Information on the French "Gust" fighter?

Gust is a dual-engine single/two-seat multi-purpose supersonic fighter developed by Dassault Aircraft Manufacturing Company of France in the mid-1980s to meet the needs of the French navy and air force. The development of "Gust" began in 1983 when Dassault Aircraft Manufacturing Company announced the advanced experimental fighter (ACX) scheme and named it "Gust A". 1985, 12, 14, gust a leaves the factory smoothly. 1July 4, 986, the plane made its first test flight. As of 1996, the plane has completed more than 3500 flights. It is expected that the combat capability will be formed in 2005 ~ 2009.

Rafale fighter has good maneuverability and stability because of its advanced double delta wing and tightly coupled canard aerodynamic layout and advanced digital electronic flight control system. Its fuselage still adopts the traditional semi-hard shell structure and uses a lot of carbon fiber composite materials, which increases the structural strength and reduces the structural weight. "Gust" is powered by two M88-2 turbofan engines from Snecma, France, with a thrust-to-weight ratio of 10 and a single afterburner thrust of 72.9 kN. The production model will be equipped with M88-3 turbofan engine with higher thrust, and the maximum thrust will be increased to 87 kN. "Gust" can complete all kinds of tasks from attacking the ground to competing for air superiority in all weather and under all kinds of meteorological conditions. It has good maneuverability and agility, can take off and land in short distance, has over-the-horizon combat capability and certain stealth performance, and its overall performance is between the third-generation fighter and the fourth-generation fighter.

"Gust" currently has four models: "Gust" B, two-seat air force type; "Gust" C, single-seat air force type; "Gust" D, stealth single-seat air force; "Gust" M, single-seat navy type. In addition to meeting the needs of the French navy and air force, the aircraft will also be exported to other countries.

Weapons and equipment: A 30mm "Defa" 79 1B gun is installed on the right engine side. There are 14 external racks in the whole aircraft, including 4 under the fuselage (2 in the fuselage centerline and 2 in the rear fuselage side by side), 6 under the wing, 2 at the wing tip and 2 under the inlet. When performing interception tasks, you can hang "Mika" medium-range interception air-to-air missiles and "magic" short-range combat air-to-air missiles; "Mika" air-to-air missiles and conventional bombs can be hung when performing ground attack missions; You can also hang a "flying fish" missile when attacking the sea.

Size data: wingspan 10.90m, captain 15.30m, aircraft height 5.34m, wing area 46.00m2 ..

Weight data: empty weight (type D) 9060 kg, type M 9670 kg, maximum takeoff weight (type C) 19500 ~ 2 1500 kg, normal external load 6000 kg and maximum external load 8000 kg.

Performance data: maximum horizontal flight speed (high altitude) M2, (low altitude) 1390km/h, operational radius 1093 ~ 1852km, take-off taxiing distance 400 ~ 600m, overload limit+9.0/-3.6g. ..

Gust is a dual-engine multi-purpose supersonic fighter developed by Dassault France for the French Air Force and Navy. This aircraft can accomplish all kinds of tasks from ground attack to air superiority in day/night and various meteorological conditions, and it is one of the advanced fighters being developed in western countries at present.

1983 Dassault France announced the development of an advanced experimental fighter (ACX), named "Gust A". The research and development of "Gust A" is divided into two steps. The first step is to design and manufacture an experimental prototype to verify the aerodynamic shape of the double triangle and close-fitting coupled duck and various new technologies to be adopted. The second step is to develop a practical fighter based on the experimental prototype. The experimental prototype "Gust" A is equipped with two American F404 turbofan engines. It made its first test flight in July, 1986, and then carried out 440 test flights for 363 hours as planned, including simulating the landing and approach of the aircraft carrier deck at the land airport. "Gust" A has a maximum speed of M2.0 (height 13000m). "Gust" A started its test flight at 190 in February, and adopted M88-2 turbofan engine with thrust-to-weight ratio of 10, which was developed by Slickmar Company of France. The practical size of rafale fighter is slightly smaller than Gust A, including Air Force Type D and Navy Ship-borne Type M, and the ship-borne type strengthens the landing gear, enabling it to withstand the maximum sinking speed of 65 meters per second. The front landing gear has been modified to withstand traction ejection, and the skid takeoff technology is adopted; The structure of the fuselage was modified and strengthened to withstand the longitudinal overload during ejection and landing, so the weight of the M-shaped fuselage increased by 760 kg.

So far, there are four types of gusts:

"Gust" C single seat air force type.

