What are the camera operations?

Basic operation technology of camera 1. Shooting mode When shooting TV shots, the camera's activity modes are basically divided into fixed shooting and mobile shooting.

(1) fixed shooting

Fixed shooting is to fix the camera on a tripod and shoot according to the pre-selected direction, scene and angle. The shot taken in this way has never changed in the range of background and scene, and the movement of moving objects is also carried out in such a fixed range of the picture. In the process of fixed shooting, although the camera is fixed, it can change the shooting direction, scene and angle, resulting in various changes.

1, change direction

The change of direction refers to the change caused by choosing different shooting points around the subject when the height and distance between the camera and the subject are unchanged.

First, the front direction, completely facing the main body. This angle is beneficial to show the positive characteristics of the subject, has a sense of intimacy and is easy to communicate with the audience.

The second is the side direction, shooting at 90 degrees from the front of the subject. This angle helps to highlight the outline of the main body. If the subject is a person, it is easy to show the beauty of the outline and posture of the face. Therefore, when taking silhouette portraits, the frontal angle is usually adopted.

The third is the back direction, shooting from the back of the subject. This angle can show the characteristics behind the subject and give the audience a positive thinking space and unlimited daydreaming space.

2. Changes in scenery

The change of the scene is the change of the distance between the camera and the subject. The distance between the camera and the subject is different, and the picture effect is also different. The same object is shot with a lens with the same focal length, with short distance, large main area of the picture and small scene range; The distance is long, the main area of the picture is small, and the range of scenery included is large. In other words, the size of the main area on the screen and the surrounding scenery are all changes of the scenery. Generally speaking, there are five TV scenes, namely: distant view, panoramic view, middle view, close-up view and close-up.

3, the change of angle

The change of angle refers to the change of camera lens and objects on the horizontal line. One is the angle at which the lens and the subject shoot on the same horizontal line, which is called flat shooting. Second, the lens is below the horizontal line of the subject and below the shooting angle of the subject, which is called backhand. Third, the lens is above the horizontal line of the subject and higher than the shooting angle of the subject, which is called overhead shooting.

(2) Motion shooting Motion shooting means that the camera constantly changes the shooting direction, position and angle or changes the focal length when shooting. For shots shot in this way, the position of the background scene on the screen is constantly changing. The basic functions of sports photography are:

One is to observe the scenery instead of the human eye;

Second, at the end of the exercise, an expected or unexpected scene is revealed;

Third, you can follow the characters from one scene to another.

The main ways of sports shooting are: pushing, pulling, shaking, moving, following and throwing.

1, push (push lens)

Pushing is a shooting method in which the camera pushes the camera in the direction of the subject, or by changing the focal length of the lens (from wide angle to telephoto), the picture composition changes from large scene to small scene, and the subject changes from small to large. The lens is divided into three parts: framing, advancing and the left picture. In the process of advancing the lens, on the one hand, it will cause the frame of the picture to move forward, separate the subject from the environment, and highlight the main characters and key images; On the other hand, remind the audience to pay special attention to the subject or a certain detail of the subject.

2. Pull the camera (pull the lens)

Pulling is a shooting method in which the camera gradually moves away from the subject, or by changing the focal length of the lens (from telephoto to wide angle), the picture composition changes from small scene to large scene, and the subject changes from large to small. The lens is divided into three parts: framing, zooming and left picture. The camera zooms in on an object. As the lens shrinks, the subject is slowly submerged in the surrounding environment. On the one hand, it shows the relationship between the subject and its environment. On the other hand, it can mobilize the imagination and speculative power of the audience on the overall image.

3. Panorama (panoramic lens)

Pan is a shooting method that changes the optical lens axis of the camera by rotating the camera horizontally or vertically without changing the camera position. Translation is divided into three parts: framing, translation and left picture. There are many forms of translation: horizontal rolling, vertical pitching, circular rolling, oblique rolling and so on. On the one hand, translation can expand the expression space of TV pictures and make them contain more visual information; On the other hand, it can display the movement direction and trajectory of the moving subject, resulting in the following effect.

