a teacher, I was carrying a bookcase and dragging my shoes, walking in the deep mountains and valleys. In the late winter, there was a fierce cold wind, and the snow was several feet thick, and the skin on my feet was I don’t know if it’s cracked by the frost. When I arrived at the guest house, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter brought me hot water to wash my hands and warm my feet, and then covered me with a quilt. It took a long time for me to feel warm again. (I) live in a hotel, and the host only provides two meals a day, and there is nothing fresh and delicious to enjoy. The classmates who lived with me all wore gorgeous clothes, hats decorated with red tassels and jewels, and rings made of white jade on their waists. They wore a knife on the left and a sachet on the right. They were all shining with brilliance. I must be like a god; but I live among them in shabby clothes, (but) without any envy, because I have enough happiness in my heart, and I don't feel that the food and clothing are not as good as others. This is probably the case with my diligence and hardship during my studies. Although I am old now and have not achieved much, I am fortunate enough to still be in the ranks of gentlemen, receiving the favor and glory of the emperor. I follow the ministers, accompany the emperor every day, listen to inquiries, and receive undue praise from all over the world. My own name, let alone someone who can surpass me?

Now these students are studying in Taixue, the court provides meals every day, and their parents send leather robes and silk clothes every year. (This) there is no worry about cold and hunger; sitting in tall and spacious houses They read "Poems" and "Books" below, without the fatigue of running around; with Si Ye and Ph.D. as their teachers, no problem remains unsolved, no requirement remains unsatisfied; everything should be fulfilled Some books are gathered here, so you don’t have to copy them by hand like I did, or borrow them from others before you can read them. (If) they are not proficient in studies (yet) and have some moral deficiencies, (then) it is not that (his) nature is low, but (his) heart is not as single-minded as mine. Could it be someone else's? Fault?

Ma Shengjun of Dongyang has been studying at Taixue for two years, and his peers highly praise his talents. When I went to the capital to meet the emperor, Ma Sheng paid me a visit as a junior fellow countryman and wrote a long letter as a gift. His diction was smooth and lucid. He argued with him with gentle words and a humble attitude. He himself said that when he was young, he was very dedicated and hardworking in his studies. This can be called a person who is good at learning! He was about to go home to meet his parents, and I specially told him about my difficulties in studying. If you say that I encourage my fellow villagers to study hard, it is my will; if you denigrate me for boasting about my good fortune and being proud in front of my fellow villagers, do you really understand me?

There are too many words

< p>Answer: 904831524 - Trainee Magician Level 2 2009-6-9 19:23

I said, upstairs, why did you bring the textbook?

This is nothing specific. You can look for polysemy yourself (start looking for it from the first grade of junior high school!), put it together and memorize it. If you are too lazy to look for it, just look for me. I am QQ836954412

Answer: Bao'er 1 - Trainee Magician Level 2 2009-6-9 20:20

Classical Chinese Review

(1) Scope of examination

The in-class classical Chinese articles are mainly included, and there are also interesting narratives and philosophical essays with relatively simple extracurricular content. The reading comprehension is mainly based on the in-class lectures.

(2) Test content

1. Pronunciation, meaning, and sentence pauses.

2. Correctly understand the meaning of common content words in sentences.

3. Understand the usage of common function words in sentences.

4. Translate classical Chinese into modern Chinese.

5. Grasp the key points of the article content, summarize the central meaning of the article, and write the general idea of ??the paragraph.

6. Be able to answer questions about the content of the text, such as: understanding of the content and grasp of the author’s thoughts and feelings.

7. Understand the main writing features and language features of the article.

(3) Test question types

The classical Chinese test includes fill-in-the-blank, short-answer, translation, multiple-choice and other question types, among which the first three are the most common.

(4) Review methods

1. Accumulation

The best way to accumulate is to recite. Recite the passages required in the after-school exercises. Through recitation, you can accumulate the meaning of content words in classical Chinese, the usage of function words, and the changes in various sentence patterns.

