Is it rare that people's lives are not good because they pay too much attention to military investment? Or are you poor because of your poor geographical location?

Badaling Great Wall is located at the north entrance of Guangou Ancient Road, Jundushan, Yanqing County, Beijing. Badaling has a superior geographical environment and has been the main road to Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Zhangjiakou since ancient times. 1998, Badaling Expressway was completed and opened to traffic, and the traffic is very convenient. In addition, the average annual temperature in Badaling is 3℃ lower than that in Beijing. Badaling Great Wall is a part of Wan Li Great Wall, and Wan Li Great Wall is a great defense project in ancient China and a pass of Ming Great Wall. Known as one of the nine blockades in the world, it is the essence of the Great Wall of Wan Li and unique among the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty. This section of the Great Wall is steep and commanding, which is an important military pass in the Ming Dynasty and an important barrier to the capital Beijing. Badaling Great Wall is a trapezoid with narrow east and wide west. It was built in the 18th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1505) and renovated during Jiajing and Wanli years. There is an inscription "Juyongwai Town" in the east of Guancheng and the east of Ximen, which was engraved in the 18th year of Jiajing (1539). The inscription of "North Gate Lock Key" in Ximen was engraved in the 10th year of Wanli (1582). Both doors are of masonry structure, and the platform is on the voucher hole. There are passages in the north and south of the platform, connecting the Guancheng wall, and cribs are built around the platform.

Badaling Great Wall is an important outpost of Juyongguan, which is known as "the danger of Juyongguan lies in Badaling, not in it". Badaling Great Wall in Ming Dynasty is the most essential section of the Great Wall architecture, which is majestic, steep, beautiful and verdant. "Guan Yu Tian Qian" is one of the eight scenic spots in Juyongguan in Ming Dynasty.

Badaling was originally a pass, but later Guancheng was built. From the third year of Qin Long in Ming Dynasty (1569) to the tenth year of Wanli (1582), barriers were built at the entrances, and border towns, pointed walls and horse-blocking walls were built on the mountains on both sides of the entrances. Later, the Great Wall was gradually built, and watchtowers and piers were built. It starts from Chuancao Huading, passes through Shifosi Kou, Qinglong Bridge East Kou, Qinglong Bridge West Kou, Wanggua Yukou, Badaling Kou, Huamuliang Kou, Yujiachong Kou, and Black Bean Gukou to Shixiayu, with a total length of about 12km. Badaling Great Wall, Guancheng, City Wall, Fortress and Juyongguan in the middle of Guangou formed a complete military defense system in Beijing in Ming Dynasty.

Tea ceremony city tea ceremony city

Near Badaling Railway Station, there is a magnificent and solid castle, which is the outpost headquarters of Chadao City, the "north gate lock key" Guancheng. According to Ju Yong Zhi Lue, "Badaling is a forbidden place for Ju Yong, and the fork in the road is the barrier of Badaling". At that time, there were three "general commanders" and 800 soldiers stationed at Badaling Great Wall, which played a very important role in military defense.

Ancient cannon

Chen Zhan is near the gate of Badaling Guancheng. There are five iron cannons, which were one of the advanced weapons at that time. The largest gun barrel is 2.85 meters long, with a caliber of 105 mm and a range of 1000 meters, which is very powerful. The gun body is engraved with the words "Give Great General Shenwei", which was made in the 11th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1638). The gun was shipped from Zhang Bao, more than ten miles east of Badaling, at 1958. The other four corbel cannons were unearthed during the renovation of the Great Wall in 1957, and hundreds of shells were also unearthed, all from the Ming Dynasty. According to "Wu Beizhi", "In ancient times, there was an artificial stone with a wooden frame shaped like a tiger crouching. Later, artillery was used, and the gun body was short and thick. The famous tiger gun, commonly known as frog gun, shows that the weapons situation at that time was general.

