Brief introduction of Jun kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty

Porcelain kilns in northern China in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Jun Kiln, located in Yuxian County, Henan Province, is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, also known as Jun Kiln and Zhou Jun Kiln. Located in Yuzhou City, Henan Province. It was named because it belonged to Zhou Jun in ancient times. Famous for Jun porcelain, it belongs to the northern celadon system. Founded in the Tang Dynasty, it flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty and was copied by later generations.

Jun kiln is located in Yuxian County, Henan Province. It was called Juntai in ancient times and Zhou Jun in Ming Dynasty, hence the name Jun Kiln, which has not been handed down from generation to generation and is highly appraised.

Jun Kiln was founded in Tang Dynasty, and experienced the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. It has exquisite tire quality, gorgeous glaze color and various types. There are rose purple, begonia red, eggplant purple, sky blue, rouge, vermilion, fiery red and kiln change. There are many kinds of utensils, but flowerpots are the best.

Numbers from one to ten are engraved on the bottom of the vessel. According to legend, the singular number of one, three, five and six is red, and the plural number of two, four and six is cyan. However, some people say that the smaller the number, the larger the size of the objects, which is just a mark made by the kiln for easy identification.

Historical material evaluation

The Records of Yuzhou in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty recorded: "Six miles southwest of Yuzhou, there is a town named' God' among the chaotic mountains. There is soil, but Tao Wei has magnetism. " Regarding the beauty of enamel color of Jun porcelain, Zhang wrote in Ming Dynasty, "It is not surprising that Zhou Jun kiln is the reddest, green, purple-black, and solid color is the best, with one or two figures at the bottom." Kiln change is a major feature of Jun porcelain. Lu Tao, Jingdezhen of Lanpu in Qing Dynasty, praised: "Kiln transformation has two devices, one is good at nature and the other is human. Earthworms walk in the mud, which is another major feature of Jun kiln, and it is also recorded in ancient books. In the Republic of China, Xu Zhiheng's "Drinking Liuzhai on Porcelain": "The glaze of Jun kiln is Jinbe, and the rough lines inside are called tears; It is a characteristic of Jun kiln to call those who bend around as earthworms walking in the mud. "

Jun kiln porcelain is extremely precious, and there are many sayings among the people that "it is better to have a fortune than a piece of Jun porcelain". "Jun porcelain is not straight, the kiln becomes unparalleled", "One color in the kiln, a thousand colors in the kiln" and so on. As for the commercial value of Jun porcelain, the local folk proverb says: "Enter the southwest mountain, Qili Long Street, 77 kilns, fireworks cover the sky, merchants are all over the world, and strive for money every day."

In Ji Yuan Cuo's Song of Tao Shi Fu Jun Hu, he made a comprehensive evaluation of Jun porcelain: "The firewood kiln is invisible and only exists, so you are also a song instrument. Earthworms have passed through the mud, and the oblique bend is looming to distinguish its reality. After the song dynasty, you can't imitate others, and you are ingenious. Ru kiln is glazed with agate. If it turns purple in the end, it will be precious. There are more kilns than you, and the price in Song Jun is high. All glazes are clear and purple, and purple is colorful. The vulgarity of youth is called moonlight, which is also elegant and pure. Yuan porcelain is even purple, all purple is greasy, and there is a little chalk and sesame sauce at the bottom. The odd and even numbers are new, or the single and double are judged to be purple. Nothing is Qi Guo Dong Man. The flowerpot seat is like a bowl, and one is worth a thousand cakes of silver. Got a pot bigger than a bucket, looking forward to a day's frequency. Imitating purple is rare in the world, and its descendants are not poor. In a few cases, the Qingfeng Mountain drifts, and the rain has broken the clouds and there is no dust. Purple is not expensive, but it is. Things are upside down. How can earthworm mud change? Tears flow below, and earthworm tears flow in different States. There is a reason for dryness and dampness. Tears are absolutely proud of mud worms, and jade should win. The thief is five yards and four, with hexagonal concave lips. You have been buried in the treasure hall for 700 years. Why use a tile seal to praise Han and Qin? Once it reached the village, Wu Jian became old and sick. Komatsu is quite eye-catching. Don't be afraid to add to your sadness. "

