What are the investigations and studies on regional structures made by geologists in China?

First, enlightening and basic geological and mineral work and its works.

(1) 1872 Kuang Rongguang (1863-1965), as the first batch of students to go to the United States, studied geology and minerals at Lafayette College in the United States, and was forced to return to China in 188 1 year, and was first sent to Kaiping Coal Mine. He used to be the chief engineer and general manager of Shanxi Bao Tong Coal Mine Company, 1905 as a prospector, consultant and clerk of Zhili Commercial Mining Bureau, and 1907 as an "engineering scholar" in Guangxu thirty-three years. In the early years of the Republic of China, he served as the general manager of Bao Tong Coal Mine in Shaanxi. He not only holds an important position at home, but also enjoys a good reputation abroad. He is a member of the American Miners Association and the International Mining Conference. 1908 participated in the establishment of the geographical society of China. Because he conducted a large number of geological and mineral surveys in North China, he did coalfield geology, petrology and structural geology on the basis of a large amount of data, in which he discussed and studied the structure of the mining area, and published the first color geological map and mineral map of China in 19 10, that is, the geological map of Zhili (1:2.5 million). It is divided into six layers: the first layer is Archean igneous rock, the second layer is Cambrian, the third layer is Carboniferous, the fourth layer is Julies (Jurassic), the fifth layer is modern (Cenozoic), and the sixth layer is loess. The Mineral Map of Zhili clearly shows the distribution of nine minerals such as coal, iron, copper, lead, silver and gold. Zhili Stone Tablet is the first paleontological drawing board discovered, identified and made by geologists in China, showing eight kinds of paleontological fossils, including trilobites, snails, corals and other animal fossils, and plant fossils including reed leaves, scale grass, Pteris multifida and Isaiah skirt palm trees. The above three achievements reflect that Kuang Rongguang has mastered modern geological principles and can apply these principles correctly and skillfully in combination with China's geological practice. These three achievements complement each other, creating a precedent for early geologists in China to engage in geological investigation and research; 1900 was invited to investigate the reserves and distribution of Zaozhuang coal mine. From the structural analysis of the mining area, he found that the bottom of the old mine starts from Shanjialin in the west and ends in Qicun in the east, which is about nine miles long from east to west and three miles long from north to south. According to the calculation of 2000 tons of coal per day, resources can be mined for at least 30 to 40 years, and then Zaozhuang coal mine was decided to be developed. He also pointed out that in Dashan and Ganlu areas, the coal quality is excellent, the ash is light and sulfur is less, and many lump coals can be mined for more than ten years, which has promoted the vigorous development of Zhongxing Coal Mine Company. There is also a document saying that he also found Xiangtan Coal Mine (to be further demonstrated). He moved to Beijing after retirement and died in 1965 at the age of 103.

(2) Yang Tsang Woo (1862- 1939) was the first group of young children studying in the United States, whose ancestral home was Sihui, Guangdong Province, and whose original name was Zhongtai. When I was a child, I studied in Hong Kong English Institute with excellent results. Later, I was selected as a 120 young child studying in the United States. I studied at Columbia University in the United States, majoring in mining. I studied under Bater and was recalled to the country in 188 1. I was first sent to Kaiping Coal Mine to take charge of technical work, and once I was sent to Jehol for exploration.

1886, he was once again sent to Britain by Li Hongzhang, and entered the Royal Institute of Engineering in London to specialize in mining, metallurgy, mineralization and prospecting technology. 1890 graduated, becoming the only one among these young children to complete his studies. After graduation, he worked as a chemist in the gold and silver mine of Mo Company. After returning home, he went to Kaiping Coal Mine to take charge of technical work, and later served as chief engineer, deputy director and other important positions. He had a clear understanding of the structure of the mining area, initiated mechanized mining, and greatly increased the output. He is known as the founder of mechanical mining in China.

1895 was sent to Nanjing to survey coal mines and copper mines as the director. He is very successful. 1897, ordered by the Governor of Zhejiang Province to survey minerals in Zhejiang Province, and ordered by Sheng Xuanhuai to survey Longjiao Mountain silver mine in Daye County, Hubei Province. He wrote to Sheng Xuanhuai, urging the use of western advanced technology to mine Longjiao Mountain silver mine. In the specific investigation, he proposed: "According to the mining structure he has mastered,' where is the mineral, the deeper the mineral, the better'; In terms of smelting method, it is more convenient to advocate western method, and the original silver smelting method has been popularized, which has achieved good results.

I stayed in Zhili for a long time and did a lot of geological and mineral investigation and research, with excellent results. 1907 (Guangxu 33), I was appointed as an "engineering scholar" by Chao Yan, and served as an assistant examiner and consultant for international students in the late Qing Dynasty. , has also been awarded.