Guancheng

Outside the east gate of Badaling Guancheng, there is a temple called Wangjing Temple, which contains a great compassion Buddha carved in rock. There is a memorial archway outside the west gate, and the banner says "Drive Li". In the 18th year of Hongzhi (1505), the temple and archway were demolished when the Emperor Wu of Dali Temple built a view of the city. Guancheng has east and west gates. The lower part of the western wall is built with 10 multi-layer granite strips, and the upper part is built with big city bricks. The city wall is more than 20 meters wide, 17 meters thick and 7.8 meters high; The top is a rectangular platform, with a length of 19.8m, a width of 14. 15m and an area of 280. 17m2, surrounded by buildings and battlements. 30 ~ 40 meters on both sides of the city platform, there are 1 enemy towers, which are connected with the city walls and form a corner with Guancheng. The two sides of the West City Wall are connected with the South and North City Walls, both of which are built on the ridge, showing a U-shape with a high east and a low west, and meet at the East Gate. The wall is 3.3 meters thick, 2070 meters in circumference and 7.6 meters high. The distance between the east gate and the west gate is 63.9 meters, and the urban area is about 5000 square meters. In the eighteenth year of Jiajing (1539), the East Gate was established, and the threshold book was "the truth is beyond the mediocrity"; In the tenth year of Wanli, the west gate was established, and the door book "North Gate Lock Key" was well preserved.

city wall

The Badaling Great Wall is 6-9 meters high and trapezoidal in plan, with a bottom width of 6.5-7.5 meters and a top width of 4.5-5.8 meters. How wide and flat the wall is, it can be "five horses riding together and ten people riding together"; The area around Qinglong Bridge is steep and dangerous, and the top of the wall is narrow, and the narrowest part is only more than 2 meters. The center line of the city wall is on the outside, the outer wall is high and the inner wall is low. Both sides of the wall are wrapped with granite strips, with a width of 0.5m, a height of 0.4m and a length of 0.8 ~1m.. The longest feldspar bar is 3. 1m and weighs 1.5 ~ 1.7 tons. Regardless of steep slope or gentle slope section, stone strips are horizontally built layer by layer, criss-crossed, horizontally erected, bitten into a whole, and mortar is poured at the joints. Fill the wall with mud and stones, and then tamp it. The wall is made of 3 ~ 4 layers of city bricks, and the joints are bonded with lime paste. The city surface is paved with wall bricks to make the top of the wall smooth. The wall brick is 0.4 m long, 0.2 m wide and 0. 1 m thick, and each brick weighs 15 kg. On steep slopes, it is convenient to build ladders to get up and down. There are brick low walls on both sides of the top of the wall, the outer side is called the castellated wall or piled wall, and the inner side is called the wall or parapet. The crib wall is facing the enemy, and the height of the wall is 1.7 ~ 2 meters, which is convenient for shielding the human body. Generally, crib openings are built at the height of human chest, and the distance between crib openings is about 1 m. The brick at the mouth of the crib is specially made, tilted on one side, coded on the mouth, fan-shaped, wide outside and narrow inside, with a large observation surface. The upper part of the retaining pile is provided with an observation hole. There are holes in the lower part of the wall, which are used to shoot arrows and throw stones. Some perforations and observation holes are engraved with patterns on the brick surface. The interior wall is about 1 m high. The battlements and walls are made of city bricks, and the top of the wall is made of a layer of ridge bricks. Ridge brick is low on both sides and high in the middle, or high inside and low outside, which is convenient for drainage. A tunnel with a wall is formed at the top of the city wall, and small water tanks are built at the roots of the walls on both sides. The accumulated water flows along the water tank to the lower part of the lower wall, and is led to the spout outside the wall through the water outlet to flow out of the city wall. The spout is a stone trough 1 m long, which is inside the Great Wall and extends outside the wall. At regular intervals, there is an entrance to the city at the lower part of the city wall. The entrance is a doorway with a height of 1.8m and a width of 0.8m. The door frame is assembled with four stones of the same specification, and there are stone steps leading to the top of the city wall. The city walls are made of bricks, which pass through streams and Shahe rivers. Some of them are as big as the city gates, such as the Watergate of Shi Fo Temple. Some are smaller, like a bridge, and the city wall passes through it. When the city wall passes through the path, there are doors, which can be accessed at ordinary times and blocked in wartime.

lookout/observation tower

There are 43 watchtowers in Badaling Great Wall, which are similar in shape and have their own characteristics. There are wall platforms for patrol and sentry duty, and watchtowers on the upper and lower floors. The upper floor is a crib and a shooting hole, and the lower floor is a house where soldiers live and store materials. The distance of the fortress depends on the mountain and terrain. Generally, the watchtower has two floors, with a height of10m and a length of10m. They are all masonry structures, and the tops of the first and second floors are made of many arches, with ladders up and down. There are shooting ports, observation ports and water spouts on both floors, and there is a crib upstairs. The platform protrudes from the wall and closes the wall in the platform. 16 enemy towers, such as the 4th floor south, 4th floor north and 5th floor north, have been repaired.