2. Transformation

Transformation refers to transfer ability, that is, reading other simple classical Chinese texts outside class on the basis of reading and reciting in class.

(5) Key points for review

1. Tongjiazi

Mainly noted in the text, there are 40 in textbooks 1-4 Tongjiazi, please see the handout for details.

2. Ancient and modern synonyms

Ancient and modern synonyms refer to words that literally have the same meaning as modern words, but are actually different or even opposite. The review can be carried out from aspects such as the expansion and contraction of word meanings, the conversion of praise and blame, the change of expressions, and the change of singular and double sounds, etc., to prevent the interpretation of ancient meanings by modern meanings.

For example: Son: Mr. Guyi, your son in Jinyi

Walk: Guyi runs and Jinyi walks

Wife: Guyi’s wife and children and Jinyi’s man Spouse

3. Polysemy

Polysemy means that the content words in classical Chinese have different meanings in different sentences, and specific inferences must be made when interpreting.

For example: Therefore: 1. Review the past and learn the new (old)

2. The reason is not meaningless (so)

3. Several words about the past Want to die (intentionally)

4. Ask the public why (why)

4. Understand the use of common classical Chinese function words in sentences

Common function words There are: of, about, who, also, in, with, and, its, for, nai, such as: it: ① Use as a pronoun to refer to people, things, things, time, places, etc.

② As Verbs to come and go

③As structural particles

④As particles, the subject and predicate are not translated

⑤Mood particles, as long as the syllables are made up, they are not translated< /p>

⑥ Those who use other particles but do not translate like a horse's thousand miles

5. Skills in translating classical Chinese sentences

Translation requires accuracy and smoothness. Accuracy means that the translation should be consistent with the meaning of the original text as much as possible, and the content should not be added or deleted at will. Smoothness means that the translation must be coherent, fluent, and conform to modern Chinese grammar standards. When translating, special attention should be paid to the inflection of parts of speech, polysemy of a word, divergent meanings between ancient and modern times, and the phenomenon of false meanings. In addition, remember the "five" key points.

①. "Liu" All proper nouns such as dynasties, era names, names of people, place names, official positions, etc. can be kept unchanged.

②. "Replace" replace classical Chinese words with corresponding modern words.

③. "Supplement" to supplement content that is omitted or hidden in ancient concise sayings.

④. "Delete" Delete function words that are meaningless or unnecessary to translate in classical Chinese sentences.

⑤. "Tune" transpose the special word order in classical Chinese sentences according to the requirements of modern Chinese word order.

6. Key points for reading literary paragraphs

(1) According to different styles, clarify the basic elements

① Narratives should clarify time, place, and characters , the causes and consequences of the incident.

② The explanatory text should clarify the explanation object, explanation content, explanation order and explanation method.

③ The argumentative essay must clarify the arguments, arguments and argumentation methods.

(2) Draw out the hierarchical structure and conduct inductive analysis layer by layer

It is necessary to grasp some transitional words or summary sentences in the paragraph to analyze the article

p>

(3) Analyze and summarize the author's views, attitudes, and ideological tendencies

The author's views are the author's understanding and views on the events described in the article, which are generally lyrical statements in the article. When analyzing, we must not only affirm its positive significance, but also treat its negative factors realistically. The author's thoughts and feelings usually include the following situations: ① homesickness and patriotism ② ideals, sentiments, ambitions and lofty sentiments ③ love of life, love of nature, love of the great rivers and mountains of the motherland ④ family affection, friendship, love ⑤ sympathy for the working people ⑥ exposure of social darkness and expression of social reality Dissatisfaction ⑦ Unappreciated talents, depression, worry and anger.

(4) Analyze the writing characteristics and language characteristics of the article

①. The writing characteristics can start from the aspects of expression, structural characteristics, rhetorical methods, etc.

②. Language features can start from words, sentence patterns, etc. In addition, poetry can also be considered from aspects such as phonology and rhythm.