Information about Bauhaus. Status influence, etc

Bauhaus explored in practice and established the basic viewpoint and educational direction of modern design: ① The purpose of design is people, not products. ② Design must follow objective and natural laws. Its educational system, design theory and design style are gradually matured and perfected in practice. Bauhaus's main teaching content consists of art and technology. Its early teaching system can be called "factory apprenticeship", with students as apprentices, teachers taking art form classes as "form instructors" and teachers taking craft and handicraft production classes as "studio masters". Each class is taught by two teachers. The school also opened carpentry, ceramics, weaving and printing studios for students to practice, so that they have both artistic and technical abilities.

One of Bauhaus's most important achievements is to establish the basic education system of plane composition, three-dimensional composition and color composition in design education, which is based on scientific and rigorous theory. 1923 During August and September, Bauhaus held a large-scale exhibition entitled "New Unity of Art and Technology". Teachers' and students' works attracted famous European artists and designers, so as to carry out various academic exchange activities, publicize Bauhaus' design ideas and push the European modernist design movement to a climax. At that time, GroPaz uz delivered a speech entitled "On Comprehensive Art" and sent his book "Bauhaus's Imagination and Organization". Later, he made a great reform in teaching, taking mathematics, physics and chemistry as compulsory courses, which made the teaching system develop in a more reasonable and scientific direction and more suitable for the needs of large-scale industrial production. Due to the persecution of the right-wing political forces, Bauhaus moved to Dessau in March 1925, and began the second stage of its development. 1926 added the affiliated name of "School of Design" to the name of the school, further clarifying the nature of the school. Teaching is no longer carried out by formal tutors and studio masters, but by hiring skilled craftsmen to assist professors. Bauhaus is the cradle of modern design. The practical, rational and concise industrial design style advocated and practiced by Bauhaus is regarded as the classic style of modernist design, which has exerted an indelible influence on the design in the 20th century.

Bauhaus's Educational Enlightenment

The development of modern design education inherits the theoretical system of Bauhaus design education in Germany. From Bauhaus's educational practice in Germany, we can sum up some enlightening things for today's design education. This is the trinity modern design education mode of teaching, research and practice. While completing normal teaching tasks, teaching serves research and practice; Research provides theoretical guidance for teaching and practice; Practice provides verification for teaching and research, and also provides possible economic support for modern design education. This virtuous circle education system has been adopted by modern design education in western countries almost without exception since Bauhaus. In recent years, we learn from foreign advanced education experience and advocate quality education, and begin to realize the importance of this education system for quality education.

Facing today's student groups, we should not only implement the trinity model, but also cultivate qualified talents urgently needed by society and market. Under this educational mode, students can not only learn more professional knowledge, but also have profound theoretical literacy and relatively skilled practical operation ability, thus having strong competitive strength in society. In today's social development and economic market conditions, what is needed is not bookworm students, but compound talents with strong comprehensive ability. Our school education has not reached the standard of social or market demand, and the cultivation of students' practical application ability should be completed by schools, but in fact it is completed by a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, not schools. In our investigation, we found that these small and medium-sized enterprises complained bitterly and thought that they had become the training base and talent pool of large enterprises. However, the rules of the game in the market economy make these SMEs helpless. This phenomenon has existed for a long time, and it continues to heat up, reflecting the serious defects in our school education system.

Today, we have entered the information age, and the emergence of a large number of high and new technologies can also enable us to directly adopt high and new technologies for practical teaching activities. Today, in order to meet the needs of the times, we have gradually established a trinity education model of teaching, research and practice in the educational reform, which not only meets the objective needs of talent training in the information age, but also fully embodies the educational principles of Bauhaus's art design.

Bauhaus is the first college established in the world to develop modern design education, which opened a new era of design education in the industrial age.

Three development stages of Bauhaus:

The first stage (19 19- 1925) is Weimar period.

President Gropius (1883- 1969) put forward the lofty ideal of "the new unity of art and technology" and shouldered the sacred mission of training designers and architects in the 20th century. He recruited talented people, hired artists and craftsmen to teach, and formed a new education system combining art education with handicraft production.

