History and Important Nodes of Photography

The first stage (1893—1924)

At this stage, the camera body was changed from wooden box to metal body, and the lens was developed from a single crescent lens to multiple groups of multi-lens positive lenses to correct aberrations. An aperture and shutter are installed on the lens to control the exposure.

1888, Kodak Company of the United States invented a square box camera with mounted film, which played an important role in the popularization of photography.

19 13 German Zeiss Microscope Factory Oscar? Barnah (Oscar? Barnark) was developed as a 135 camera using 35mm film.

The second stage (1925 ——1953)

1925, the German company Lai Ci improved the Barnach camera and produced a 135 camera with Elma lens, which was used for head-up observation and was named Leica I. Leica 135 camera is easy to carry and shoot, which promotes the development and popularization of news photography.

1929, the German company Lorelei produced the first dual-lens reflex camera, named Loreleflex.

1932, German Zeiss company and Ikong company produced a camera equipped with selenium photocell exposure meter-Contex I135 paraxial camera.

1948, Germany produced the first pentaprism single lens reflex 135 camera-Contex S camera. In the same year, Sweden produced a 120 single-lens reflex camera with replaceable lens and cassette-Hasbro camera.

At present, the single-layer coating technology of lenses has been popularized; The zoom lens was born; The performance of the camera is further improved; The quality and output of German cameras had obvious advantages at that time, and Leica cameras and Rolex cameras became the objects of imitation in various countries.

The third stage (1954 ——1984)

1954 Akfa company in Germany produced the first Akfa EE (electric eye) 135 head-up viewfinder camera with off-mirror metering function. Since then, electronic technology has been applied to the field of cameras.

1959 Akfa company produced a camera with automatic exposure (AE) function-Optima camera.

1977, KONIKA C35AF head-up framing camera, the first autofocus (AF) camera, produced by KONI Sixth Company.

198 1 year, Sony Corporation of Japan produced a still camera-MAVICA camera, which recorded optical signals as analog electrical signals and stored them on floppy disks, laying a foundation for the realization of digital imaging system.

1982, Nikon's FM2 fully manual mechanical camera has a maximum shutter speed of 1/4000 seconds and a flash synchronous shutter speed of 1/200 seconds. This model has become the first choice for many professional photographers because of its excellent performance.

1983, Nikon company produced 135 single-lens reflex camera-Nikon FA camera, which has the function of zoning evaluation and photometry, greatly improving the photometry accuracy.

At present, electronic technology is widely used in the field of cameras, making automatic metering, automatic focusing and automatic exposure a reality. The popularization of optical transfer function theory, the development of new optical materials and the improvement of optical processing technology have improved the quality of lenses. Aspheric lenses have appeared, and lenses are developing in series. Japanese cameras came from behind and began to take advantage of automation and output.

The fourth stage (from 1985)

1985 In February and September, the 135 single-lens reflective autofocus camera produced by Minolta Company of Japan was introduced, which marked that the camera production had entered a stage dominated by electronic technology and gradually intelligent.

1In April, 1986, Nikon F50 1 single-lens reflex camera with single autofocus mode and continuous autofocus mode, which can be used with non-autofocus lens, allows users to reduce losses when updating the camera.

1988 in may, minolta introduced the intelligent Dynax7000I 135 single-lens reflective autofocus camera. The camera can focus on the shooting position in advance according to the speed of the moving object.

1988 12, Nikon introduced Nikon F4 135 single-lens reflex camera. Nikon F4 integrated almost all the functions of the then 135 single-lens reflex camera. It has the functions of auto-focus prediction, L/8000 second high-speed shutter, automatic surround exposure, highlight/shadow control, trapping focus and so on. So it was equipped by NASA on the space shuttle Discovery.

1995 Kodak Company introduced a 6.23 million pixel (2036×3060) Kodak DCS 460 digital camera, which converted the image signal of CCD into a digital signal and recorded it on the disk. The camera adopts the body and lens of Nikon F90 camera. The birth of digital camera indicates that computer technology has entered the camera field in an all-round way.

1996, Nikon introduced a Nikon F5 camera with 1005 pixel CCD as the photometric element, which can evaluate the brightness of each part of the scene, and can connect 8 frames per second under the condition of tracking AF.

1996 in may, Kodak, Nikon, canon, minolta and fuji jointly launched APS (advanced photographic system) film, camera and magnifier. APS film is 24mm wide, small in size, quick to install and does not damage the film. The magnetic coating on the film can record the shooting and expanding information.

At this stage, due to the continuous adoption of the latest electronic scientific and technological achievements, the camera is becoming more and more intelligent and convenient to operate. Digital image technology has developed rapidly. Although digital image is not as good as silver salt image in resolution, latitude and sensitivity, it has been widely used in news, advertising, military, scientific research and other fields because of its fast transmission speed and convenient processing.