"Gust" B two-seat air force type. The seat of the weapon operator has been increased, and it has full air combat capability.

"Gust" D single-seat air force stealth type.

"Gust" M single-seat navy type. Compared with the air force model, the fuselage is slightly longer, the arresting hook is added, the height of the front landing gear is increased to improve the angle of attack on the ship, and the landing gear structure is strengthened. In order to maintain the commonality with the Air Force, the wings cannot be folded, and 95% of the systems are common with the Air Force.

powerplant

The prototype is equipped with two M88-2 turbofan engines from Snecma, France, with a single static thrust of 48.7 kN, afterburner thrust of 2×72.9 kN (2×7422 kg) and maximum thrust of 2× 487 kN (2 × 4965 kg). Two M88-3 engines will be installed during production, with afterburning thrust of 2 × 87 kN (2× 8870 kg). The fuel tank in the aircraft fuselage can carry 5700 liters of fuel, and the centerline pylon, two inner wings and two middle wing pylons of the aircraft fuselage can all be hung with 1250 liter fuel tank, and the maximum external fuel load can reach 9500 liters. With the ability of receiving oil in the air, it can fill the internal fuel tank in a few minutes and all the fuel tanks in 7 minutes.

Main airborne equipment

780 kilograms of avionics. With advanced communication, navigation and cockpit display equipment, its Thomson-CSF/ ESDRBC fire control radar can track eight targets at the same time, and can evaluate threats and determine priority targets. UHF/VHF radio station of EAS company and UHF radio station of TRT company, voice wireless control system and voice alarm system of sextant company; MIDS data link and various reconnaissance/electronic countermeasures/jamming equipment.

weapon

1 GiatM79lB cannon is installed on the right side of engine intake. 14 pylon (4 under the fuselage, 2 under the inlet, 6 under the wing and 2 at the wing tip), with a normal bomb load of 6000 kg, a normal external store of 6000 kg and a maximum bomb load of 9500 kg. You can carry ASMP medium-range nuclear strike missiles when performing nuclear strike missions; When intercepting the mission, eight Materamica air-to-air missiles and two auxiliary fuel tanks can be hung, or six Mika missiles and three auxiliary fuel tanks can be hung; You can carry 16 227kg bomb, 2 mika missiles, 2 1250l auxiliary fuel tanks, or 2 Abé ché long-range weapon throwers, 2 mika missiles and 3 external fuel tanks when attacking the ground. You can carry two "flying fish" missiles or the planned ANS sea-skimming attack missiles, four "Mika" missiles and two auxiliary fuel tanks when performing anti-ship missions.

Size number

Wingspan (including wingtip missiles)10.90m, captain15.30m, aircraft height of 5.34m and wing area of 46m2.

Weight data

The empty weight is 9060 kg (type D) and 9800 kg (type M), the maximum takeoff weight is 19500 ~ 2 1500 kg, and the maximum overload is+9g/-3.6g. ..

operating characteristic

Maximum horizontal flight speed (high altitude) m2.0/2 120km/h, (low altitude)1390km/h; The approach speed is 2 13km/h, the takeoff distance is 400 meters (air defense) and 600 meters (ground attack); The operational radius (low-altitude invasion, with 12 250kg bombs, 4 mika air-to-air missiles and 3 auxiliary fuel tanks of 4300L) is 1033km, (long-range air-to-air interception, 8 mika air-to-air missiles and 4 auxiliary fuel tanks of 6600L height). The combat patrol time is more than 3 hours.

French gust

France's new fourth-generation "Gust" dual-engine multi-mission fighter adopts the aerodynamic layout of front canard, swept delta wing and single vertical tail, and uses a lot of composite materials. It can perform a wide range of short-range and long-range combat tasks, including ground attack, maritime attack, air defense, air superiority, reconnaissance, high-precision strike, and also has nuclear strike capability. The new "Gust" fighter is completely designed and manufactured by France itself, and a large number of unique advanced technologies are adopted to ensure excellent comprehensive performance. Among many new fighters with the same technical level, only the French "Gust" has a naval type and is deployed on the aircraft carrier. According to the evaluation of some American media, the excellent performance of the existing three models of rafale fighter has been proved in flight: the highest flight speed is 750 knots; Maximum limit overload 9g/-3.6g; The maximum angle of attack is 32 degrees; The approach speed of section 1 15 is less than 400 meters; Short takeoff and landing capability. These performances and operations mainly benefit from the comprehensive design and application of the aerodynamic concept of "delta wing-canard wing".

