What are the classifications of measuring instruments in surveying and mapping industry?

What are the classifications of measuring instruments in surveying and mapping industry?

The instruments commonly used in surveying and mapping industry are total station, theodolite and level, which is the third kind. Now the development trend is to gradually develop in the direction of GPS and RTK, and the future direction is UAV and 3D laser scanner (from Guanghan Instrument Network).

What are the instruments for surveying and mapping?

General: level, theodolite, total station, rangefinder, laser scanner, steel rule Advanced: RTK, hand-held GPS, beacon (for water use), sounder (for water mapping) Indoor: printer, plotter, scanner Other: 3D laser scanner,

What are the main surveying and mapping instruments?

Routine: level, theodolite, total station, rangefinder, laser levels, steel rule.

Advanced: RTK, hand-held GPS, beacon (water), sounder (water mapping) Indoor: printer, plotter, scanner.

Others: 3D laser scanner,

What are the commonly used photoelectric surveying and mapping instruments?

General: level, theodolite, total station, rangefinder, laser scanner, steel rule Advanced: RTK, hand-held GPS, beacon (for water use), sounder (for water mapping) Indoor: printer, plotter, scanner Other: 3D laser scanner,

What are the brands of south surveying and mapping Instruments?

In terms of instruments, there is only one brand in South-South, and the whole south surveying and mapping sub-brand includes Southern Navigation southgnss and Southern Digital southgis.

You raised all the brands in Guo Ding. Collida, Ryder and Sanding have all cooperated with the South. Zhonghaida has always been the main competitor of southern navigation, and surveying and mapping instruments are the only ones in the south. Maybe the dealer you contacted is also representing these brands, so you are confused.

What are the measuring instruments?

It depends on industrial measurement or other measurements, too much.

If it is industrial measurement, the most common ones are vernier caliper, micrometer, height gauge, measuring block, measuring stick, projector and so on.

High-order points include coordinate measuring instrument, CT scanner, profilometer, roughness meter, roundness meter and so on.

What are the building measuring instruments?

theodolite

An instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a telescope, a horizontal dial, a vertical dial and a base. According to the reading device, it is divided into vernier theodolite, optical theodolite and electronic (automatic display) theodolite. Theodolite is widely used in control, topography and construction lofting. There are six types of China theodolite series: DJ07, DJ 1, DJ2, DJ6, DJ 15, dj60 ("DJ" stands for geodetic theodolite ","07, 1, 2, ... which are the average errors in the horizontal direction measured by this instrument, respectively, in seconds. When the theodolite is attached with special accessories, it can be composed of laser theodolite and inclined theodolite. In addition, there are special gyro theodolite, mine theodolite and photographic theodolite.

water level

An instrument for measuring the height difference between two points. It consists of a telescope, a level (or compensator) and a base. According to the structure: fixed mirror level, rotating mirror level, slightly inclined level and automatic leveling level. Level is widely used in control, topography and construction lofting. China series standards include: DS05, DS 1, DS3, DS 10, DS20, etc. ("DS" stands for geoid, "05, 1, 3, ..." are the accidental mean error of height difference per kilometer indicated by this instrument, in millimeters). Laser levels can be formed when special accessories are installed on the level meter.

plane table

Main instruments for manual mapping of large-scale topographic maps on the ground. It consists of a collimator, a flat plate and a bracket. Adding an electromagnetic wave ranging device to the collimator can make the operation more convenient and fast.

Electromagnetic range finder

An instrument that uses electromagnetic waves to carry ranging signals to measure the distance between two points. Those with a range of 5 ~ 20km are called medium-range rangefinders, and those with a range of less than 5km are called short-range rangefinders. Accuracy is usually

5mm+5ppm, with the characteristics of small, light and high precision. Since the 1960s, rangefinders have developed rapidly. In recent years, the accuracy of two-color precision photoelectric rangefinder has reached 0. 1mm+0. 1ppm. Electromagnetic wave rangefinder has been widely used in control, topography and construction lofting, which greatly improves the efficiency of field work and ranging accuracy.

