Photography technology! !

A digital camera is composed of lens, CCD, A/D (analog-to-digital converter), MPU (microprocessor), built-in memory, LCD (liquid crystal display), PC card (removable storage) and interfaces (computer interface, TV interface). They are usually installed in digital cameras, but there are also some digital cameras whose liquid crystal displays are separated from the camera body, which does not prevent us from discussing general digital cameras. In digital cameras, only the lens has the same function as ordinary cameras. It focuses light on the photosensitive device CCD (Charge Coupled Device), which is a semiconductor device. It replaces the position of film in ordinary cameras, and its function is to convert optical signals into electrical signals. In this way, we get the electronic image corresponding to the shooting scene, but it can't be sent to the computer for processing immediately. We need to convert the analog signal into digital signal according to the requirements of the computer. ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) equipment is used to perform this work. Next, MPU (Microprocessor) compresses the digital signal and converts it into a specific image format, such as JPEG format. Finally, the image file is stored in the built-in memory. At this point, the main work of the digital camera has been completed, and the next thing to do is to view the photos taken through LCD (liquid crystal display). Some digital cameras use mobile storage to expand storage capacity, such as PC cards or floppy disks. In addition, it also provides an interface to connect the computer and the TV.

2. Advantages and maintenance methods of digital cameras.

Advantages: energy saving and environmental protection, large capacity.

Maintenance method:

Digital camera belongs to precision equipment, and correct maintenance methods and measures are very important for giving full play to its performance and maximizing its workload. Moreover, the structure and performance of digital cameras are special, and there are many new requirements in maintenance and layout.

There are many ways to maintain digital cameras, but the most important thing is the photography habit. After taking pictures, put the camera into the "original" camera bag in time. Cover the lens cover when not taking pictures temporarily, and pay attention to cleaning the dust on the lens cover; When packaging, blow off the lens with a hair dryer; In a humid and dusty environment, the camera should be put in a plastic bag. Here is a detailed introduction to the maintenance method:

1, matters needing attention in card loading

Loading a memory card is a routine operation using a digital camera. Pay attention to the following two points when loading the card into the digital camera: First, it must be done when the camera card is closed; Second, pay attention to the direction. For some types of memory cards, we can only specify the direction of loading the digital camera. Each memory card has a corresponding mark so that you can identify it when loading the card.

(1) When loading a CF(Compact Flash) card into a digital camera, the arrow on the card should be aligned with the card box of the camera. (2) When the SM (Smart Media) card is loaded into the digital camera, the corner-missing end should point to the designated position of the camera card box.

(3) When the PCMCIA3 hard disk card is loaded into the camera, the thin edge of the card should be inserted into the camera card compartment first.

When you put the memory cards into the digital camera, make sure that they are fully inserted into the camera. When inserting, force should be even to ensure that they are pushed into place.

2. Matters needing attention in handling cards

Different memory cards are taken out of the camera in different ways, such as SM card, which is usually popped up by pressing the card directly after opening the cover, while PCMCIA3-second winding card and CF card can only be taken out by pressing the camera release button after opening the cover.

Digital camera can't take out the memory card when writing or reading information to it, otherwise it will damage the information on the memory card or even the memory card. Different cameras have different instructions when writing cards. For example, the "Card Busy" indicator light of Kodak and Canon SLR digital cameras will flash, while the color LCD screen on the back of Minolta digital cameras will display the words "Waiting".

In addition, pay attention to prevent the memory card from falling to the ground when taking it. Because the memory card falls from a height to the ground, it may damage the recorder data on the card, and even cause the memory card to be damaged.

3. Don't shoot strong light.

Digital camera adopts CCD or CMOS solid-state imaging device, which has the advantages of light weight, low power consumption and long life. Another feature is limited endurance to strong light and temperature measurement. In order to ensure the shooting quality and the imaging equipment will not be burned, politicians use digital cameras to shoot the sun or strong light directly. If it is unavoidable because of special needs, try to shorten the photo taking time.

In addition, exposure of digital cameras to strong light or high heat for a long time will also lead to deformation of the fuselage. Therefore, when using or saving a digital camera, be careful not to expose it to strong light for a long time, and put it near heating or electric heating equipment.

4. Smoke and dust

If humidity is the number one enemy of a digital camera, then dust is its second enemy. Contaminants falling on the camera lens will pollute the lens, affect the shooting clarity and seriously affect the high-speed start and knob of the camera. Therefore, in a dusty environment, try not to use digital cameras. Even if it must be used, cover the lens immediately after taking pictures and put it in a dust-proof camera bag.