The second stage (1925- 1932) is the geosyncline period.

Bauhaus rebuilt in Dessau, Germany, and carried out curriculum reform, implementing the teaching method of integrating design and production teaching, and achieved excellent results. This period is its peak. 1928, Gropius resigned as the dean of Bauhaus College, and was succeeded by hannis Mayer (1889- 1954), head of the Department of Architecture. This party member architect expanded Bauhaus's artistic radicalism into political radicalism, which made Bauhaus face more and more political pressure. Finally, Meyer himself had to resign on 1930 and was succeeded by Mies Van Derro (1886- 1969). Meese, who took over, faced the pressure of Nazi forces and tried his best to maintain the operation of the school. Finally, 1932+00 was forced to close Bauhaus after the Nazis occupied Deso in June.

The third stage (1932- 1933) Berlin period.

Missy Van Delow moved the school to an abandoned office building in Berlin, trying to reorganize it. Because the spirit of Bauhaus was not tolerated by the Nazi Germany, Mies finally could do nothing in front of the Nazi government that just came to power in 1933, and announced the permanent closure of Bauhaus in August of that year. 1933+0 1 Bauhaus closed in June, and 14 had to end its development. The Berlin period lasted only six months.

Bauhaus new school building

1 925 On April1day, the new Bauhaus College opened in the small industrial city of Deso. Gropius thought that the building and planning of the new school itself was a silent "manifesto", so he personally designed the new school building of Disuo according to the principle of Bauhaus. This building, known as a milestone of modern architecture, is designed in full accordance with Bauhaus's design concept. Different functions such as classroom, practice workshop and student dormitory can be freely combined to form a plane similar to a windmill. Each different part is different in appearance, and the height is scattered. The whole body is simple and lively, without any decoration. The practice workshop facing the main street is a large area of glass curtain wall with mechanical window opening device and dark gray gable with seven vertical letters "Bauhaus" written on it. The rest are white powder walls and black steel windows. The interior of the building is decorated with steel pipe leather furniture designed by MarcelBreuer. Reinforced concrete buildings, all of which are cube-shaped, with white surface and no unnecessary decoration, rely on simple block space to form surface ups and downs and bumps, which are full of rhythm. Because of their simplicity, these buildings also created the lowest construction cost at that time, 20 cents per square foot.

Comparison with traditional architecture;

The traditional architectural concept is to consider the appearance first, and then put the requirements of different functions into the shell, "outside first, then inside." Gropius is "from the inside out". Firstly, determine the spaces determined by the functions of each part, which form a reasonable overall appearance, and the functions determine the shape.

Traditional architecture adopts the principle of symmetry, while modern design adopts flexible and irregular plane layout, multi-direction, multi-volume, multi-axis and multi-channel methods to form a patchwork, criss-crossing, varied and lively artistic effect.

The new building adopts a frame structure, which separates the wall from the load-bearing parts, expands the area of the window and makes the window an important part of the appearance. The glass and geometric order of windows are the most striking features of new buildings.

Bauhaus teaching:

Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus, put forward the slogan of "new unification of art and technology" in view of the situation of "opposition between technology and art" in large-scale industrial production since the industrial revolution, and this theory gradually became the core of Bauhaus's educational thought. Bauhaus education pays attention to the cultivation of students' comprehensive creative ability and design quality.

Before Bauhaus, the school of design focused on teaching artistic skills. For example, the School of Design, the predecessor of the Royal Academy of Art, has three courses: form, color and decoration. Most of them are artists and very few are art designers. In order to meet the requirements of modern society for designers, Bauhaus established a modern design education system of "new combination of art and technology", and initiated modern design education courses such as basic courses, technical courses, professional design courses, theoretical courses and engineering courses related to architecture, and trained a large number of modern designers with both artistic skills and scientific and technological application knowledge and skills.

