What kind of training should a professional astronaut receive?

Third, space environment adaptability training: according to different subjects, training and assessment are arranged regularly. Overweight endurance adaptive training: Manned centrifuges are generally used to help astronauts master the correct breathing countermeasures and improve their resistance. Two to three months before the space mission, astronauts should be trained according to the overweight curve of the real spacecraft ascending and returning, so that astronauts can have practical experience. People who have received such strict training have many times stronger tolerance for overweight than ordinary people who have not received training. Vestibular function training: mainly to reduce space motion sickness that is easy to occur in space flight. Space motion sickness is an unsolved problem in the space industry at present, with an incidence rate as high as 30% to 50%. Most scholars believe that space motion sickness originated from vestibular system. Different countries have different understandings of vestibular function training, and Russia attaches great importance to vestibular function training as a routine training content. At present, the United States has cancelled this training, and they have injected drugs into astronauts to prevent the occurrence of space motion sickness. China took a compromise approach, on the one hand, training, but also developed several drugs to prevent space motion sickness. Weightlessness adaptive training: make astronauts familiar with and master the skills of sports and various operations in weightlessness environment. Continuous Kepler parabolic flight with high-performance weightless aircraft can produce repeated weightless environment. Russia's Il -76 weightless aircraft can fly 15 to 20 parabolas at one take-off and landing, and each parabola can produce weightless time of 25 to 28 seconds. The KC-65,438+035 weightless aircraft in the United States can fly 20 to 30 parabolas in one take-off and landing, and each parabola can produce weightless time of about 25 seconds. In 1970s, China developed and modified the J-5 weightless aircraft, which is the third weightless aircraft in the world. It completed many scientific experiments and made great contributions to the selection of astronauts in the 1970s, but it was abandoned because of its narrow space and long history. In the current astronaut training, China astronauts go to Russia to do weightless aircraft experience training. Weightless aircraft are usually converted from high-performance jets. The cabin is spacious and can accommodate more than 20 people for training at the same time. There are handles on both sides, and the ground is covered with thick mats in case there are parachutes on the plane. Training is divided into two categories. Experiential training with general feelings, such as floating training and directional ability training, enables astronauts to adapt to weightlessness from psychological, physiological and physical aspects; Operation skill training is a kind of operation training often carried out in various spacecraft, including putting on and taking off spacesuits, eating and drinking, transferring objects, throwing heavy objects, reading and writing, taking photos and videos, operating instruments and equipment, etc., in order to improve the life and work skills and efficiency of astronauts. Because the weightless plane flies parabolically, weightlessness and overweight alternate, the astronauts' physical load is heavy and the operation is difficult, which is a test for the astronauts' body and will. In weightlessness, human blood often transfers to the head. In order to adapt to the redistribution of blood in this weightless state, we need to use the standing turntable for training. Most people imagine that the bed is always a comfortable and relaxing place, and this bed is a bit special, and the taste of lying on it is much worse than standing. During the training, astronauts also lie on their backs on the bed, while standing and turning over the bed for a few minutes to change their angles, first low, then high, and bending over several times. The blue veins on my neck are exposed, my nose is blocked and I have a headache. Through such repeated cardiovascular training, the adaptability of astronauts has been greatly enhanced. Weightless cabin training: it is an important facility for astronauts to train for extravehicular activities. China astronauts will conduct this training after the manned mission of Shenzhou 5 spacecraft is successfully completed. Aviation flight training: the "old job" of astronauts. Whether in the early days of manned space flight in the United States and Russia or in the selection of astronauts in China, astronauts are selected from outstanding pilots or test pilots of the Air Force. A very important reason is that pilots have the ability and experience to work at high altitude and the ability to respond quickly and deal with problems in an emergency. The current "Astronaut Training Plan" of Gagarin Astronaut Training Center in Russia clearly stipulates that the commander should carry out flight training for more than 70 hours every year, and the onboard engineer should also carry out flight training for more than 10 hours every year. American astronauts (mainly commanders and pilots) must master the flying skills of the space shuttle, and it is very important for them to maintain their flying skills. In the basic training stage, pilots fly 15 hours a month, and mission experts fly at least 4 hours a month. At the end of the one-year inspection period, a large number of space flight driving skills training, especially landing skills, will be carried out by commercial jets. This kind of plane can glide like a real space shuttle after being modified. Its cockpit has dashboard, steering column and brakes, just like the real space shuttle cockpit. To become a commander, an astronaut must perform 800 landing trainings to ensure that the space shuttle can land in a balanced way. China's flight