5. Avoid dampness and moisture.

Humidity is a taboo for digital cameras. When encountering rain, snow and fog, pay attention to putting the camera away, try to avoid taking pictures in the rain, and even let the rain get wet on the camera.

6. Stay away from strong magnetic and electric fields

7. Vibration and shock

8. Maintenance of lens

The performance of lens directly affects the imaging quality of digital camera. Cleaning the camera is the main means of daily maintenance, especially the lens and LCD screen or viewfinder. You can gently wipe it with a soft cleaning cloth. After use, put the cleaning cloth in a special plastic box to avoid sticking dust. You can buy cleaning paper in the camera shop without cleaning cloth.

9. Maintenance of LCD.

Color LCD screen is an important feature of digital camera, which is not only expensive, but also simple to operate and needs special protection during use.

(1), change the background lighting.

(2) Avoid burning out the LCD.

(3), moistureproof

(4) Clean the LCD correctly.

(5), vibration prevention

(6) Do not disassemble the LCD.

10, use rechargeable batteries correctly.

The LCD screen of digital camera consumes a lot of power, so it is more suitable to use rechargeable, nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries. Attention should also be paid to using rechargeable batteries: Do not use them immediately after they are fully charged, because the closed-circuit voltage will exceed the rated voltage after the batteries are fully charged. If you use it immediately at this time, it may burn out the related circuit components in the digital camera. Therefore, after the battery is fully charged, it should be placed for a period of time, and then it can be used after it is restored to the rated voltage through self-discharge.

What are the duties of an assistant?

The responsibility is to help photographers do auxiliary work.

Assistants in different photography jobs also have different job contents.

There are even professional photography assistants abroad, and the income is high.

Assistants in the domestic photo studio industry are basically manual labor, such as moving things, lifting lights, helping guests pose and so on.

What are the main types of lamps used in taking pictures and their functions?

(1) Lighting equipment of the studio

The lighting equipment of portrait studio can be generally divided into two types: flash lamp with instantaneous light and quartz lamp with continuous light. Flash flash is the most basic and commonly used equipment in the studio, which belongs to normal shooting. Its light source is fleeting, and the negative can be exposed in an instant, so it is also called "instantaneous light". The brightness of the theme light can be directly observed through the analog light set inside the flash. It is quite convenient to take pictures, with a color temperature of about 5400K, which is the most basic equipment in the studio.

Continuous light quartz lamp light source is used to shoot warm colors or details with slow sensitivity. Its light source belongs to a continuous luminous body, so it can get more detailed colors through slow exposure, which is contrary to the flash light source. It's just that this type of lamp consumes a lot of electricity and is easy to generate heat, and its color temperature is warm yellow at 3200 K. Because it emits light continuously, it is the main light source when shooting dynamic films such as movies. If you want to get the normal color temperature of 5400K, you can use C 12 blue filter to correct it.

The lighting equipment in the studio, whether it is a flash or a quartz lamp, is not lit by a single lamp. In general photography, in order to make the light-dark ratio of the photo picture perfect, the studio uses a variety of lights for lighting, so it is necessary to plan a variety of lights to combine, and the effect is perfect. The function and effect of each lamp can be seen in the following concise list.

A concise list of names and functions when lighting and lighting are combined in a studio.

Name retouching function

1. The main light illuminates the brightest part of the subject, which is the most important light source in photography.

2. The auxiliary light is used to fill the dark part of the theme, and the auxiliary light source is used to adjust the light ratio when controlling the light ratio.

3. Background light is a kind of effect light, which brightens the background area. Otherwise, the theme and background lack a sense of light field and layering, which will produce background shadows.

4. Lighting is one of the effect light, which separates the hair from the dark background, but it is not applicable when the background is light.

5. Concentrate the theme light of the background light of the effect light to create a strong light effect. If you insert a special shape insert, you can get different shapes of light and shadow effects, which are often used to make background light and shadow.

6. Other effect lights Effect lights include effect lights, such as "background light", which highlights the outline of the theme. Skills and functions depend on the photographer's needs.

When lighting, in order to improve the light quality and color of each light, such as changing direct light into scattered light or condensing light, auxiliary equipment of lighting can be used, such as using reflective umbrella and shadowless cover. Four-leaf shutters and other equipment to change different light quality. Its key equipment and functions are as follows.

(1) Reflective umbrella: The reflective umbrella is installed in front of the lamp, and the naked light (light without any shielding) is converted into jumping light (light with reflector) by using the anti-knock function of this umbrella. This form of lighting method makes the light quality become the property of scattered light, thus obtaining softer light quality. Usually installed on auxiliary lights or main lights. Its material is silver or white, but white is more commonly used and the light quality is softer.