(1) the south and north fourth floor. Located on the south and north peaks of Guancheng, there are four watchtowers in the south and north, which is the earliest place for sightseeing. The relative height difference between the two peaks is very large and the slope is very steep. The watchtower stands in turn from low to high, and the north and south echo each other from afar. From Guancheng to the south fourth floor, the wall is 685.8m long, and its height rises by 1 27m, with an average rise of1m every 6m. Between the third floor and the fourth floor, the mountain is steep, the wall is about 500 meters, and the slope at the most dangerous place is 70 degrees. From Guancheng to the north fourth floor, the wall is 767.5 meters long and the height rises by 155 meters, which is longer than Nanfeng, but smoother than Nanfeng. After the third floor, it is saddle-shaped, first down to the saddle part, and then up to the fourth floor. This section has 100 steps. The Great Wall between the eight enemy towers was restored in the 1950s. The four watchtowers in Beifeng were originally two floors, only three floors were repaired, and the upper floor of the third floor was not repaired; The upper floors of Nanfeng 1 block and 2 blocks have not been restored, and the original shops and columns on the third floor of the south have not been restored. In the past, every building had a stone tablet with a title that recorded the construction process, but now it has disappeared, leaving only the pedestal. Some watchtowers' door pivot mortar and the eyelet of the door rail are faintly visible.

② North fifth floor. Watchtower with the most coupons. The building is 9.25 meters long and 9.34 meters wide, with two floors. Entering the first floor from the ticket gate, there are many ticket holes, with four rows of brick stacks on both sides, and each stack has an arched ticket top. More than 30 ticket holes propped up the ground on the second floor.

③ North 6th floor. The biggest watchtower. The building is12.6m long and 8.5m wide, and the ground floor area is about1000m2. 7 rows of brick stacks with long sides and 4 rows of wide sides, and coupons are distributed at the top of the stacks, forming a square corridor-like coupon lane with a blank in the middle, forming a rectangular patio. You can climb stairs from the patio to the roof.

④ North eighth floor. At an altitude of 888 meters, it is the highest watchtower of Badaling Great Wall and the best place to overlook the Great Wall, so it is also called the Sun Observatory. There are two floors in the building, and there are ladders to go up. There are six arrow windows on the first floor to meet the enemy, ranking first in the enemy building. The distance between Guanchengtai and the Great Wall on the eighth floor of the North is1500m, and the relative height is 228m.

⑤ Build an enemy building with shops. Two newly restored enemy towers have shops. One is the tenth floor in the north and the other is the sixth floor in the south. The shop is a small house built on the second floor, with a hard top and carved windows and red columns.

be adjacent/next/contiguous to

Also known as beacon tower. There is a pier on the East-West Mountain outside Badaling Great Wall. The pier and abutment are all five feet high, and a small town is built around it, which is one foot and five feet high. There are hanging buildings, a trench suspension bridge and a cave-in trap. Put a water tank at the door, with ice in winter and water in summer; Do not repair the steps, use the rope ladder to go up and down; Each set has two guns and cannons, guarded by 10, and defended by the nearby castle, forming a deep defense network with the castle. In the second year of Ming Chenghua (1466), the method of raising bonfires was stipulated, that is, when the enemy came 100 people or more, one bonfire was fired and one shot was fired; More than 500 people, two beacon towers and two cannons; More than 1000 people, three beacon towers and three cannons; More than 5,000 people, four beacon towers and four cannons; More than ten thousand people, five guns and five cannons.

Chengtai

Also known as wall pier. Refers to a platform building slightly higher than the top of a long city wall, surrounded by towers, piles and perforations. This is the place where ancient soldiers patrol and stand guard, and it is also the place where they defend themselves in case of war. For example, the platform at the top of Badaling Gate is the city platform.