Electronic speedometer

It consists of electronic theodolite, electromagnetic wave range finder, microcomputer, program module, memory and automatic recording device. It is an electronic measuring instrument with multiple functions such as ranging, angle measurement, calculation and recording. There are two types: integral type and combined type. The integral electronic speedometer is an integral combination of all functional components, which can automatically display the oblique distance and angle, automatically calculate and display the horizontal distance, elevation difference and coordinate increment, and has a high degree of automation. The combined electronic velocimeter, that is, electronic theodolite, electromagnetic wave range finder, computer and drawing device, is not only highly automated, but also has great flexibility. The invention is suitable for engineering survey and large-scale topographic survey. It can also provide analysis data for the establishment of digital ground model, make ground survey tend to be automatic, and can also track and measure moving targets, such as the trajectory observation of ships entering and leaving the port in port engineering.

Gyro theodolite

An instrument that combines a gyroscope and a theodolite to determine the true orientation. It can be used in the range of 75 degrees north and south latitude of the earth. When the gyro rotates at high speed, due to the influence of the earth's rotation, its axial meridian plane swings back and forth. Through observation, the true north direction can be determined. Gyro theodolite is mainly used for the directional work of traverse survey in mines and tunnels. Some gyro theodolite is controlled by microprocessor, which automatically displays the measurement results and has high measurement accuracy. Laser gyro theodolite has the characteristics of high precision, stability and low cost.

Laser measuring instrument

Various measuring instruments equipped with laser emitters. There are many such instruments, and their similarity is that a He-Ne laser is connected to the telescope, and the laser beam is merged into the telescope tube to make it coincide with the collimation axis. Using the advantages of good directivity, small emission angle, high brightness and high red visibility, a clear quasi-straight line is formed as the basis for directional positioning. Widely used in large-scale building construction, ditch tunnel excavation, large-scale machine installation, deformation observation and other engineering surveys. Common laser measuring instruments are: ① laser collimator and laser director. They are similar in structure and are used for ditch, tunnel or pipeline construction, large-scale machinery installation and building deformation observation. At present, the laser collimation accuracy has reached 10-5 ~ 10-6. An instrument that aligns a laser beam vertically. It can be used for vertical positioning in the construction process of high-rise buildings, chimneys and elevators. , used for future dip observation, with an accuracy of 0.5. ......

What are the types of measuring instruments?

According to the way of measuring temperature, the instruments for measuring temperature can be divided into two categories: contact thermometer (Thai style in Taiwan Province Province) and non-contact thermometer (Leitai in the United States). For the first flight, the contact thermometer is simple and reliable, with high measurement accuracy; However, because the temperature measuring element and the measured medium need to be fully thermally crossed, it takes a certain time to reach thermal balance, so the temperature measurement is delayed, and it cannot be applied to very high temperature measurement due to the limitation of high temperature resistant materials. Non-contact instrument temperature measurement is based on the principle of thermal radiation, and the temperature measuring element does not need to contact with the measured medium, so the temperature measuring range is wide, not limited by the upper limit of temperature measurement, and the temperature field of the measured object will not be destroyed, and the reaction speed is generally fast; However, due to the influence of external factors such as emissivity, measuring distance, smoke and water vapor, the measurement error is large.

What are the ranging instruments?

There are two types: electromagnetic type and acoustic wave type (ultrasonic wave). Generally, the electromagnetic type is suitable for targets with long distance and fast moving speed. Because the electromagnetic propagation speed is very fast, it has good resolution for long-distance high-speed moving targets and can be accurately detected; For targets with short distance and slow moving speed, sound waves (ultrasonic waves) should be adopted. Although the speed and propagation distance of sound waves are not as fast as electromagnetic waves, they also have high accuracy when detecting low-speed targets at close range, and the requirements for the circuit of detection instruments are not high.

What are the surveying and mapping instruments? How to classify?