I. Development status

Rafale fighter is the most important French military aircraft plan, which is used to replace F-8P Crusader, Jaguar, SuperEtendard, Phantom F. 1CT and Cr, Phantom 2000C and N, etc. At present, the main important issue in development is strict budget. Although the plan is technically successful and the experiment runs smoothly, many political and financial reasons have delayed the progress of the plan again and again. Up to now, there are only 13 rafale fighter aircraft officially in service.

The "Gust" project started as early as the mid-1980s, and was mainly developed and produced by Dassault France. The first demonstration prototype Gust A was designed from March 1984. At first, two American General Dynamics (GE) F404 turbofan engines were used as transitional power units. Now all rafale fighter use French SNECMA)M88 turbofan engine. "Gust" Type A1985 65438+was delivered in February, and the test flight began on July 4th1986. Later, four flight prototypes and a static test fuselage (gust M configuration) were ordered. The static test fuselage was delivered to Toulouse test center for fatigue test in June of 199 1 10. The first flight times of the four flight prototypes are as follows:

Gust c 01:1991may19

"Gust" M0 1: 199 1 year1February 2 12.

"Gust" B 01:1April 30, 993

Gust M02:1993165438+1October 8th.

Up to now, 3,500 flights have been successfully completed, including various tests. 1993 On April19, the aircraft carrier "Gust" M landed on the "Fuxi" (a former aircraft carrier of the French Navy, now retired) for the first time to prove its compatibility with the aircraft carrier.

The first production aircraft (two-seater B30 1) completed its first flight on1October 24th 1998 165438+. At present, there are three development models in rafale fighter, M-type, B-type and C-type. Among them, the gust M-type single-seat navy model is used for deployment on aircraft carriers. Type b and type c are dedicated to the air force, one is a two-seat type and the other is a single-seat type. Because the French navy urgently needs new fighters, it gives priority to the production of the "Gust" M-type. Gusts B and C will enter the French Air Force in 2004. The two-seat Gust N-type is being developed for the French Navy and is expected to be delivered in 2008.

Second, the main performance characteristics of French rafale fighter.

1, advanced cockpit

The use of "HOTAS" side-pole double-pole cockpit is very advanced, which can be said to be an important embodiment of gust multi-mission combat capability. Equipped with a set of head-up display with wide-angle holographic technology, produced by Avionique Company of Terez. Provide aircraft control data, mission data and launch tips. A set of aiming, multi-image wide-angle diffraction optical head-up display displays tactical situation and sensor data, which is provided by French air navigation equipment company. Two sets of side touch screen displays display aircraft system parameters and mission data. The pilot also has a helmet with an aiming display device. A CCD camera, a recorder installed on the plane, records the images of the head-up display from beginning to end during the mission.

2. Weapon system

Rafale fighter's air force model has 14 external hard attachment points, and its maximum payload exceeds nine tons. The navy model has 13 external hard hanging point. Rafale fighter can use a variety of air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons, including weapon systems jointly developed by France, the United States, Britain and Europe. At present, the maximum mounting capacity of weapons and weapon systems that can be mounted is as follows:

30mm DEFA79 1 machine gun, firing rate of 2500 rounds per minute.

8x short-range air-to-air missiles, such as Magic, Sidewinder or Advanced Short-range Air-to-Air Missile (ASRAAM).

12x mika advanced medium-range air-to-air missile

7x "Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile" (AMRAAM)

Anti-ship missiles such as 5xAM39Exocet or Penguin -3 or harpoon.

4xAS30L/M guided bomb

5x Abbas anti-permanent installation missile

2x storm shadow)/Skarp EG long-range cruise missile

5x "air-launched anti-radiation missile" (warning) or "high-speed anti-radiation missile" (hazard)

4x Mavericks air-to-surface missile

5x 1000 bomb

22x250 bomb

10x400 bomb

16x "Durandal" anti-runway bomb

4x rocket pod

1x3000-liter fuel tank

3x2000 litre fuel tank

5x1250l fuel tank

FLIR pod, attack jammer (3 sets), reconnaissance pod, machine gun pod and aerial refueling system pod.

Of course, not all these weapon systems can be compatible and mounted at the same time, and the types and quantities of weapons need to be configured according to different tasks.

3. Electronic warfare system

Rafale fighter is equipped with a comprehensive and advanced Spectra electronic warfare system, which is produced by Terez Company. The spectrum electronic warfare system integrates solid-state transmitter technology, radar warning equipment, DAL laser warning receiver, missile warning equipment, detection system and jammer.

