What does industry concentration mean?

Question 1: What is the difference between industrial concentration and industrial concentration? One is the horizontal concept, and the other is the vertical concept.

Question 2: What is the industry concentration index? Industry concentration (CRn) Industry concentration, also known as "industry concentration", refers to the sum of market share (output value, output, sales volume, number of employees, total assets, etc.). ) Top N enterprises in related markets of this industry.

Question 3: The measurement index of industry concentration is the most basic and important factor to determine the market structure, which reflects the degree of competition and monopoly in the market. Commonly used indicators to measure industrial concentration are: industrial concentration (CRn index), Helfen Herfindal-Hirschman index (HHI, hereinafter referred to as Hirschman index), Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, inverse index and entropy index. There are many specific methods and corresponding indicators to measure industry concentration. Absolute concentration (>; CRn) and hefinder index (HI) are used as indicators to measure market concentration. Industry concentration refers to the sum of the market shares of the top N enterprises in the relevant market of this industry. For example, CR4 means that the four largest enterprises occupy the relevant market share. Similarly, the concentration ratio (CR5) of five enterprises and the concentration ratio (CR8) of eight enterprises can be calculated. However, the disadvantage of concentration is that it does not point out the total number of enterprises operating and competing in the relevant markets of this industry. For example, as high as 75% of products such as CR4 may have different shares in the two industries, because there may be only a few enterprises in one industry and many enterprises in the other. CRn index is expressed by the cumulative market share of the largest n enterprises in the industry, which accounts for the proportion of the whole industry market. Let the total sales of an industry be X and the sales of the I-th enterprise be Xi, then the market share of the I-th enterprise is Si=Xi/X, and let CRn be the sum of the market shares of the largest N enterprises in this industry, then there are: (see formula on the right 1) Generally speaking, if the industry concentration is CR4 or CR8>,

Question 4: Why is the industrial concentration in China not high? A typical example is the real estate industry. After years of development, the concentration has been very low, especially compared with the United States.

The market share of the four major advertising media industries in the United States has reached 52%, while that of China? The top eight are only about 3%. How high can the concentration of media advertising media industry be mentioned? With reference to the development of real estate, the situation is not optimistic.

1 is the influence of industry life cycle stage differences. The life cycle of real estate and advertising media in China is still in the growth stage. As can be seen from the changes in the number of enterprises and profit rate, the concentration is not high now, but there is a trend of further concentration in the future. This factor is only temporary and will change with the development of economy.

2. The influence of geographical division. China is a typical vassal economy, and each province, city and county has its own magical powers. Whoever can develop has the ability. Zhang Wuchang made a thorough analysis of this vassal economy in China Economic System. One manifestation of vassal economy is market segmentation, and all localities try to protect local enterprises. One of the consequences is that enterprises do not grow.

3. The influence of the state-owned economic system. An important feature of the state-owned economy is the soft budget constraint. Enterprises are insolvent and went bankrupt long ago abroad, but in China, as long as enterprises are state-owned, they can get strong support from local governments and banks. The influence of the state-owned economy keeps the damn enterprises alive. Correspondingly, enterprises that should grow up are difficult to grow up, and often face the competition of these enterprises without market principles.

4. * * * intervenes too much in the market. In this way, enterprises need to spend a lot of manpower and financial resources to deal with * * * departments, including all kinds of black or even gray transactions, which increases the transaction cost of the market, wastes the strength of enterprises and restricts them from becoming bigger and stronger. And those big state-owned enterprises, big but not strong, are all virtual fat people, with little competitiveness, and it is difficult to really grow up.

Only by changing these status quo can China enterprises grow and industrial concentration be effectively improved.

Question 5: What is concentration? Industry concentration refers to the sum of market share (output value, output, sales volume, number of employees, total assets, etc.). ) The top N enterprises in a certain industry-related market. It is a measure of the concentration of market structure in the whole industry, which is used to measure the difference between the number and relative scale of enterprises and an important quantitative index of market power. The high concentration of the industry shows that several large enterprises in the industry have a relatively large share and fierce market competition.

Question 6: Why is it that the higher the concentration of an industry, the less competition and the better the industry? 2 1 what is the most profitable and fashionable thing in the century? As we all know, the current DIY market is very broad, and now DIY gifts almost replace traditional gifts as birthday and holiday gifts. Animation DIY personalized gift customization industry has developed rapidly, which has become a great help for the development of the gift industry. As a gift, anime shop has a considerable market and unlimited profit space, and has become a dark horse in the field of investment and entrepreneurship, which is favored by more and more fashion hipsters. Plus tens of thousands of animations and cos photography, I recommend paying attention to anime shop and wish you good luck.

