On the powerful empire of the east and the rise of the west.

1, unclear things are both inevitable and accidental results. Commercial civilization (Spain and Portugal) will inevitably replace agricultural civilization (East Asian countries), and industrial civilization will inevitably replace commercial civilization, but it is accidental that industrial civilization came into being in Britain. As historians say, it is accidental that Britain took the lead in entering the modern history of the world. After the two world wars, Britain returned to its proper position as a small island country.

China had a chance, but the rule of Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty ruined this possibility.