Bauhaus's whole teaching reform is attacking the classical tradition that dominates the college and putting forward the "factory apprenticeship system". The whole teaching lasted three and a half years. In the first half of the year, I studied three courses, namely "Basic Modeling", "Material Research" and "Factory Principle and Practice". Then, according to the students' specialties, they entered the "apprenticeship" education in the last three years. Those who pass the examination will be issued with a "mechanic graduation certificate". Then, after practical work training (internship), those with excellent grades entered the "research department" and graduated from the research department to obtain the Bauhaus diploma. In school, teachers and students do not address each other, but are called "master", "mechanic" and "apprentice". What is done not only conforms to the function but also expresses the author's thoughts-this is Bauhaus's requirement for students' works. Its teaching emphasizes direct experience. Bauhaus's main courses have been changing and developing.

Bauhaus course

Practical guide

Material research

working methods

Formal guidance

Observation class: the study of nature and materials

Painting: geometric research, structural practice, sketch, model making.

Composition course: research and design of volume and color

Each course was originally taught by a plastic teacher and a technical teacher, teaching art and design, as well as skills and methods.

In order to implement the Bauhaus teaching system, the college has set up relevant factories for the practice of various courses. The factories are both classrooms and workshops:

Weaving factory: mainly focusing on the weaving design of metal materials and fiber materials.

Ceramic Factory: Tang Bao Ceramic Factory, 20 kilometers away from Weimar, is a practical factory.

Wood factory: the products of this factory pursue strict geometric structure.

Gold factory: 1925 moved to the establishment.

Textile mill: 1925 moved to the establishment.

teacher

Among Bauhaus's teachers, Wa-ssily Kandinsky and Paul klee, who teaches textile design, are teachers.

Klee) and Farninger are recognized as masters of painting in the 20th century. Ambassador Mo-laszlo Mo-holyNagy, member.

Bauhaus's teaching changed from handicraft to industrial design. In addition, painter john eaton, architect Mies van der Rohe, Hanez Meyer, furniture designer Marcel Brewer and lamp designer William Wagenfeld are all the backbone of Bauhaus.

Basic courses:

Kandinsky Course: 1) Analysis and research of nature; 2) Analysis and drawing

Paul klee Course: 1) Analysis of natural phenomena; 2) Research on modeling, space, movement and perspective.

John eaton course: 1) natural object practice; 2) Structural exercises of different materials; 3) Analysis of ancient famous paintings

Laszlo moholy nagy's course: 1) suspension exercise; 2) Volume space exercises; 3) Balance exercises with different materials.

4) structural exercises; 5) texture practice; 6) the practice of combining iron wire with wood; 7) Composition and painting

Albers course: 1) combination exercise; 2) Paper modeling exercises; 3) Paper-cut modeling practice; 4) iron plate modeling practice;

5) wire modeling exercises; 6) illusion practice; 7) Glass modeling practice

Other basic courses: color foundation, painting, sculpture, pattern, photography, etc.

Basic craft courses: woodworking, furniture, ceramics, sheet metal, stained glass, weaving, wallpaper, printing, etc.

Other professional design courses: exhibition, stage, architecture, printing design, etc.

Architectural research course is a special elective course for engineering and various topics.

These courses basically cover the knowledge of modeling, design and skills included in modern design education.

This curriculum system has laid an important foundation for modern design education.

1927, the Bauhaus Department of Architecture was formally established, which was presided over by the outstanding Swiss architect Hannesmeyer (1889-1954) and offered courses on structure, statics, drawing, architecture, urban and regional planning, etc. Their planning and design for Desso workers' residential area and Bainuo trade union school near Berlin were highly praised.

In view of the above Bauhaus teacher, Bauhaus put the basic principles of the development of modern art schools into the track of Bauhaus plastic education; But also brought together all kinds of modeling ideas at that time, and further formed a system, which finally contributed to the emergence of visual language. As people commented at that time, "Bauhaus's works made people understand the new ideas hidden behind modern painting. Bauhaus's research is based on the exploration of new space. This exploration begins with comprehensive cubism. Russian supremacism in the early 20th century and de stijl in the Netherlands are all reflections of this. It is Bauhaus who promoted this local visual language arrangement to Bauhaus modeling theory with international visual language characteristics. Bauhaus's theoretical works-laszlo Mo-holyNagy's series of works such as Building from Materials and Dynamic Vision. Laszlo laszlo moholy nagy's theory was put into practice in Bauhaus, Chicago, which formed the basis of 20th century modeling teaching materials. Bauhaus can systematize visual language because all people are surrounded by the tangible and colorful living environment around them, constantly stimulated by these shapes and colors, and arouse all kinds of feelings and moods. These feelings from people's hearts must be expressed in some way. Therefore, visual language is the fundamental experience of everyone in the world. This is a broader and more important concept of life design.

