Photography knowledge

Answer; 1. Photography Art-Since the French Daguerre invented photography technology in 1839, photography has gradually developed into an art integrating physics, chemistry, aesthetics and other disciplines. Modern photography refers to an art form in which photographers reflect the objective existence and express the thoughts and feelings of individuals or groups through cameras. Photographers, according to their unique creative ideas, unique creative passions and ideas, use the technical means and artistic skills of photography modeling to obtain the latent image of the subject, use darkroom technology for subjective processing, and then create artistic photographs through artistic means. -The aesthetic feature of photography lies in its unity of documentary and artistry. First of all, photography can reproduce the subject realistically and accurately by scientific and technological means, which is objective and true, and at the same time, real-life shooting gives people an immersive feeling. Secondly, photography uses three modeling methods: picture composition (framing), light and shadow (lighting), color tone (black and white light and shade level) and color tone (color contrast and harmony), which has rich ideological and emotional expression. There are different genres of photography, such as painting photography, documentary photography, impressionism photography, surrealism photography, abstract photography and avant-garde photography. All these have greatly enhanced and enriched the expressive force of photography art and made it have a broad extension space. -2. Photography and graphics-The invention of photography came into being in the process of human trying to capture visual images, not to improve design. /kloc-since the 0/9th century, photography technology, equipment and materials have been deeply explored, and photography has been applied to plate-making technology in the printing industry for the first time; /kloc-became a new art medium at the end of 0/9; In the 20th century, it was widely used in design art and became an important design vocabulary. Graphics, as an illustrative picture image, is a visual design form different from language and words, which plays an important role in spreading information quickly, accurately, across cultures and regions. Specifically, the process of graphic design is the process of transforming abstract ideas into concrete visual forms, and then expressing the visual forms. Graphic language emphasizes innovation. The unique graphic language can accurately and clearly state the established theme, so that concepts, thoughts, emotions and other information can be expressed by this graphic medium, which will bring unexpected visual and spiritual impact to the viewer. The information bearing, innovation and semantics of graphics collide with the rich vocabulary of photography art, which complement each other. First of all, the objectivity of photography makes the graphics have a strong sense of reality, delicate texture and unique artistic conception, which can quickly render the situation and infect the viewer. It greatly enriches and enriches the expressive force of graphics and improves its credibility. Secondly, it is a form called "meaningful photography". That is, the photographer can get unexpected results by observing and excavating the details of life and adjusting the state of mind and perspective of observation. For example, a group of works by Japanese photographer Isao Bando called "Unfamiliar Faces" are based on ordinary life but surprisingly strange. In his photographic works, cartons, manhole covers, trees and walls have all become structural surfaces full of emotional changes, and all kinds of coincidences and discoveries are amazing. The acquisition of this "meaning" lies in its application to the concept of graphic creation. -In addition, special effects in trick photography and darkroom, such as soft light, image separation, special colors and other effects using color filters; Control the shutter to create a sense of movement or liquid solidification effect; Making deformation, woodcut, relief and high-profile effects in darkroom creation makes the combination of photography and graphics closer. With the transformation from photography to digitalization, digital photography, holographic photography and digital darkroom have appeared one after another. Computer technology also has a great influence on photography. The expressive force of photography and graphics has been greatly enhanced, and their expressive force has reached unprecedented intensity, which can give full play to the imagination of the creator and greatly enrich its internal connotation and external expressive ability, thus having greater tension. -Third, the deepening effect of photography on layout design-Layout design refers to the specific processing style of text or graphics display in various design forms, and editing and arranging specific visual information elements on a specific layout according to the needs of theme expression. Layout design consists of three design elements: graphics, color and text, among which graphic design is the most critical. -First of all, graphic design is directly related to the coordination of the above three elements, the accurate transmission of information and communication and understanding. Successful graphic design can even communicate silently through visual language without words. Secondly, graphics can transcend geographical restrictions, break through language barriers and integrate cultural differences, thus achieving the artistic effect of silent infection. At the same time, graphics are more vivid, concrete and direct than words. Compared with literal symbols, graphic symbols are more intuitive, vivid and general. -As photography closely combined with graphics, its role and advantages in layout design are self-evident. Here, we call this kind of graphic photography for layout design a picture. The role of pictures in layout design is mainly manifested in the following aspects:-① Setting up the layout visual center. In most text-based layouts, the text content is often summarized or supplemented by inserting pictures reorganized by information. It is similar to an alternative title, which can guide the content of the layout and increase the highlights of the layout. -② Emotional orientation to the layout. On the one hand, the insertion of pictures makes a single layout instantly illustrated, which makes the report more fully developed from multiple angles and all directions. On the other hand, the concrete form of pictures makes them more conducive to the formation of emotional tendencies in a short time than abstract words, thus becoming a special "expression" of layout. Because of the special appeal, penetrating power and shocking power of pictures, they usually have a good interaction with readers. -3 the pleasure of reading. The use of pictures in layout design can bring pleasant psychological feelings to readers. Scientific research shows that the information obtained by human vision accounts for about 75% of its total information. Vision is intuitive, that is, its own thinking ability makes it prefer pictures to words. Through pictures, people can get more information with less effort, thus receiving information more easily and effectively. This makes readers more inclined to choose materials with pictures when reading. -In the future design, with the further development of thinking and technology, photography or layout design will change with each other because of their own