Question 7: There are some factors that affect industrial concentration, which will lead to low industrial concentration. In Porter's famous industrial competition theory, most of the scattered industries described are industries with low market concentration, and the products of these industries generally have one or more of the following product attributes and characteristics: (1) Short shelf life: for example, in the pastry industry and the milk industry, the shelf life of 1-5 days makes some ambitious local enterprises flinch and feel helpless. Danone Dairy has two production bases in Shanghai and Guangzhou. The company has excellent comprehensive strength in brand, management and talents. However, due to its leading product "2 1 day yogurt stored in cold storage area", its business scope can only be limited to the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, and it is difficult to expand the national market. (2) The storage and transportation cost is too high: for example, bottled water and ice cream cold drinks, the former is more important; The ex-factory price of 5- 10 yuan and the freight of 100 kilometers per barrel 1 yuan limit the regional expansion of most barreled water plants; The latter, from refrigerated trucks, refrigerated warehouses to supermarket refrigerated cabinets, has invested heavily in storage and transportation, and many local cold drink enterprises have to set aside a prison to occupy a corner. In addition, some products are easy to be damaged, too large, and the storage and transportation costs are too high, which is also an important factor affecting the low market concentration. (3) It is difficult to produce products on a large scale: that is, products cannot be copied quickly and at low cost, such as many handicrafts and local products. There are still some industries in China that are at the stage of manual workshops. Once there is machinery and equipment that can be produced on a large scale, the industry pattern may change dramatically. (4) Restricted by the supply of raw materials: the production base of some industries must be built around the location of raw materials, such as mineral water industry. Due to the limitation of mineral water sources, it is difficult for a large number of enterprises to expand outside the region, which is an important reason for the low market concentration of this industry. (1) The comprehensive strength of manufacturers in the industry is generally strong: (The comprehensive strength defined here includes the overall strength of core resources such as capital, management, marketing and talents. The market is full of dozens of brands with balanced strength, and the competition for market share among brands is fierce, but none of them is the best. For example, toothpaste, soap and sanitary napkins in daily necessities are relatively mature, and most of them are joint venture brands all over the world. These brands compete with each other, but none of them can stand out, resulting in low market concentration. It is difficult to find big market opportunities in these industries. (2) The comprehensive strength of manufacturers in the industry is generally weak: some manufacturers in the industry are in a low-level competition stage and the market is in a low-level equilibrium state. Manufacturers are unable (or unintentional) to build a strong brand, and they are fighting for each other, which leads to low market concentration in the industry. For example, candy industry, roasted seeds and nuts industry, mustard tuber industry and so on. If we dig carefully, there are many similar sub-industries. After all, China is still in the primary stage of market economy. This kind of industry is easier to tap market opportunities. Some industries, if completely market-oriented, may already be industries with high market concentration. However, due to local protection, artificial regional competition barriers have affected the market concentration of some industries. For example, there are many local brands in the beer, liquor and cigarette industries. In reality, the low market concentration in some industries may be caused by the repeated accumulation of one or more of the above factors. The more influencing factors, the more difficult it is to improve the market concentration; Similarly, the more thoroughly an enterprise analyzes the restrictive factors, the more it can find hidden industry opportunities, thus increasing its market share.

Question 8: What is brand concentration? Brand concentration generally refers to the proportion of the sales of the first few largest enterprises in an industry to the total sales of the industry.

Industry concentration, also known as industry concentration or market concentration, refers to the sum of market share (output value, output, sales volume, sales volume, number of employees, total assets, etc.). The number of the top N enterprises in a certain industry-related market is an index to measure the concentration of the market structure of the whole industry, which is used to measure the difference between the number and relative scale of enterprises and an important quantitative index of market power.

Industry concentration is the most basic and important factor to determine the market structure, which reflects the degree of competition and monopoly in the market. Commonly used concentration measurement indicators include: industry concentration (CRn index), Helfen Herfindal-Hirschman index (HHI, hereinafter referred to as Hirschman index), Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, inverse index and entropy index, among which concentration (CRn).

There are many specific methods and corresponding indicators to measure industry concentration. Absolute concentration (>; CRn) and hefinder index (HI) are used as indicators to measure market concentration.

Question 9: What are the influencing factors of industrial concentration? The main factors affecting industrial concentration are economic development, industrial competition, technical level and policy environment. As far as economic development is concerned, the growth of total domestic demand is the fundamental reason for the rapid development of the industry. China's huge domestic demand also attracts multinational companies to explore the China market, which intensifies the competition within the industry. But China's cities and countryside.

Question 10: the limitation of industry concentration. The logic of the traditional judgment method is that a certain index (sales volume or sales volume) of the top enterprises in the industry accounts for the percentage of the total industry, indicating the size of an enterprise's industry concentration, which can show its position in the market and its dominant position in the market, and is an important symbol of corporate image. This logic is based on the market and industry situation in the traditional mass production era. Because the difference between products is not obvious, the overall structure of the industry can be explained by the sales volume or sales volume of enterprises, but this situation has changed obviously in the development of modern economy. First of all, the product classification is becoming more and more detailed, the length and depth of the product line are constantly strengthened, and the differences between products are getting bigger and bigger, so the sales data can not accurately judge the concentration of the industry. Secondly, even the calculation of industry concentration based on sales volume is more effective than the calculation based on sales volume, but its explanatory significance is limited. It is generally believed that if the industrial concentration CR4