Bauhaus principle

The Unity of Art and Technology

The purpose of design is people, not products.

Design must follow the principles of nature and objectivity.

Bauhaus thought

Bauhaus's lofty ideals and lofty goals can be embodied in the Bauhaus Declaration.

"A complete building is the ultimate goal of visual arts. The noblest duty of an artist is to beautify architecture. Today, they live in isolation, and only through self-awareness and struggle with all technicians can they save themselves. Architects, painters and sculptors must re-recognize that architecture is an entity with various aesthetic feelings. Only in this way can his works be injected into the spirit of architecture and not be lost in the art of salon. ...

Architects, sculptors and painters, we should all turn to applied art. ...

Art is not a specialized profession. There is no difference between artists and technicians. The artist is just a smug craftsman. At the precious moment when inspiration appeared and exceeded personal will, God's gift turned his works into flowers of art. However, skilled technology is indispensable for every artist. The root of real creative imagination is based on this. ……

Let's set up a new designer organization. In this organization, there is absolutely no professional class concept that can set up barriers between technicians and artists. At the same time, let's create a new future temple integrating architecture, sculpture and painting, which stands in the sky with the hands of millions of artists and becomes a distinctive symbol of a new belief. "

The manifesto was written by 36-year-old Gropes. On the title page is the Cathedral under the Starlight by the expressionist painter Faninger. The ideological influence of william morris and Van der Wilde can be seen in the manifesto.

Bauhaus's influence on architectural thought

19 At the end of the 20th century, great turmoil occurred in the field of western culture and thought. Under this social background, Germany and France became the most active places of radical architectural thoughts at that time. German architects Gropius, Ludwig ludwig mies van der rohe and French architect le corbusier are the most important representatives who advocate comprehensive architectural reform. 19 19 Gropius founded a new design school, Bauhaus, which became the reform center of architecture and arts and crafts in the 1920s. 1923, le corbusier published "Towards New Architecture", and put forward the thought and theory of radical reform of architectural design. 1927, under the auspices of Ms. Smith, an architectural exhibition was held in Stuttgart, Germany to show the new residential design. From 65438 to 0928, new architects from all over the world set up the organization of "International Conference on Modern Architecture". By the end of the 20th century, after many people's active exploration, an architectural theory aimed at meeting the needs and conditions of industrialized society was gradually formed, which is the so-called modernist architectural trend of thought.

Modernist architectural trend of thought itself includes many schools, each with different emphasis and unique creation. But from the speeches and works published by Gropius and le corbusier in the 1920s, we can see the following basic features:

First, it emphasizes that architecture changes with the development of the times, and modern architecture should adapt to the industrial age.

The second is to emphasize that architects should study and solve the practical functions and economic problems of buildings.

Three, advocate the active use of new materials and new structures, and promote the innovation of building technology.

Fourth, it advocates resolutely getting rid of the shackles of architectural styles in history and creating new buildings.

Fifth, develop architectural aesthetics and create new architectural styles.

Modernism is the most important and far-reaching architectural trend of thought among many architectural trends of thought in the 20th century. Modernist architectural thought reached its climax in 1950s and 1960s. The appearance of "international style" provides a theoretical excuse for modernism. They "opened up new creative potential in the era of machine production and have enthusiasm for machines." Emphasizing function determines form, ignoring national characteristics and individuality, pursuing purity and opposing decoration, this international language gradually pushes towards rationality and standardization, which eventually leads to the extreme of modernism. Later, the arguments and creative ideas rooted in the principle of opposition in modernist architecture rose constantly. One after another, such as: postmodernism, pure opposition to modernism; Retro neoclassicism; Even neoneoclassicism; High-tech school that fully exposes the structure and shows the prototype of various mechanical and electrical equipment; Rationalism that combines rationality, emotion, abstraction and history; Deconstruction, post-structuralism, anti-constructivism and other architectural trends of thought.