1899 returned to Kaiping coal mine as deputy director and chief inspector. 1900, in order to protect the coal mine, he organized the self-defense forces to maintain production and ensure the coal supply in Tianjin, which crushed the attempt of the Russian empire to occupy the coal mine and showed a patriotic feeling. In about 1906, he visited Jimingshan Coal Mine. In 19 14, he also revised Li Jiande's Gold Rush, which shows that he constantly summarized and exerted his own theory in the practice of geological and mineral exploration.

The above two people should be the earliest pioneers in China who were sent abroad to study geology and mineral resources, and also the earliest pioneers who initiated geology and mineral resources investigation. In their geological practice, they all involve the structure of ore fields, especially the structure of coalfields. The author thinks that the study of geology and mineral resources in China should start from them, that is, 1872, or 188 1 year. After returning to China, they began to carry out geological and mineral work in Kaiping Coal Mine, so it is more historic to advance the start time of modern geological events in China by decades.

(3) Mr. Lu Xun's brief discussion on the geology of China. As we all know, the geological cause in China started late, while the structural geology started even later. Chinese scholars first discussed the contents of China's geological structure, that is, A Brief Discussion on Geology of China published by Mr. Lu Xun under the pseudonym Suozi in the eighth issue of Zhejiang Tide in 1903. Although it is not specifically discussed, it is discussed in individual chapters.

(4) Geological Structure of China written by Yu Heqin published Geological Structure of China in the second and third issues of Science World on March 29th, 29th, Guangxu (1903). Although this is a popular discussion, it is groundbreaking. I studied in Japan, specializing in chemistry, but I also know geology. In this magazine, he published many articles about geology, most of which were completed in cooperation with his brother Yu, and later became an early member of geological society of china.

(5) 1909, the first issue of Geoscience, which was founded by Zhang and edited by geological society of china, published the article "On Geological Composition and Surface Change".

(6) China Seismograph (T.Tobar B.H.Ganthicr, China geodetic signal), edited by Shanghai Huang Shiduo 19 13, discussed the universality of structural content.

(7) The Record of Junior Students in Geological College opened the prelude of geological investigation and research in China.

19 16 The Notes on the Training of Junior Students in the College of Geology, edited and published by Zhang Heweng, describes the geological survey report written by the first generation of geologists in China under the leadership of the founder of China Geology during the training period in the College of Geology, and one of the editors is Weng (1889-197), majoring in geology at the University of Leuven. In addition to Zhang Weng, there are Ding Wenjiang (1887- 1936) who graduated from the Department of Geology of Glasgow University in England, and Zhang Yizheng who studied mining and metallurgy. At the same time, Dr. F.Solgar, a German scholar, was employed by the Department of Geology and Geological Survey of Shi Jing University.

Under their guidance, the first batch of geologists in China were trained. The geological reports of their field practice were the first batch of geological survey reports in China. This book is not only a summary of their geological survey, but also the first historical document of comprehensive geological survey in China.

The book is divided into six chapters, geological structure, as the fourth chapter. There is a saying in Zhang Xu: "Change does not lie in evolution to launch a revolution, so the vicissitudes of innovation are instantaneous, the road is polluted and it is vicious, and its change is strong." The chapter "Geological Structure" says: "It is easy to divide geological structure, but difficult to summarize geological structure ... Compound interest is an article based on the theory of scholars all over the world and the compromise of one person's will." The article says: "Geological structure is closely related to geological system, and its research order is system first, then structure, and its evolution principle is that system is the result and structure is the cause ... China's changes in different times and the influence of geological structure ..." A few short words broke the editor's basic understanding of tectonic movement at that time and its influence on China's changes in different times. According to the above principles, the chapter "Structure" takes geological system as the priority, and the whole chapter is divided into Archean, Proterozoic, Sinian, Middle Paleozoic, Carboniferous, Paleozoic and Middle Ages, and the transitional period between Middle Ages and Paleozoic. The crustal movement, orogeny, fold formation and fault influence in different periods are described. In addition, a lot of comments have been made on the geological work of early foreign geologists in China, and the work of German Richthofen and American Wei Lixian has been supplemented and revised, such as the prediction of Sinian system in Pemberley, USA and the Sinian system in Richthofen.

From the perspective of China's geological history, the study notes for juniors in the Institute of Geology and the graduation of 2 1 person in the Institute should be milestones of modern geological investigation and research in China, and it can be said that it is also the opening work of geological work and geological and mineral undertakings in China.

It is precisely because of the graduation of the first batch of geologists trained by China himself that 13 of them enriched the personnel of China Geological Survey, which was announced to be established in 19 13, and started regional geological and mineral investigation and research, and published the first batch of geological investigation and research results, including regional tectonic geological results.