Geological engineers publish papers

Geological engineering is the basic engineering on which social development depends, and has become the key technical support for national economic target design and social progress. The following are the papers published by geological engineers that I collected for you. Welcome to read the reference!

Paper published by geological engineer 1

Construction technology and management analysis of tunnel and underground engineering

Underground engineering and tunnel construction have been widely concerned. This paper first summarizes the construction technology level in China, then briefly discusses the construction technology and management of tunnels and underground projects, and looks forward to the development direction of future technical methods.

Keywords: tunnel; Underground engineering; Technical management

foreword

With the continuous development of our country, all walks of life are also making progress, and so is technology. The above-ground construction industry is in full swing, and relatively low-rise buildings are also under way. In recent years, the construction of underground engineering has become a hot topic. With the successful landing of a number of large-scale construction projects in China, a design and construction upsurge has been triggered, such as the smooth development of Qinghai-Tibet Railway and other projects, which also provides good experimental conditions for the related construction research and technical level improvement in China. With the further development of underground projects such as large tunnels, China has higher and higher requirements for the construction technology level of underground tunnels and other related projects. The perfection and summary of technology is an essential factor for future development and a favorable condition for improving the safety of safe construction, which requires the continuous development of construction technology and management of tunnels and underground projects in China.

Present situation of underground engineering in China

The reform and opening up has ushered in the spring of underground engineering construction technology in China, and at the same time, the related supporting development technology has also made remarkable achievements. Especially in recent years, tunnels, railways, highways and urban subways have made great progress, and the design technology and construction technology have also been greatly improved.

2. 1 traffic tunnel

Tunnels belong to underground engineering, mainly referring to the construction of railway, highway and subway tunnels. At present, in China, railway tunnels are in the leading position in underground engineering construction, regardless of length, design technology or construction technology. At present, there are not many cities operating, and the length is not long. There are relatively many projects under construction, and cities that have already opened subways are also carrying out expansion projects. In 1980s, China built a highway tunnel. However, due to the technical limitations of that era, the development scale of highway tunnels is not large, and most of them focus on short tunnel construction, so it is difficult to design long tunnels and large-scale tunnels. After the reform and opening up, in order to effectively improve the rapid and safe development of China's transportation industry, a number of highway tunnels have been built, including the Bapanling double-track highway tunnel in Liaoning. The total length reaches1.600 m. With the rapid development of expressways in China in recent years, there are nearly 2,000 tunnels in China, many of which are over 10km in length.

2.2 Water Conservancy and Hydropower Tunnel

Water conservancy and hydropower tunnel engineering refers to hydraulic tunnel and underground powerhouse, in which tunnels are guiding water tunnels and diversion tunnels. Underground powerhouse refers to the relevant watertight cavern, including the main powerhouse and auxiliary powerhouse of the power station. China's water conservancy and hydropower tunnels have flourished since the middle and late 1970s, and a number of famous hydropower projects have been built.

2.3 underground engineering

As an underground project in China, it mainly includes municipal pipeline projects, underground shopping malls and other underground buildings. With the continuous development of China's economy, urban planning is also developing. The development of urbanization leads to the increase of urban density. In order to ensure the steady improvement of residents' living standards, the demand for various facilities such as electricity is also increasing, which requires more optimized design of pipelines and perfect transformation of old pipelines. The foundation of solving this problem is to build urban underground tunnels. At present, the utilization of urban underground space has been increasing, and many cities have built underground shopping malls and other projects. Because underground engineering has strong disaster prevention and resilience, less interference, the older it is, the more concerned it is. At the same time, some underground warehouses are developing.

Present situation of underground construction technology in China

3. 1 NATM

At present, NATM is the main underground construction method in China. The so-called NATM tunnel construction technology is usually called anchor spraying method in China. For this method, it is mainly used in the construction of underground tunnels. The main advantages of NATM are less interference to the ground during construction and low construction investment cost. Moreover, due to its long-term use and development in China, its application experience is relatively mature. In the application of NATM, the rock geology is mainly through distribution or full-face excavation, while the soil layer will be reinforced first and then excavated, and the project with groundwater will adopt the scheme of dewatering first and then construction. The main projects that NATM aims at are ridge tunnels, subways and underground workshops. At present, it is the main construction method adopted in China.

NATM has also been widely used in the field of underground engineering in the world, and it has also made great achievements and development. Many countries have adopted NATM for construction. According to the unique geological conditions in China, NATM has also been developing and innovating, and developed a new type of shallow-buried underground excavation method, which has the advantages of high adaptability and flexibility to special geological strata. At present, most subway construction projects in China are developed by NATM.