The architectural revolution also promoted the development of industrial design. The purpose of designing products is to meet people's needs, and the development of product forms is endless, so aesthetic design has no extremes and ends. As Gropius, the standard-bearer of Bauhaus, pointed out in Overall Architectural View: "History shows that the concept of beauty changes with the progress of thought and technology. Anyone who thinks he has discovered' eternal beauty' will surely fall into imitation and stagnation. True tradition is the product of continuous progress. Its essence is moving, not static. Tradition should push people forward. " . Product design urgently requires people to correctly understand the relationship between product form and aesthetics, and design and manufacture a modern "artwork" with formal aesthetic feeling-product design with "beauty" scale.

"Bauhaus" In the early 1920s, the productivity of the modern capitalist world changed with the progress of science and technology.

People's material living environment has also changed people's inner thoughts. Bauhaus emphasized "the unity of art and technology", inherited Morris's "humanization" and advocated the creative spirit. The new visual language initiated by Bauhaus aims at establishing a new cultural unity as a visual expression of modern industrial society and realizing cultural reintegration. "This attitude is based on the overall concept of people-oriented. An artist should be a model of a complete person. We should restore the original position of artists in the production world, guide nature with scientists and entrepreneurs, and make our living environment have a beautiful form and significance. The artist's creation of the organic arrangement of life will certainly benefit and promote the appearance of the beauty of life. "

Bauhaus's influence on modern design

After Bauhaus was forced to dissolve, Bauhaus's designers went into exile in France, Switzerland and Britain, and most of them went to the United States. The center of European architecture and industrial design has moved to the United States. For example, after living in Britain for three years, Gropius went to the United States on 1937 and became the head of the architecture department of Harvard University. Since then, Brouilhet has gone to Gropius to start construction business in the United States. Mies Van Derlow lived in Germany temporarily and went to the United States to teach at Illinois Institute of Technology on 1937.

Herbert Simon and Peter Hans also go to school to teach. Klee went to Switzerland and Kandinsky went to Paris. Beye is the artistic director of any advertising company in new york. From 65438 to 0937, laszlo Mo-holyNagy, the teacher of Bauhaus, established the "New Bauhaus" in Chicago, and continued to carry forward the spirit of Bauhaus in the German period. Later, it was renamed "Chicago Design Institute (1Institute of Design Chicago)". Later, it merged with Illinois Institute of Technology and became the most famous design school in America. Since then, the European design movement has flourished in the United States and reached its climax.

Although the school history of Bauhaus was only 65,438+3 months in 2004, with only 520 graduates, it laid a solid foundation for mechanical design culture and modern industrial design education. Bauhaus's aim of running a school is to train a group of builders of the future society. They can not only recognize the trends and needs of the industrial age in the twentieth century, but also make full use of their scientific and technological knowledge to create a new environment with high development of spiritual civilization and material civilization. As Gropius said, "The first responsibility of a designer is his master." As Najib said: "The purpose of design is people, not products". In fact, Bauhaus's fruitful achievements in reconciling "people" and "artificial environment" have far exceeded the scientific achievements of19th century. The emergence of Bauhaus is the inevitable result of the combination of modern industry and art, and it is the most important milestone in the history of modern architecture, industrial design and art.

Bauhaus's main achievements and influence analysis are as follows:

1. Bauhaus broke the stale and outdated educational concept that completely separated "pure art" from "practical art".

Then put forward the new educational ideal of "collective creation".

2. Bauhaus completed the bridge work between "art" and "industry", which integrated art and technology.

Get new unity.

3. Bauhaus accepted machinery as an artist's creative tool and developed mass production methods.

Bauhaus realized that "technical knowledge" can be taught and "creativity" can only be stimulated.

Set a good standard for modern design education.

5. Bauhaus developed modern design style and pointed out the correct direction for modern design.

Bauhaus's design can be seen everywhere in today's life, but it was denounced as barbaric and arrogant at that time, which was a rebellion against classical civilization. Although people have used "Bauhaus style" to show their respect for Bauhaus, Gropius himself is firmly opposed to this formulation. He pointed out that Bauhaus's purpose was to oppose turning style into rigid dogma.

