About perspective, please come in!

The basic principle of perspective in western painting is to draw an image through the glass plate with a pen, and then draw a picture that conforms to the principle of focus perspective. Its characteristics are in line with human visual reality and pay attention to science. Under the guidance of the combination of arts and sciences, grasp the law of expression space by using focus perspective. Leonardo da vinci's The Last Supper, a typical work of focus perspective, created a three-dimensional space on the plane. If there is no focus perspective, there will be no realistic painting in the west. Cave No.1 172 of Mogao grottoes pays attention to the diagonal lines formed by the scenery on both sides of the central symmetry and the perspective formed by connecting with the central axis. However, this scientific perspective did not appear in the West until the Renaissance, which was more than 600 years later than the Tang Dynasty. ? We paint compositions, some of which are focus perspective. The principle of focus perspective is to form a radial cone according to the height of human eyes (viewpoint), and the figure cut by the cone on the screen is focus perspective. The scenery in this cone can be clearly seen by human eyes, and it is called the visual circle. The line of intersection between the horizontal plane passing through the viewpoint and the picture is the horizon. Human eyes are like cameras. The farther the distance, the smaller the reflection on the retina, and the point that disappears on the extremely distant trunk line. It is called vanishing point, and the closer it is, the bigger it is. This is what Zong Bing said in Preface to Painting Landscape. "The sixth kunlun, pupil is small, stare eyes, shape is not beautiful. If it is a few miles away, it can be used to dry your eyes and let the city go away. " It can be seen that the perspective principle of small distance was realized at that time. ? The characteristics of this perspective should strictly follow the limitations of the perspective. When the viewpoint is high, all the scenery is below the obvious horizon, forming a bird's eye view. Many people draw from this perspective, because it is convenient to describe the panorama and there are fewer obstacles. Another kind, the viewpoint and the main line of sight are in the middle of the picture, and the vanishing point falls on the horizon in the middle of the picture. This perspective has more obstacles overlapping than bird's-eye view, which often blurs the development of distant scenery because of the large close-up view, but its advantage is that the contrast between far and near is strong, making the scenery appear far-reaching. There is also a look-up perspective, that is, pressing the horizon to the lowest place to paint magnificent buildings or show great people, which has a sense of loftiness. Li Cheng, a landscape painter in Song Dynasty, once painted cornices in this way. Shen Kuo called this painting "raising the corner of the house" in Meng Qian's Bi Tan. Perhaps this view is not in line with the habit of the audience, except photographers, there are not many painters in China. ? Focus perspective is very useful in neat landscape painting, boundary painting and figure painting. Drawing architecture and interior layout with focus perspective gives people a sense of stability. As for the perspective layout in landscape painting, it generally contains the principle of focus perspective. In the Qing Dynasty, Yao Xi thought that' those who love to paint geotechnical paintings with words, or Qian Shan Wangu, or deep mountains and forests, are skilled in their business, and can enjoy thousands of scales to cut the wind because of their free expression. As for pavilions and utensils, there is no difference in their access rules. If they don't take it, they must follow the law of Tai Xi, and they must never make it extremely unreasonable. "Even when painting freehand brushwork and scribbling, as a series of basic knowledge, it can't be ignored for beginners. ? The most straightforward example: you observe the street lamps in your life, and the farther away they are, the smaller they are. After the heads and feet of two rows of street lamps are connected into four straight lines, they converge to one point, and that point is the focus. This situation is focus perspective. Small trees in the forest are like this, but no street lamp gives people a more straightforward feeling.