training is generally carried out by fighters. Because spacecraft driving is different from space shuttle driving, the requirements for driving are relatively low, so the training time is less than that of the United States and Russia. Aviation flight training is a kind of risk training. Up to now, 16 astronauts have been killed in aviation flight training around the world, and Gagarin is one of them. However, this kind of training, which plays an important role in space flight, continues. Fourth, aerospace professional and technical training: the most difficult and critical period in astronaut training. It falls into two categories. The first is to master the driving of the spacecraft and the operation of various equipment and instruments in the cabin. The technical training of different spacecraft is different. If you want to fly in the space station, you must also increase the technical training of the space station. With the maturity of manned space technology, astronauts should carry out corresponding mission training, such as payload training, extravehicular activity training, rendezvous and docking training and so on. When conducting scientific experiments on the space station, connect the spacecraft with extravehicular activities. In China, these contents will be trained in the middle of the manned space program. It is not enough to master all kinds of operation skills, but also to train skilled flight procedures. The so-called flight procedure is the whole process of astronauts entering the cabin before launch and returning to land. Astronauts should be very skilled in knowing what to do and when to do it. They should be very clear about all the procedures. The flight is not smooth sailing, and accidents and emergencies may happen at any time, so the training is also set to normal flight procedure training, emergency flight procedure training and fault procedure training. Simulator is the main equipment for flight program training. Its internal structure and layout are the same as those of a real spacecraft. It can simulate the visual, vibration and noise effects of spacecraft during flight, and can also simulate the flight movement effects. In each flight period, astronauts see, hear and feel differently, which can simulate the scene of space flight. Astronauts should carry out corresponding inspections and operations according to procedures. Teachers can also set faults at will, so that astronauts can identify, judge and handle faults. Simulator training takes a long time, and in the middle and late stage of astronaut training, simulator training accounts for a large proportion, until the astronauts' reaction to all situations in flight becomes instinctive and as natural as breathing. Five, emergency life-saving training. The risk of manned space flight is self-evident, so how to avoid the danger and how to save lives and survive when the danger comes has become an important training content. Life-saving measures are carefully prepared from the waiting stage, ascending stage, orbiting stage, returning stage and landing stage of the aircraft. If the life of the astronauts is endangered by the failure of the rocket and spacecraft during the waiting period, the astronauts will be evacuated to a safe place through measures such as emergency evacuation in explosion-proof elevator and emergency evacuation on the slide. Shenzhou spaceship in our country also has an escape tower device. If the rocket fuel leaks before launch, it will threaten the life of astronauts, because the fuel is highly toxic. It is unwise to descend to the rocket base by elevator at this time. China has adopted emergency evacuation slide, which is a ropeway made of high elastic antistatic fabric. Astronauts enter it and are supported by two elbow joints to control the sliding speed. It takes astronauts less than 30 seconds to evacuate to a safe place far from the launch tower. Skydiving training: when the spacecraft is in danger during its ascent, it will use skydiving to save people. Skydiving training is also a training to cultivate good psychological quality. Land and water extravehicular training: astronauts must master the training content of the recoverable spacecraft, when to leave the cabin, preparation before leaving the cabin, how to leave the cabin and how to wait for rescue after leaving the cabin. Field survival training: When astronauts return in an emergency, they may land in an unplanned area. It may be uninhabited barren land such as desert, or virgin forest, or the sea of Wang Yang, which makes it impossible for astronauts to contact rescuers and get timely rescue. Here, astronauts must rely on themselves and their personal life-saving articles to survive. They should learn to contact for help, determine the location, use the equipment at hand to build temporary shelters, hunt, fish and pick edible wild plants to supplement food and drinking water reserves, and guard against the attacks of wild animals, pests and poisonous snakes. When training, we should choose typical bad weather and areas, such as conducting field survival training in cold areas, deserts, oceans and other environments, so that astronauts can stay there for a day or two to test their viability. Of course, this kind of training is based on ensuring safety. Sixth, large-scale joint exercises. Let astronauts and ground support personnel truly experience the flight implementation process and strengthen cooperation and coordination. China, the United States and Russia all attach great importance to this exercise, and they should rehearse it repeatedly before carrying out the task. Including the joint training of astronauts, spacecraft, rockets, launch sites, command and control centers and the joint training of astronauts and landing site system recovery and rescue personnel, just like a rehearsal before a formal performance. The training of astronauts is systematic and complete, and the time schedule is scientific. The training of the first astronauts in China has gone through five and a half years, which is close to two postgraduate study periods.