Bauhaus's Influence on Design Education in China

Bauhaus's influence on China's design was the earliest influence on arts and crafts. Of course, the earliest design education in New China was arts and crafts education. For example, Professor Zhang, a doctoral supervisor in the Art Department of Southeast University, was the first to engage in pattern teaching and theoretical research on arts and crafts. In Tian Zibing's Introduction to Arts and Crafts 199 1 edition, we can also clearly see the traces of Bauhaus' influence, although the understanding and understanding at that time were not exactly the same as now.

"We also take foreign modern craft ideas as an example to illustrate. The understanding of this dual attribute of material function and spiritual function is manifested in the biased understanding of "sensibility" and "rationality"19th century, British craftsman Morris advocated the craft movement. Because of the industrial revolution at that time, machine-made daily necessities replaced ancient traditional manual production. Morris thinks that the roughness and simplicity of machine products are not as artistic as handmade products. Therefore, it is advocated to resume handicraft production and personally design and make furniture, tapestries, wallpapers, decorations and so on. This kind of craft thought does not pay attention to the combination of arts and crafts with the times, does not adapt to the new production conditions, does not meet the new needs of people's material life and spiritual life, pays attention to artistry, ignores productivity, deviates from the pace of the times and violates historical laws. So only perceptual knowledge shows its bias. Compared with Morris, it is Bauhaus's craft thought system in the early 20th century. Bauhaus is a comprehensive modeling school founded in Germany in 19 19. Founded in Weimar in the early days, it was persecuted by Nazis and moved to Dessau in 1925, and closed in 1932. Later, the main members of the school went into exile in the United States, and the American Bauhaus was founded in Chicago on 1938. The main representative of Bauhaus is architect Gropius, who advocates the combination of art and industry. It is believed that in the era of very developed industry, scientific achievements should be used to create functional new technology beauty on the basis of industrial technology. Although machine products are boring, machines are just tools. It is necessary to solve the contradiction between machine production and artistic expression and make design, production and economy organically unified. Bauhaus's craft thought attaches importance to the application of modern materials, modern technology and modern structure, and creates aesthetic value directly by modern industry, which is of great value for the creation of arts and crafts, adapting to the development of the times, combining with the needs of life, opening up new fields of arts and crafts and enlightening craft thinking. Bauhaus's craft thought emphasizes that the beauty of craft is the inevitable result of embodying function and using structure, and thinks that tradition is the factor that hinders the design of machine products, so he thinks that function is beauty and ignores the role of national cultural tradition. This rational concept also shows its bias. Therefore, a new technical trend of thought emerged later, emphasizing the proximity of human nature and the diversity of personality. "

The arts and crafts mentioned by Tian Zibing at that time are exactly what we call design or artistic design today, and the influence of Bauhaus has been influencing to this day, which of course has positive guiding significance. However, excessively adhering to this outdated concept has actually become an obstacle to the development of design education in contemporary China. If we can't overcome it, we can't innovate and develop.

The ideals of Gropius and Bauhaus, namely "people-oriented" and "balanced and all-round development", have been fully reflected in their education system. In particular, Professor john eaton, as the creator of the Bauhaus basic course, combined the traditional spiritual culture of the East with the scientific progress of the West to overcome the crisis brought by the so-called modern material civilization. He attaches great importance to inspiring students' personality, and divides students into three types: those who tend to express their spirit, those who tend to be rational in structure and those who tend to be truly reproduced, and gives different guidance. Eaton's system has many striking similarities with the traditional education method in China, and it is very consistent with the "meaning-oriented" performance system in the East.

The name setting of design specialty in China is similar to that of Bauhaus more than 70 years ago. Taking the classification of design major of Shanghai Donghua University as an example;

School of Art and Design: industrial modeling design, visual communication, design environment, art design, computer art design, decorative art design.

Fashion Institute: Fashion Art Design Fashion Design Engineering Fashion Performance Art

Undergraduate: Take the course structure of industrial modeling as an example, the courses of other majors are basically similar.