trait

Jun porcelain glaze uses copper oxide as colorant and is fired into copper red glaze in reducing atmosphere. In this way, the green glaze is reddish, like the sunset glow in the blue sky. Generally speaking, the glaze color of Jun kiln can be divided into blue rain red, which can be moon white, azure, sky blue, green, rose purple, begonia red, carmine, eggplant purple, lilac purple and flame red. Among them, blue is also different from ordinary celadon, and it is a variety of blue opalescent glazes with different shades. The lighter blue is called azure, the darker blue is called sky blue, and the lighter blue is called moonlight, all of which have an elegant and jade-like blue luster.

The glaze color of Jun porcelain has an elegant blue milky light, and its color tone is beautiful and wonderful. There are two kinds of glaze colors, one is fine flat glaze and the other is orange peel glaze. It is characterized by the "kiln change" of burning glass.

The harmony of glaze color caused countless kiln changes of different colors and shapes, which is another feature that distinguishes Jun porcelain from other celadon. The purple color in Jun glaze attracts people's attention. All kinds of purple are the result of the fusion of red glaze and blue glaze. The purple spot of Jun glaze is caused by intentionally coating a layer of copper red glaze on the blue glaze. The purple color of Jun porcelain is highly appraised by later generations. Liu Zifen, a close friend, said in "On Bamboo Garden Pottery" that "a Jun kiln is worth thousands of dollars." In the Song Dynasty, purple was like a ripe grape, which was extremely rich, with purple in it, and all the utensils were solid colors. "

Earthworms walking in the mud is also an important feature of Jun glaze (that is, there are glaze lines with different lengths that run through from top to bottom, just like earthworms walking in the mud). The reason for this is that the glaze layer of Jun kiln porcelain cracked during drying or early firing, and then the glaze with low viscosity flowed into the gap at high temperature.

evaluate

Natural, peerless.

The gorgeous and wonderful colors of Jun porcelain are naturally formed during the firing process. Or as beautiful as jade, the so-called "jade as jade, jade as jade"; Or like the blue sky; There is blue in purple, white in green and red in white. That is, "one color enters the kiln, and all colors come out of the kiln". Especially magical, the kiln is particularly like a wonderful scene, or like a green mountain and a pool of sails; Or if the snow accumulates in Nanling and the jade warms the glacier; Or the stars are all over the sky, and Western jackdaw in the west belongs to the forest; Or like the fairy mountain pavilion, flying clouds and flowing water; All of them are vivid, such as splashing ink and freehand brushwork, which is by no means beyond the reach of painters all over the world, because their colors and shapes are natural, and the so-called Tao is natural. The ancients once wrote a poem praising: "Green is like spring water, and red is like sunrise. The smoke is flying all over the sky, and the sunset is purple and green. "

The place where Jun porcelain colors blend and flow may be like a rainbow in the sky after the rain; Or like a waterfall in a deep valley; It is hazy and vague, like the sky and the earth, which makes people think endlessly. Without a cliff, everyone thinks that they have a unique realm of understanding, and they are happy. Seeing Jun porcelain has a unique pleasure.

Look at the charm of the kiln and listen to the sound of Jun porcelain. "Jun porcelain, its color can be appreciated, its sound can be heard. Jun porcelain crackles like a bell like a spring, ethereal and wonderful cold; Like a harp, like a stream; Smelling it in the dead of night makes people get carried away. Its cracks are like crab claws, cobwebs and ice cracks. The glaze color is crystal clear and the texture is exquisite and considerable. The glaze is a bit like a pearl, and the Milky Way is milky white and glossy, which is the charm of Jun Porcelain House except color.