Combat platform

The traffic arteries or places with dangerous terrain built along the Great Wall are all one-story, two-story and three-story bunker buildings with different scales. It can store strategic materials such as weapons and ammunition, which is more important than the watchtower. According to the Records of Four Towns and Three Guans written by Liu Xiaozu in Ming Dynasty, under the planning and supervision of Qi Jiguang, 1200 enemy platforms and battle platforms were built along the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan to Beijing (3000 were originally planned). When the war breaks out, we can "attack from top to bottom with firearms, Buddha machines and auxiliary guns" and "replace weapons with artillery". A combat platform generally needs 30 people to guard the platform and 30 people to guard the stack, divided into 6 groups and 300 kilograms of gunpowder. In addition, there are thousands of arrows, iron bars, large and small stones on the battlefield, and food and water for a month. This platform facility, which is "made for a long time, refined, and skillful in mind", can not only attack but also defend, and can closely cooperate with the military facilities such as the city platform and the enemy platform (watchtower) on the Great Wall to form a dense firepower network, greatly enhance the combat power, effectively block the enemy's attack, and play a very important strategic and tactical role in military defense.

Even in the age of firearms, the support of fortresses and positions is still indispensable. The Great Wall itself is a masterpiece of active defense. In the fortress, we can safely protect our troops and hoard food and supplies. The greatest function of the Great Wall is not the fortress connected by the wall. The role of such a fortress is at least greater than that of an ordinary fortress. Historically, nomadic people have often been troubled by the Great Wall and can only fight in front of a fortress with strong defense and heavy troops in order to make a strategic breakthrough. Forcing them to fight in an unfavorable environment is the military significance of the Great Wall. Thanks to the Great Wall, those isolated fortresses are no longer isolated, so they are less likely to fall down.

In the early Ming dynasty, the influence of Mongols was still very strong. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building a high wall", which not only consolidated the county seat, but also attached great importance to the construction and defense of the Great Wall. Establish military towns outside the Great Wall, seal princes, send troops to border towns, and implement military camps to defend the border. Generally, it is divided into nine defense zones along the Great Wall, which means "nine sides": before the "nine sides", Daning [Ningcheng], Kaiping [Duolun] and Dongsheng [Tuoketuo] were set up; Two Great Wall defense lines are formed with Juyongguan, Bauhinia and Daoma "inner three passes" and Yanmen, Ningwu and Pianguan "outer three passes" as hubs respectively. Occupy the geographical position of Yanshan Mountain, Jundushan Mountain, Taihang Mountain, Hengshan Mountain, Guancenshan Mountain and Luliang Mountain, increase the defense depth, and overlook the main enemy annihilation battlefield. This defensive posture not only focuses on the enemy's frontal attack [Jizhou, Fu Xuan and Datong], but also considers the possibility of the enemy's strategic detour in Shaanxi and Shanxi, which is more detailed. The organization of Shi Jing's core defense fully embodies the idea of circular defense. Juyongguanwai Town is located in Badaling, and there is a fork road city in the north, while Nankoubao is not only a stronghold to meet the front, but also an external frontier to prevent enemy backpacks. In the direction of JD.COM, in view of the unfavorable situation of flat terrain between Beisaili Village in Tongzhou and Sujiakou in Huairou, the enemy's platform was built closely, and there were walls around the border, which made the capital face the danger of heavy customs clearance. Due to the consolidation of border defense, the stability of the country has been guaranteed, and the social economy has been rapidly restored and developed. During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, he took the Great Wall as a base to cover the assembly of field troops and personally led the troops to carry out five northern expeditions, thus protecting the border from infringement and harassment. At the time of Chenghua, because Yu Zijun, the governor of Yansui, mobilized the military and civilians to overhaul the side wall, the Tatars who invaded the Hetao retreated, and they dared not invade the border for eight years after the completion of the side wall. When Qin Long was in trouble, he was transferred to Jizhou to take charge of the Great Wall defense. Qi Jiguang chose to build a hollow enemy platform from Shanhaiguan to Juyongguan to strengthen the defensive function of the Great Wall. Secondly, according to the terrain characteristics of the nearby area, he trained the garrison troops to fight on foot in the valleys and hills outside the border, fight by car in the open plain area and fight by horse in the nearby area. In the third year of Wanli (A.D. 1575), Dong Hu, the leader of Hadoyan Department of Wuliang, led troops to invade the frontier and was defeated by Qi Jiguang. He sent troops out of the village to chase the ground, and the north and south captured Dong Fox's bald head. Later, Dong Fox led 300 people to plead guilty and expressed their willingness to surrender. This just put the long bald head back and established trade relations with Gong. Qi Jiguang has been in Jizhou for sixteen years, with stable frontier and developed production. Qi Jiguang believes that "building a platform is the policy of sticking to it, and training must precede the war", and attaches great importance to the experience of building a city and training at the same time.