development. -1, about balance and symmetry Balance and symmetry are the basis of composition, and their main function is to stabilize the picture. Balance and symmetry are not a concept, but they have internal identity-stability. The sense of stability is a visual habit and aesthetic concept formed by human beings in their long-term observation of nature. Therefore, all plastic arts that conform to this aesthetic concept can produce aesthetic feeling, while those that violate this principle will look uncomfortable. Equilibrium and symmetry are not average, but a logical proportional relationship. Although the average value is stable, it lacks change. Without change, there is no aesthetic feeling, so the most taboo of composition is that the picture is evenly distributed. Symmetry has a strong sense of stability, and symmetry can make the picture feel solemn, solemn and harmonious. For example, ancient Chinese architecture is a model of symmetry, but relative to symmetry and balance, the change of balance is far greater than symmetry. Therefore, although symmetry is an important principle of composition, there are fewer opportunities for practical application, and you will feel the same way if you use it more. The most important things in composition are the "needle" shape and the Sanqi rule. The zigzag composition method and the Sanqi composition method are often called the golden composition method, and the triangle composition method is called eternity, both of which refer to balance. What is zigzag composition? That is, when three objects appear on the screen at the same time, they should not be placed on a line at equal distance, but should be triangular, like a character. As long as you pay attention, this triangle is everywhere in nature. Dashan is composed of countless triangles, staggered up and down, arranged orderly, like a huge character or triangle, which has a strong charm of arrangement. What is the composition of "37 Laws"? Is the proportion of the picture. If it is a vertical diagram, the top accounts for three points and the bottom accounts for seven points, or the top accounts for seven points and the bottom accounts for three points; If the picture is horizontally composed, the right side accounts for three points, the left side accounts for seven points, or the right side accounts for seven points and the left side accounts for three points. In the field of Chinese painting, this composition layout is called the best composition layout proportion relationship. The so-called best is not single or unique. Under special circumstances, it can also be broken according to the needs of the subject matter, and the 28 th Law or the 46 th Law can also be used. Originally, art was about law, not law. In short, it is a comprehensive consideration and a comprehensive application. For photographers. If you can use balance and contrast freely, you have mastered the basic essentials of photographic composition. 2. Clever contrast can not only enhance artistic appeal, but also clearly reflect and sublimate the theme. Contrast composition is to highlight the theme and strengthen the theme. There are various contrasts, but when they are similar, we can draw the following conclusions: First, the contrast of shapes. Such as: big and small, tall and short, old and young, fat and thin, thick and thin. The second is the contrast of colors. Such as: deep and shallow, cold and warm, bright and dark, black and white. The third is the contrast between ash and ash. Such as: deep and shallow, bright and dark, etc. In a work, you can use a single contrast, but you can also use multiple contrasts at the same time. Contrast method is relatively easy to master, but we should be careful not to copy mechanically, far-fetched, and not to pretend to be the master. 3. Viewpoint composition is to attract the audience's attention to the center of the picture. Viewpoint is the name of perspective, also called vanishing point. To make a clear point, we have to start from three lines: the apparent horizon, the horizon and the horizontal line. The visual horizon is a line parallel to the eyes. We stand anywhere and look into the distance. There is a clear line where heaven and earth meet or where water and sky meet. This line is just parallel to the eyes. This is the obvious horizon. This line varies with the height of the eyes. The higher a person stands, the farther he can see. This is the truth, but when you walk up a flight of stairs, you broaden your horizons by 300 miles. On the other hand, when people stand low, they can see from the horizon that the low place is nearby and small. According to the perspective principle, objects above the horizon, such as mountains and buildings, are all near high and far low, near large and far small; Obvious objects below the horizon, such as the earth, oceans and roads, are near low and far high, near wide and far narrow, and extend upward to the left and right. In this way, with the direction of the human eye as the axis, it extends in one direction, up and down, left and right, and finally gathers together, concentrates at one point and disappears in the line of sight plane. This is the origin of the viewpoint. The lens of the camera is designed according to the principle of human eyes and perspective. Aperture is like the pupil of the human eye. Pupils contract or enlarge with light, so what the camera takes is basically the same as what the human eye sees. In a sense, what is photographed with a camera is more accurate than what people see. Sometimes people don't feel the difference in distance when they look at it, as if they are on a plane, but objects farther away are much smaller after being photographed, because of the role of perspective. When we know the principle of perspective, we can give full play to the role of perspective. If you want to make the object bigger, just put it close to the lens; If you want to make the two sides bigger and the picture wider, you must choose the shooting position at a high place and shoot with a depression angle, which will get satisfactory results; If you want to shoot the stereo photo of an object, you can choose the shooting angle of the side of the object. The function of viewpoint is to draw people's attention to a point in the picture. This point should be the theme of the picture, but its position is not fixed. According to the needs of the subject, it can be placed at any point on the top, bottom, left and right of the picture. No matter where you put it, the extension lines of the surrounding objects should focus on this point. If there are two viewpoints in a picture, the picture will be scattered, and as an audience, I don't know where the photographer wants to express the theme. There can only be one viewpoint on the screen, which is the most fundamental difference between photography and painting in composition. Painting is about scattered perspective, and photography can only be a little bit, otherwise the composition and picture of photography will be very chaotic. There are two views on photographic works, which are roughly as follows; First, the tall object is placed in the center of the picture, and due to the perspective, the extension line extends in the opposite direction, resulting in the segmentation of the picture; Second, I want to show a variety of activities on one screen and form multiple centers; Third, when choosing the foreground, do not pay attention to the direction of the object extension line. Do not echo each other, but run counter to each other, and visually form a sense of division of the picture.