4. Move the camera (move the lens)

Sports photography is a shooting method in which a camera is placed on a moving object or person and moves with the movement of the moving object or person. The moving lens can directly arouse people's sense of sports vision in life, arouse people's visual experience of various means of transportation and walking methods, and make the audience feel immersive, thus showing a certain subjective direction and strong subjective color.

5. Follow the camera (follow the camera)

Follow-up is a shooting method in which the camera moves with the moving subject. There is always a specific moving subject in the subsequent pictures, and the camera moves with this subject, and the moving speed of the lens is determined according to the moving speed of the subject. Because the speed of the camera is the same as that of the subject, the subject is in a relatively stable position in the picture, but the background environment is always changing. On the one hand, the follow-up lens can show the subject in motion continuously and carefully, highlighting the subject in motion; On the other hand, it can explain the movement direction and posture of the moving subject and the relationship with the environment.

6. Swing (swing lens)

Swing is a shooting method that starts from a stable picture and pans behind it to blur all the scenes on the picture. The flick of the lens is often used in tense scenes and the climax of movie rhythm changes.

Second, the operating essentials When the photographer operates the camera to shoot, in order to ensure excellent image quality, the most basic operating essentials are flat, accurate, stable, even and clear.

1, flat: the horizontal line at the edge of the picture is required to be parallel to the horizon. That is, the horizontal line of the scene seen from the viewfinder should be parallel to the horizontal edge of the picture, and the vertical line should be parallel to the vertical edge of the picture. If the horizontal line at the edge of the picture is not parallel to the horizon, then the vertical scene in the picture will appear inclined and swaying, which is abnormal.

2. Accuracy: It is required that the scene in the viewfinder is consistent with the picture range you want to record on the video tape, and the camera accurately captures what you want to introduce to the audience. Keep your eyes as close to the viewfinder window as possible and observe carefully. If conditions permit, the parallax of the viewfinder should be corrected by the monitor. When shooting a moving picture, because the picture seen from the viewfinder is constantly changing, it is necessary to be aware of it in order to make the target of the moving lens accurate and clear.

3. Steady: It is required that the camera body should be steady when shooting, and there is no shaking phenomenon in the whole picture. If the picture is far away, it will make the audience look hard and affect the audience's correct understanding of the picture content. If you want to be stable, you must try to support the camera with a low center of gravity, preferably with a tripod. When shooting with a hand-held or shoulder-mounted camera, you should spread your feet shoulder-width apart to reduce breathing. It's best to find a bracket and give priority to wide-angle lenses.

4. Uniformity: It is required that the rhythm and speed are uniform in the process of moving picture changes. Therefore, the framing and the left picture should be particularly slow or relatively fixed, and the acceleration and deceleration of the lens movement should be continuous and uniform, and there should be no intermittent movement or pause; The phenomenon of fast and slow.

5. Clarity: The picture should be clear or clear enough to meet the content requirements. In order to make the picture clear, we should first keep the camera lens clean, then adjust the focal length and set the aperture and object distance.

Third, the principle of skill.

The purpose of mastering and using shooting techniques such as pushing, pulling, shaking, moving, following and throwing is to accurately grasp the objects that must be expressed and express them in a way that the audience can easily understand and accept. The use of shooting techniques should follow certain principles.

1. Shooting should have a fixed way of starting and ending, which is determined by people's psychological state of acceptance.

2. In addition to throwing the lens, the picture becomes blurred in a short time during the movement, and other lens techniques should follow the principle of fluency, uniformity and stability.

3. Ambiguity and ambiguity are the most taboo to use shooting skills. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid drawer-type front and back scanning, vertical scanning up and down, and front and back scaling.

4. In order to accurately capture the target, ensure that the subject of the action is always in the lens picture, and leave a certain visual space for the audience, the follow-up must be one step ahead of the subject.

Because the TV screen is relatively small, in order to make the picture content clear and obvious, the middle shot, close shot and close shot should be given priority when shooting.

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