(2) Shadowless hood: Shadowless hood is the simplest and most direct scattering light conversion device. Its function is to make a translucent white cloth into a lampshade and cover it directly on the lamp holder. The direct light will diffuse into the light quality of scattered light after passing through this cloth cover, and the operation is simple and convenient. It is the most important and widely used equipment to change the light quality in the studio. Commonly used for main lights or auxiliary lights, the sizes are large and small, and can be purchased according to the photographer's shooting purpose.

(3) Sharp nose mask: It is a device with the opposite function to shadowless mask. When the funnel-shaped cylinder similar to the pig's mouth is installed in front of the lamp holder, it will guide the light of the naked lamp to the light projection place more intensively, forming a spotlight state, and it is the most commonly used light guide device for lighting and spotlight effect.

(4) Four-leaf shutter: This is a multifunctional device. Its shape is a cover composed of four movable shutters, which can get a large or small range of illumination according to the size and aperture of the blade. It is the best creative equipment to change the illumination range. You can also use its jack to insert any color film to get color light with changed colors. Easy to operate, it is an important multifunctional device, which is often used to change the background light.

(5) Color film and other accessories: Color film is a kind of color transparent film that can change the color of light. It is made of plastic, and photographers can change it according to their own preferences. In addition, there are dimming materials such as tracing paper. You can refer to the instructions of various material manufacturers and make full use of the photographer's photography content to achieve different lighting design effects.

flashlight

1. Make up for the lack of light

Flash is mainly used to illuminate the scene in the case of insufficient light, so as to obtain the correctly exposed image. Most digital cameras have an automatic flash option. When there is insufficient light at the scene, the flash will flash automatically.

2. Solidification kinetics

When we use flash, it is often not because the light is not enough to expose correctly, but to improve the shutter speed, so as to achieve the purpose of curing dynamic images. For example, if you want to take pictures of water droplets or moving portraits, the images will be blurred and not clear enough if exposed according to ordinary photometric values. You can use a flash to solidify these images.

Increase depth of field

We know that the depth of field effect of an image is closely related to the aperture size. Generally, the larger the aperture, the smaller the depth of field. Moreover, the aperture is small and the depth of field is large. Using this principle, you can actually use a flash to increase the depth of field. Sometimes, due to the limitation of scene light, it is necessary to shoot with a large aperture, but the depth of field is not enough. When using the flash, we can narrow the aperture and effectively increase the depth of field.

Highlight the prospect

Many times, we will find that the effect of the background in the shooting scene is not ideal or not what we want at all. At this time, you can try to use a flash to exclude the background. Because the shutter speed is high when the flash is shooting, the background outside the projection range of the flash cannot be expressed due to insufficient exposure, while the foreground is correctly exposed due to the flash illumination, thus highlighting the foreground and eliminating background interference.

Filled light

Another common use of flash is to fill the light. When shooting, it is common that the contrast of light in the scene is too large (such as portraits in backlight). Because the brightness range that CCD or film can express is limited, some image details will be lost in the scene with excessive contrast, whether exposed to light or darkness. In this case, the best way is to fill the dark parts properly to reduce the contrast of the picture (of course, dimming the bright parts is also possible). In this case, the flash is one of the most powerful weapons. The specific method is very simple. Just turn on the flash when shooting and let it illuminate the dark part. The effect is generally good.

camera bellows

Provides a softer lighting effect

Soft light flash brings stiff light, making people's skin very delicate, which is very suitable for taking portrait art photos.

plate

Make full use of direct light and directionality, keep the full use of emitted light and the uniformity of illumination, prevent excessive illumination in local areas, and make up for the lack of luminous efficiency.

Buchan board of directors

Supplementary light reduces light ratio

Reflector plate

(A), ease the contrast, showing dark levels

No matter indoor artificial lighting or outdoor natural lighting, the light ratio between the light-receiving part and the dark part of the object should not be too large, which is limited by the technical performance of general photosensitive materials, except for special effects and creative ideas. The main task of the reflector is to give auxiliary light to the dark part that cannot be irradiated by the main light, reproduce the original level of the dark part, and regulate the contrast between light and dark. For example, in the case of direct illumination and side backlight, the outline and lines of the illuminated person or object are bright, while the parts of the face and object that are not illuminated are dark, and the contrast between them is great, far exceeding the recording ability of the photosensitive material. In this case, the reflector can play a very good role, it can be adjusted according to the creative intention and conceptual requirements of the illuminator, and the contrast between light and shade of people or objects can be controlled within the allowable range of photosensitive materials. Reflectors can also be used to fill the dark parts of the side lighting scene and the shadow parts of the top lighting scene. Any picture that uses a reflector and illuminates the dark part of a scene or an object with appropriate auxiliary light has moderate contrast between light and shade, rich and delicate transition layer between light and shade, and the three-dimensional sense and texture can be better reflected.