There are five colors in the world, but they are ever-changing. More importantly, the color of Jun porcelain is natural and ever-changing. So there are no two Jun porcelains in the world, and so is the so-called "unparalleled Jun porcelains". In addition, Jun porcelain is extremely difficult to fire, and there is a saying that "ten kilns and nine can't". Emperors of past dynasties have designated it as the treasure of emperors, which is dedicated to the court and strictly prohibited by the people. It also means "you are incomparable". The five famous porcelains in China, Jun Porcelain, Ru Ci Porcelain, Official Porcelain, Geyao Porcelain and Ding Porcelain, are all headed by Jun Porcelain, which is called the Porcelain King. Other porcelain can be used in the high hall of your official and in the humble room of cloth, but Jun porcelain is rare among the people, so it is unknown. Therefore, it has the reputation of "gold is valuable and priceless" and "even if you have a lot of money, it is not as good as a Jun porcelain".

This kind of Jun porcelain can only be fired in Shendong Town, Yuzhou (Zhou Jun), Henan Province, which must be related to the local water and soil.

Nowadays, Jun porcelain has gradually been cherished by the world, and its beauty and splendor are more and more appreciated by people. In Kunming World Horticultural Exposition Park, China, an extremely precious Jun porcelain product "Yulong Tengfei" (produced by Jun Kiln of Miao Family after God) stands in the lobby of China Pavilion, with the inscription "World's Treasure, World Expo Forever". It has attracted the attention and appreciation of people at home and abroad.

Things are prospered by people, and things are preserved by people. Miao Changqiang, a descendant of Miao family Jun kiln, has made great efforts to promote Jun porcelain culture. In order to protect the spread of Jun porcelain treasures, a collection certificate of Jun porcelain was specially established. The works are divided into two categories: treasure level and gourmet level, which are used as collections. It shows that treasures are rare and can be handed down from generation to generation, and it also shows that collectors can identify real and elegant things.

As the saying goes: "Everything in heaven and earth is endowed with essence, and the earth is shaped by it. Everything is wonderfully contained, but its shape is exposed to the outside world. People who can understand miracles are the wealth of the world. Jun porcelain, precious porcelain. "

From 65438 to 0955, Yuxian Ceramic Factory began to develop and explore the basic formula and firing technology of Jun porcelain glaze, which has been lost for a long time. Not only traditional colored glazes such as rose purple, begonia red, azure and moonlight white were fired, but also more than ten kinds of flower glazes were developed, and new varieties such as modern daily utensils and artistic furnishings porcelain were added.