Types and applications of traditional surveying and mapping instruments

electronic theodolite

Since the 1960s, with the development of modern optics and electronics, the improvement of angle measurement to automatic recording has a technical basis, and electronic theodolite and other automatic angle measuring instruments have appeared. Electronic theodolite is similar to optical theodolite in structure and appearance. The main difference lies in the reading system, which adopts photoelectric scanning and electronic components for automatic reading and liquid crystal display. Although electronic angle measurement is still carried out through the dial, the angle value is not read by optical continuation method according to the scale on the dial, but the electrical signal is obtained from the dial and then converted into the angle value.

There are three types of electronic angle measuring dial: coded dial, grating dial and dynamic angle measuring dial. Therefore, there are four forms of electronic angle measurement: coded dial angle measurement, grating dial angle measurement combined with coded dial angle measurement and dynamic angle measurement. For example, the E 1 and E2 electronic theodolite produced by KERN factory in Switzerland used grating dials, and the Elta-2 electronic velocimeter produced by OPTONJ company in Germany used coded dials in 19 78. However, most of the angle measuring systems of mainstream velocimeters now use dynamic angle measuring systems, and the angle measuring accuracy can reach 0.5 ". Since the 1990s, the angle measurement accuracy of electronic theodolite produced by domestic manufacturers such as Beijing Optical Instrument Factory and south surveying and mapping Instrument Company has been around 5 ″.

Electromagnetic range finder

With the emergence of various new light sources (laser, infrared light, etc.). ), physical ranging technology has also developed rapidly, and there have been light wave rangefinders with laser, infrared light and other light sources as carriers and microwave rangefinders with microwaves as carriers, commonly known as electromagnetic wave rangefinders.

The appearance of electromagnetic wave rangefinder is a revolution in ranging methods, thus creating a new era of ranging. Compared with the traditional steel ruler or baseline ruler, it has the advantages of high precision, fast calculation speed and little influence by climate and terrain. Electromagnetic wave rangefinder has developed rapidly. The first rangefinder in the world was made by AGA company in Sweden in 1947. The AGA-8 laser rangefinder produced by this factory is generally regarded as the representative of the first generation rangefinder. The measuring range of this instrument is generally 20-60 kilometers. 1954 was developed in south Africa, and 1957 was officially produced, which also belongs to the first generation electromagnetic wave rangefinder. Under good conditions, its measuring range can reach 66-80 kilometers.

Although the first generation rangefinder can measure the length and side length accurately, it is bulky and expensive. In the mid-1960s, the miniaturization of electronic products and the successful development of small light-emitting diodes provided conditions for the design of the second generation rangefinder. The second-generation rangefinder is a small and portable instrument with low power consumption and simple operation, but the measuring range is short, generally 0.5-5km, and the median error of ranging is plus or minus 2- 10mm+0. From 5: 00 pm to 5: 00 pm, after the coherent laser was introduced into the light wave rangefinder, the third generation rangefinder was produced. This instrument is very portable, consumes less electricity and is convenient for reading. The measuring range is 5m -60km, and the accuracy is up to plus or minus 5mm+ 1ppm.

At present, the rangefinder is developing towards miniaturization, automation and multifunction. It is the beginning of the development of semi-total station recording or electronic rapid measuring instrument to install the rangefinder on the telescope bracket of optical theodolite or electronic theodolite through adapter to form a combined instrument. Since 1980s, scientific research institutes in China have been holding joint public relations. In the mid-1980s, the first electromagnetic wave range finder was developed, but it has not been put into production due to the quality problems of domestic electronic materials. In the late 1980s, Beijing Optical Instrument Factory cooperated with Germany's AGA Company to assemble and produce AGA- 1 12, AGA-1/4 rangefinders. In the early 1990s, Changzhou No.2 Wireless Power Plant introduced the Dida range finder with a nominal accuracy of 5mm+5ppm.

Total station

Total station is a new measuring instrument which integrates angle measurement, distance measurement and calculation record. It is not a simple integration of rangefinder and electronic theodolite, but a highly integrated calculator with solid-state memory is installed in the whole system to process, calculate, store and exchange the observation results. In practical application, all fixed parameters (such as station coordinates, instrument height, instrument collimation difference, index difference, prism reference number, air temperature, air pressure, etc.). ) are put into the instrument in advance, and then aim at the target. ......