(2) Correct color deviation and strive for color unification.

Due to the limited ability of photosensitive materials to record the brightness of the scene, once the scene in lens perspective is beyond the range of brightness ratio and light ratio (which is often the case), photosensitive materials appear powerless. For example, when shooting under the backlight of direct light, side backlight, tree shade and building shadow, the dark part of a person or scene often has a large difference in light-dark ratio with the bright outline and bright background, which leads to color deviation of the dark part of a person or scene due to environmental influence and insufficient illumination, and the color deviation between the dark part and the bright part cannot normally reflect the original color of the dark part. At this time, the reflector can be used to fill the dark part, improve the basic brightness of the dark part, reduce the contrast between the two, and maintain an appropriate light ratio with the bright part, maximize the ability of photosensitive materials to record light and color, try to avoid color cast caused by low brightness, and maintain the harmony and unity of colors between bright and dark parts and between pictures.

(3) It has the effect of "moving the lamp"

"Moving light" is also called "borrowing light". When the light at the shooting site is insufficient, the lighting is uneven, and the lighting conditions do not allow any light to be added, the reflector can be used to "move" the light to the shooting site to improve or make up for the insufficient lighting of the original light at the shooting site. Sometimes shooting in places with poor lighting conditions, such as airplanes, cars, ships, trains, etc. , you can give full play to the advantages of the reflector, and "move" and "borrow" the direct light and scattered light that are more than the shooting location to the needed place as the main light source of the subject and the environment. Sometimes, if conditions permit, large or multiple reflectors can be used, but attention should be paid to the reflection of the reflector from a "light source point" to prevent too many false projections from being generated in the subject or its environment. At the same time, we should pay attention to the projection height of light and the authenticity of light source.

(4) Correct the lack of sunshine and realize balanced lighting.

Exterior lighting, lighting staff created great "flexibility", and sometimes they can directly interfere with natural lighting to achieve the ideal creative requirements; Sometimes you can't do anything, just be a "lighting" teacher. It seems that the natural lighting outside is perfect. In fact, both direct lighting and scattered lighting have many defects, which need us to correct and make up. Under direct illumination, how to ensure the normal reproduction of the basic colors of the whole scene or picture, how to control the contrast between light and dark parts within the allowable range of photosensitive materials, and how to effectively improve the illumination brightness of a certain part of the scene? Reflective plates can help creators achieve all this. When the overall brightness of the scene is relatively high, but some areas are dark, one or several reflectors with direct light properties can be used to supplement the lighting, so as to improve its brightness, increase the level of the scene and achieve the balance of the overall lighting.

(5), simulate the real effect light.

The so-called effect light refers to the flashing effect of water wave light in the light, the spotlight effect under the shadow of trees, the light effect reflected by car glass and calm lake in one direction, etc. These effects of light can be simulated by reflectors.

(6) Making background light in the shooting scene.

Indoor lighting mainly depends on lighting, but the reflector can often come in handy and play a role that other lamps can't. For example, before the overall lighting, there should be a basic lighting in the scene, which is often called background lighting, so that the whole scene has a basic brightness to meet the most basic requirements of video recording equipment for light brightness. The common method is to hit the light on the reflector and form soft scattered light through the reflection of the reflector, thus improving the basic brightness in the environment. Another example is to use the reflector as the auxiliary light of the characters, which has a good effect and the light is very soft and delicate. In indoor lighting, white cloth, white paper and white wall lighting can also achieve similar effects.

Diffusion box

Light is collected and projected onto the substrate. It is characterized by soft light quality and weak contrast, and the scratches and stains on the original film are not obvious, because the light is reflected many times through the diffusion film in the diffusion box.

Flash exposure meter

The exposure meter consists of a photosensitive element, and the light reaches the photosensitive probe through the negative and then is transmitted to the control element. When the probe is placed on the magnifying scale, the light intensity of the image projected on the bottom plate can be read, and the reading given not only indicates the correct exposure time, but also indicates the contrast level of photographic paper or filter.

Also,

Light box

Lamp holder

Grounding lamp holder

Honeycomb color film

Wireless synchronizer

6-axis back frame

5 the role of the reflector

On the fourth floor. See for yourself.

I hope it can help your assistant's work. Very tired. Start (a disease)