3.2 shield method

The use of shield method can be traced back to Shanghai in 1950s and 1960s. At that time, Shanghai needed to build urban low drainage system and adopt traditional shield machine for construction. As time went into the 1980s and 1990s, China made more innovations in shield method, such as adopting compressed air method, transforming grid format into mud-water method and earth pressure method. The main advantage of shield method is that the construction process is safe and fast, which will not cause too much pressure on the environment and is more environmentally friendly. At present, this method is suitable for many subway projects in China. With the long-term use and development of shield method in building engineering, its construction technology level has been improved faster, and the changes of emerging technologies make the use of shield method more extensive, and it is also suitable for various geological projects.

The improvement of shield method also includes four points: First, participate in the design of shield machine to make it more suitable for the development of the project, and at the same time improve the domestic related design and manufacturing level. Secondly, I am more familiar with the technical method and calculation technology of using shield tunnel. Thirdly, mastering relevant technologies makes the project construction safer and more efficient. Finally, the construction experience without geological conditions has been continuously improved.

3.3 Shallow excavation method

Shallow-buried excavation method is extended from NATM, mainly due to the innovative construction method of China designer in the construction of 1986 Beijing subway project, which is mainly aimed at the inapplicability of NATM and the surrounding rock geological conditions in loose soil medium. Its main advantage is that it will not produce pollution and is suitable for tunnels of various sizes. Shallow-buried excavation method is a kind of supporting measure which mainly excavates through the self-stabilization ability of soil in a short time. Shallow excavation method is widely used because it can save many processes such as demolition and road excavation.

3.4 drilling explosion

China has a vast territory and diverse geological types, which is more suitable for drilling and blasting in hard rock strata. There are many methods of drilling and blasting excavation, such as positive bench method and reverse bench method. There are more options for blasting and initial support. The waterproof method adopted is considered as a good anti-leakage measure.

Through years of construction experience, China R&D has summed up many new technologies that are more suitable for all kinds of geology, such as construction technology in frozen soil areas, such as horizontal freezing method in river-crossing tunnel construction and so on.

Development of Tunnel and Underground Engineering

4. 1 development trend of underground engineering

The continuous development of underground tunnel engineering in China is synchronous with the development planning of national cities, which can be said to be interlinked. The development of underground engineering has promoted China's economic development, and the rapid development of China's economy has also promoted the development of building technology. In the western development of China, there are higher requirements for tunnel traffic and hydropower projects, which are necessary conditions for improving local economic development and construction. For coastal cities, underground connection and other projects are also developing rapidly. China has made great progress in all kinds of traffic tunnels and hydropower, and built a large number of large-scale factory projects, which has made the underground engineering construction in China enter a more prosperous development period.

4.2 Development prospect of underground engineering

Due to the huge financial support, many underground projects have been supported and developed. In view of the continuous development of the city and high population density, the demand for underground engineering is greater. In the past ten years, the development of urban planning in China has reached a new stage. The utilization of underground resources, the construction of urban development conditions and urban development have also brought a faster economic development climax to China. Make some cities become developed cities.

Concluding remarks

China's economic development has also promoted the continuous development of underground engineering, and in the process of accumulating experience and construction, underground engineering construction has also made corresponding achievements. Because many cities respond to the new strategy of national economic development, they need the construction of underground engineering more, which puts forward higher requirements for related construction technology. I believe that in the future, China's underground tunnel engineering will have a better prospect and will certainly achieve greater success.

refer to

[1] Max Zhang I. Mechanical analysis of the excavation of the subway station by the middle tunnel method [J]. China Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, People's Republic of China (PRC). 38880.88888888886

Wang Mingyuan, Ma Baoguo, Gao Yanji, Zhou Qing. Study on permeability of shield segment concrete in Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel [J]. Underground engineering and tunnel. 2009

Kang liqing. Study on Stability of Surrounding Rock of Deep-buried Tunnel [J]. Shanxi Architecture. 2008

Chen, Liang Ninghui, Zhu Zebing. Numerical Analysis on Construction Mechanics of Long-span Shallow-buried Urban Light Rail Station Tunnel [J]. chinese journal of underground space and engineering, China. 2008

[5] __ Hou. Study on Construction Technology of Highway Tunnel in Yunnan Mountainous Area [D]. Chang 'an University .2009

Geological engineers publish papers II.

Discussion on engineering geological survey

Engineering geological survey is the premise and foundation of engineering construction. The following contents of this paper will briefly analyze engineering geological survey for reference only.