4. Sensitive element system

The Rafale fighter is equipped with a set of electronic scanning RBE2 radar developed by Terez Company, which has the capability of overlooking and shooting down. Radar has advanced edge tracking and edge search capabilities, which can track 40 targets and attack 4 targets at the same time, and provide threat identification and priority ranking. The photoelectric system includes Terez/Sachim's OSF infrared search and tracking system, which is installed at the front end of the aircraft. The photoelectric system suite realizes search, target recognition, ranging, automatic target recognition and tracking. The F3 standard rafale fighter is equipped with a set of "ground following" three-dimensional radar developed by Dassault, which has two working modes, land and sea, so that the fighter can fly automatically according to the preset flight data, inertial navigation and GPS automatic navigation in the passive digital database. The minimum flight altitude of land mode is only 100 meters; The minimum flying altitude of sea surface mode is only 15m. The plane flies according to the predetermined route, and automatically changes and inclines with the terrain, including some sharp turns and 90 inclination.

5. Navigation and communication systems

The second generation Saturn communication suite is installed on the rafale fighter for V/UHF radio communication. Anti-jamming tactical UHF radio (UHF) is used for NATO internal communication. Saturn provides voice encryption in fast frequency hopping mode. Used for communication with civil aviation air traffic control, equipped with VHF/UHF radio equipment with fixed frequency. A multifunctional information distribution system (MIDS) terminal provides safe and high-speed tactical data, and exchanges tactical data with NATO C2 station, early warning aircraft or warships. "Gust" fighter is equipped with Terez TLS2000 navigation receiver, which is used for flight in the approach and landing phases. TLS2000 integrates the functions of instrument navigation system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), ultra-high frequency omnidirectional radio range finder (VOR) and beacon. The radar altimeter comes from AHV 17 altimeter of Terez Company, which is especially suitable for ultra-low altitude flight. Gust fighter is equipped with TACAN tactical air navigation receiver, which is used for navigation on the way and is also regarded as a landing aid. "Gust" is equipped with a set of SB25A combined interrogation-answering machine produced by Terez Company. SB25A is the world's first friend or foe identification device using electronic scanning technology.

6. rafale fighter High Thrust Engine

The Rafale fighter uses two M88-2 engines, which are manufactured by Snecma, France, and each provides 75kN thrust. Install the flight refueling pipe and buoy joint for aerial refueling.

7. In rafale fighter, composite materials are widely used in the fuselage structure, and 50% of the fuselage with conventional semi-rigid structure is made of carbon fiber composite materials. The rear fuselage is made of carbon fiber composite, and the nose fairing and nozzle fairing are made of aramid fiber composite. Landing gear and engine door are made of carbon fiber composite materials.

Third, the main parameters of rafale fighter

1, size

Length:127m；; Machine height: 5.34m; Wingspan:10,80 meters; Wing area: 45,70 square meters (492 square feet)

2. Weight

Empty weight: 9,4 tons ("Gust" type C); 9.6 tons ("gust" type B); 9.9 tons ("gust" M type); Internal fuel: 4500 kg; External fuel: 7500kg；; Maximum external load: 9500kg；; Maximum takeoff weight: 24,500 kg

Step 3 perform

Maximum flight speed: Mach 65438 +0.8+/750 knots (1390 km/h); Approaching speed: 120 knots (220km/h); Maximum climb rate: exceeding1000ft/s (350m/s); Upper limit of operation: 55,000 feet (16765m); Take-off distance: about 400-600 meters, depending on the load above; Landing distance: 450 meters; Operational radius: breakthrough task; /kloc-more than 0/000 nautical miles (1850 km); Wandering time of combat air patrol: more than 3 hours; Turnover rate: 270 degrees/second; Maximum instantaneous speed ratio: exceeding 30 degrees/second; Maximum limit overload:+9/-3.2g.

"Gust" fighters are used in the French Air Force and the French Navy, and the estimated total demand is about 294. Among them, the French Air Force needs 234 aircraft, including 139 B and 95 Gust C; The French navy needs 60 planes. At present, the French Ministry of Defence has ordered 6 1 aircraft, 36 French air forces and 25 French navies.

At the same time, Dassault continued its export efforts and made many attempts. Participated in the tender for fighter procurement of Korean Air Force, and is currently participating in the tender for fighter procurement of Singapore Air Force. Generally speaking, the French "gust" has many unique features, such as the world's first production-oriented electronic scanning radar, the unique "terrain following" system and other advanced technologies. But as the outside world has commented, the biggest obstacle to development lies in funds. Obtaining export will play an important role in promoting the development of French "Gust" fighters.