Jun kiln is located in Yuxian county, Henan province, and there are different opinions on the firing age. Yuxian was the capital of Korea in the Warring States Period, named Yangzhai, and Zhou Jun in the Northern Song Dynasty and Jin Zeng. At present, more than 0/00 Song and Jin Jun kilns/KLOC have been found in Yuxian, Henan Province, and spread to Linru, Xiaxian, Xin 'an, Hebi, Anyang, Linxian and Xunxian, as well as to Cixian, Hebei, Hunyuan, Shanxi and Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, forming a huge Jun kiln system throughout North China. Jun kiln has the following characteristics: Song Jun has seen two kinds of unearthed objects handed down from ancient times: one is turbid glaze, called dark glaze. One is bright glaze, called glass glaze. The former is an early product and the latter is a late product. It is generally believed that the glazer is an imitation after being broken by mistake. The tire soil of Jun kiln in Northern Song Dynasty is fine, the tire color is light gray, the glaze juice is thick and crystal clear, and azure glaze is common. After kiln transformation, colorful colors, such as moonlight, rose eggplant skin purple and lilac purple, were produced, among which red and sky blue glaze merged into a "Jun Hong". The outer wall of this vessel is painted with red glaze, and the inner wall is painted with sky blue or moon white glaze. Most products with red glaze inside and outside are imitations of later generations. Jun red glaze often has tiny granular black spots, mostly mud lines and tiny brown eyes, and the edge of the glaze is beige. Earthworm mud pattern is a major feature of Jun glaze in Northern Song Dynasty. Jun porcelain in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties basically did not see earthworms walking in the mud. Imitations in Qing Dynasty and modern times often show earthworms walking in the mud by opening chess pieces. Jun kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty were generally glazed, and the bottom of the circle foot was brushed with a layer of sauce brown glaze, commonly known as sesame sauce glaze. There is no difference between this sesame paste glaze and the opaque azure glaze of the blank, because the bottom glaze of the ring is thin, and the fusion of the tire color under the glaze and the thin glaze presents a faint sauce color. The local glaze thickness of the three legs of the washing machine is still sky blue, and the glaze layer is thin but bright. The imitations of later generations are dry at the bottom and have a mottled feeling. Inscriptions on jun porcelain in the northern song dynasty are rare, and all the inscriptions are court porcelain used in the late northern song dynasty. The inscription is mainly engraved with numbers from one to ten, that is, the odd Shi Jun red glaze at the bottom of the vessel; Sky blue moon white glaze is even in number two, four, six, eight and ten. But the real intention of the number at the bottom of the vessel is to indicate the size and specifications of the vessel. The bigger the vessel, the smaller the number, and "one" stands for the largest vessel. The inscriptions on Jun kilns are usually painted with sesame paste glaze at the moment when the objects are shaped into blanks. Later imitations are often engraved on glazed tires, thus revealing clues. There are also inscriptions with the names of the court buildings in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Fenghua Hall, hall of mental cultivation, Zhonghua Palace and Jingyang Palace, with slender strokes. From the perspective of Jun kiln, Song Jun and Jindu reached the peak of Jun porcelain firing. Modern people value Song more than gold, which is only a matter of aesthetic perspective. The tire quality of Jun kiln in Jin Dynasty is fine and dense, and it is mostly light gray or beige after firing. The glaze is moist, and the glass light is stronger than that of the Northern Song Dynasty. Different from the Northern Song Dynasty, the red glaze is not rose red or eggplant purple, but dotted with red dots on the glaze surface of sky blue or moon white. The edge of the red dot is not clear, and the feeling is gradually blurred. Generally, the vessels are full of glaze, with no glaze at the perfect end, and the fetal glaze and thick hanging glaze are irregularly combined, commonly known as snot glaze. There is no sesame glaze at the bottom, and the glaze of the same color as the blank is applied. There are many pieces of earthworms without mud lines. The baking process adopts a cake pad larger than the circle foot, and the three Zhi Ding branches are used for baking on the edge plate. Because Zhi Ding was stuck with utensils, most of them were knocked off after firing, so the Zhi Ding imprint was large and uneven. In Yuan Dynasty, the output of Jun kilns increased continuously, but the quality declined. The craft level of some fine products can be comparable to that of Song Jun, but this is only a few. Jun porcelain originated in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the production of imitation Jun porcelain products in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties reached the level of Song Jun. Most of the fetal materials were obviously loose, the fetal wall was thick, the outer glaze was often incomplete, the edge of fetal glaze was irregular, and there were bubbles on the glaze, mostly blue and white. The blue glaze erythema has a clear boundary, which is obviously different from the Jin Dynasty. Large equipment is very popular. The bottoms of bowls and plates are trimmed to be inclined, and the centers of the bottoms are convex. In addition to glaze color, there are decorative decals. The tires and glazes of Jun kiln belong to porcelain tires, mostly gray tires, which are divided into light and dark colors, as well as gray and light yellow. The former (gray tire) is delicate and dense, and it has a metallic feeling when struck, so it is an early product. Gray and light yellow fetal quality is rough and loose, and the sound is close to tiles, mostly late products. Jun porcelain has two kinds of glazes, dark glaze and bright glaze. Bright glaze enamel is rough, with thin glaze layer and large and small patterns. There are many brown eyes on the glaze, many caviar patterns inside and insufficient outer glaze. The center of the circle is glazed or there is no glaze at all. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, this weapon was relatively common. Song Jun's "kiln transformation" is represented by the active formula in glaze powder, which is closely related to the kiln transformation structure and affects the finished product rate of Jun porcelain. It is the fuel used, the density of the kiln, and external factors such as cold and hot weather, sunny and rainy weather and wind direction that require the kiln workers to have adaptability. Otherwise, there will be what the ancients called the end of ten kilns and nine declines.