Keywords engineering; Geological survey; Investigation; Geomorphology; hydrology

1. Introduction

Since the reform and opening up, with the continuous development of economy, China's infrastructure has ushered in a climax of construction. Engineering geological investigation is a geological investigation and research work to find out the geological factors affecting engineering construction. As the necessary premise and foundation of infrastructure construction, it has also been greatly developed. The following contents of this paper will briefly analyze the engineering geological survey for reference only.

2. The contents of engineering geological investigation

Engineering geological survey is the general name of geological surveying and mapping, exploration, indoor test and in-situ test to study and evaluate the engineering geological conditions of construction sites, which provides necessary basis and parameters for the planning, design and construction of engineering construction. Engineering geological investigation is a geological investigation and research work to find out the geological factors affecting engineering construction. Geological factors required for investigation include geological structure or geological structure, topography, hydrogeological conditions, physical and mechanical properties of rock and soil, natural (physical) geological phenomena, natural building materials, etc. These are usually called engineering geological conditions. After finding out the engineering geological conditions, it is necessary to predict the mode, characteristics and scale of the interaction between engineering buildings and geological environment (i.e. engineering geological action) according to the structural and operational characteristics of construction projects, and make a correct evaluation, so as to provide a basis for determining protective measures and ensure the stability and normal use of buildings. According to the author's many years of practical experience, it is considered that the contents of geological survey mainly include the following aspects:

(1) Collect and study existing data of regional geology, topography, remote sensing photos, hydrology, meteorology, hydrogeology, earthquakes, as well as engineering experience and existing survey reports.

(2) Engineering geological survey and mapping.

(3) See Engineering Geological Mapping and Exploration for engineering geological exploration.

(4) See geotechnical test and field prototype observation, rock mechanics test and test for geotechnical test and observation.

(5) Data collation and compilation of engineering geological investigation report.

Engineering geological investigation is usually carried out step by step according to the engineering design stage, and the stage division is different for different types of engineering projects. For small and medium-sized projects with certain engineering data and simple engineering geological conditions, the investigation stage can also be merged appropriately.

3. Engineering geological survey methods

According to the author's practical experience for many years and referring to other materials, it is considered that the engineering geological survey methods mainly include the following aspects:

3. 1 Engineering geological surveying and mapping is the basic work of engineering geological investigation. Investigate and study various engineering geological conditions related to engineering construction activities in a certain range, make engineering geological maps with a certain scale, and analyze the possible engineering geological effects and their influence on the designed buildings, so as to provide basis for the layout of exploration, test and observation. The choice of scale and surveying scope depends not only on the existing research level and the complexity of geological conditions in the building area, but also on the scale, type and design stage of the building. Small scale (1:65438+ 10,000,1:50,000) is used for regional engineering geological mapping in the planning and site selection stage; In the design stage, most of the surveying and mapping in the reservoir area adopts medium scale (1:25000,1:kloc-0/:000), and the dam site and site adopt large scale (1: 5000, 1: 6550). The contents of engineering geological surveying and mapping include geological structure, stratum lithology, landform and Quaternary geology, natural building materials, hydrogeological conditions, natural (physical) geological phenomena and engineering geological phenomena. All research on geological conditions must aim at predicting or demonstrating the mutual restriction or interaction between geological conditions and engineering activities, and closely combine the characteristics of engineering activities. When these conditions are unevenly distributed in the deep or the outcrop is not good, it is necessary to cooperate with the exploration work such as exploratory trench, exploratory pit, flat hole, drilling hole and vertical shaft to make necessary exposure. Engineering geological surveying and mapping usually adopts the method of instrument measurement, with topographic map of a certain scale as the base map, aerial photos, satellite photos and land photos, which are drawn into sketches through indoor interpretation, and then purposefully inspected on the spot, and further verified by photo interpretation, so as to measure more accurate engineering geological maps. It can also improve the efficiency and accuracy of surveying and mapping and reduce the workload of ground investigation.

3.2 Engineering geological exploration mainly includes engineering geophysical exploration, drilling and pit exploration. The following will be briefly analyzed:

(1) engineering geophysical exploration, referred to as engineering geophysical exploration for short, is to determine the differences of physical properties such as density, conductivity, elasticity, magnetism and radioactivity of various rocks, soils or geological bodies by using special instruments, and to judge the underground engineering geological conditions through analysis and interpretation. It is an indirect exploration method to detect underground engineering geological conditions on the basis of surveying and mapping work. According to working conditions, it can be divided into underground geophysical exploration (logging) and surface geophysical exploration; According to the physical properties of detection, it can be divided into electrical method, earthquake, sound wave, gravity, magnetic method, radioactivity and other methods. The most commonly used geophysical methods in engineering geological exploration include apparent resistivity method in electrical method, shallow refraction method in seismic exploration, acoustic exploration and so on. Comprehensive logging is often used in logging. The advantage of geophysical exploration is that the data obtained from multiple sections in different directions are three-dimensional and can detect large areas economically and quickly. On the basis of these data, testing and arranging exploration at abnormal points and control points can not only improve accuracy, but also reduce blindness. Logging can not only improve its quality, but also supplement the data obtained from drilling work. Using a variety of methods to carry out comprehensive geophysical exploration, and comparing and analyzing the comprehensive results, can significantly improve the quality of geological exploration, expand the scope of geophysical exploration to solve problems, shorten the period of engineering geological exploration and reduce the cost of engineering geological exploration. Because geophysical exploration needs indirect interpretation, only when there are significant differences in some physical properties or physical states between geological bodies (such as water content, fracture degree and karst degree) can better results be achieved.

(2) Drilling and pit exploration, which directly reveals the engineering geological conditions within the layout range and influence depth of buildings by drilling with drilling machinery or mining excavation, and provides accurate engineering geological profile measurement methods for engineering design. Its task is to find out the geological structure within the influence range of the building, understand the damage or integrity of the rock stratum, explore a good bearing stratum for the building, find out the structural plane (such as weak interlayer, fault and crack) or rock mass structure that has adverse influence on the stability of the building, expose the groundwater and observe its dynamics; Extracting geotechnical samples for testing; Provide drilling or tunnel for field test or long-term observation. Drilling is more efficient than pit exploration and is less affected by groundwater, surface water and detection depth, so it is widely used. However, it is not easy to obtain samples of cores and gravel layers of weak interbeds in riverbed, so it is impossible to carry out large-scale field tests when drilling holes. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to use borehole photography, or adopt large-aperture drilling technology, and use comprehensive geophysical logging or borehole TV to make up for its shortcomings. However, in key parts, it is necessary to use pit exploration projects such as flat tunnels, inclined shafts and vertical shafts to facilitate direct observation and testing of the target layer. The cost of pit exploration and drilling is high, so the number, location, depth, direction and structure of holes, pits and caves should be reasonably designed based on geophysical exploration and engineering geological mapping according to the problems that need to be identified in different engineering geological exploration stages, so as to obtain as much geological data as possible with as little workload as possible and ensure the necessary accuracy.

3.3 Indoor test and field in-situ test are means to obtain engineering geological design and construction parameters, quantitatively evaluate engineering geological conditions and engineering geological problems, and are components of engineering geological investigation. Laboratory tests include: measuring the physical properties, mechanical properties parameters and hydraulic properties of geotechnical samples. In-situ test includes in-situ direct shear test, penetration test, load test of bearing plate and in-situ stress measurement. Laboratory tests are often used in the early design stage of large buildings or when the design project is small and it is easy to obtain geotechnical samples. However, the indoor test sample is small, so it is difficult to maintain the natural structure and lacks representativeness. Therefore, in order to provide various parameters for the preliminary design and construction drawing design of construction projects, it is necessary to carry out on-site large sample tests on representative natural structures or aquifers. In order to obtain the physical and mechanical parameters of liquefied soft clay, loose water-bearing fine sand and strongly fractured rock mass, it is necessary to carry out in-situ testing.

3.4 Long-term observation: With special observation instruments, the natural (physical) geological effects and some important engineering geological effects that have an important influence on the engineering geological conditions of the construction area or on the engineering construction activities change with time, and repeated measurements are carried out for a long period of time. The main contents of observation are: (1) the change of groundwater level in rock and soil; Range, direction and speed of rock and soil displacement; Pressure on the failure surface of rock mass; Particle velocity caused by blasting; Peak particle acceleration; Load change of artificial reinforcement system, etc. This work is mainly carried out in the detailed exploration stage of construction drawing design demonstration of construction projects, and the observation of engineering geological effects is often carried out in the process of construction and building use. After sorting out and analyzing the long-term observation data, it can be directly used for engineering geological evaluation to test the accuracy of engineering geological prediction, and take timely preventive measures against adverse geological effects to ensure engineering safety.

end

As a necessary technical condition of engineering construction, engineering geological survey is also of great significance to ensure the safety of engineering construction and reduce the engineering cost. As technicians, we should keep learning in practice, pay attention to the advanced experience at home and abroad, and constantly improve our professional quality and comprehensive quality, so as to make due contributions to improving the quality of engineering geological survey.

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