Venus album photos

Reprinted in Baidu Post Bar-Aerospace Bar

Original data source satellite encyclopedia -sat.huijiwiki.com

Two 3MV- 1A test boats were all lost, and the authorities were angry and helpless.

It seems that in this desperate situation, Soviet officials made a radical decision: in early March, they launched a pair of 3MV spacecraft (non-testers) and flew directly to Venus along a long elliptical orbit.

Although the six-month flight time means that the 3MV- 1 will probably fail when it arrives at Venus in early September, it seems to be more meaningful than directly canceling the launch of the spacecraft: at least the data that should have been sent back by the first two test spacecraft can be obtained.

The launch focus once shifted to the launch of the unmanned lunar lander E-6 6. 1March 2, 9631day, the serial number of 8K78M T 15000-20 was launched with the new E-6 lunar probe. However, a series of problems occurred in the 8D7 15P engine of Blok I third stage, which eventually led to its early shutdown in the 487-second flight. The rocket and its payload were destroyed on re-entry.

Failed to numb. .

The new 8K78M failed continuously, and the 3MV Venus lander can only be carried.

The 3MV- 15 was launched on1March 27th, 964, and the rocket serial number was T 15000-22. This time, the new first three stages of 8K78M will send the Blok L escape stage and payload to Venus' low parking orbit. However, during unpowered taxiing, the attitude control was out of control again, and its 1 1D33 engine was never ignited during the escape phase.

The rocket stranded in Earth orbit and its payload were named "Space 27".

Although it failed, one of the many improvements paid off: the data collected by the new telemetry system were recorded and sent back to the ground controller by radio. Therefore, engineers can diagnose faults as before. This failure (and possibly several early failures) was found to be caused by the circuit design failure of the key control system of the escape stage.

Fortunately, the maintenance only took the technicians 20 minutes-they solved the problem with an electric soldering iron.

The Soviets failed to explore Venus eight times in a row.

At the end of the Venus launch window, the experimental design made another gamble: the last backup 3MV spacecraft was launched. The 8K78M rocket with serial number T 15000-23 was launched at 2: 42: 40 a.m. on April 2, 1964 on board the 3MV- 1 IV spacecraft.

This time, all four stages of 8K78M were finally successful. The Soviet media immediately reported that the probe, named "Venus 2", would enter Venus orbit and try to land on another planet for the first time.

However, while the Soviet media cheered, the controller found a major problem in the first communication with the detector: the pressurized orbital module is leaking and all its gas will be lost within a week. This will undoubtedly seriously affect the running ability of its equipment.

Due to the bleak prospect of success, the Soviet Union later announced that it would rename the probe "Detector 1" without mentioning its original name.

According to the torque generated by the orbital module leakage, Soviet engineers quickly found out the problem-there was a poor welding near the detector's star and solar sensor. "Although this is not helpful for the repair of Zond 1, the future spacecraft will conduct X-ray inspection of the weld as a new quality control inspection." The engineers comforted themselves.

In any case, the probe is still fully functional, so engineers have made emergency plans to keep the spacecraft running for as long as possible.

The probe 1 made a course correction maneuver on the second day after launch, 563,780 kilometers away from the Earth. This is also the first time that the propulsion system of KDU-4 14 has been used in the planetary mission of the Soviet Union, although it was technically mature several years ago.

By April 9, the pressure in the orbital module had dropped to the point where the onboard sensors could not read it. Because the main antenna of the detector 1 needs a compression chamber to maintain thermal control and suppress arcing in the high voltage circuit, the ground controller communicates through a pair of redundant antennas in its 290kg lander.

Through some means of command, control and communication, Zond 1 began to collect limited data about the interstellar environment from its instruments. Its new ion thruster was also tested, but it was found that the operation was unstable, probably due to the pressure loss in the orbital module.

The continuous tracking of Zond 1 shows that it will still miss Venus greatly. Therefore, on May 14, the course was revised for the second time. The KDU-4 14 engine was ignited for the second time within the range of 0/40,000 km from the Earth, and the speed was changed to 50 m/s, but the engine was obviously turned off early. There is still a distance of 20m/s from the required Delta-V. Zond 1 may miss Venus by about 65438+ million kilometers.

As the trip to Venus continued, more problems appeared, including the obvious failure of one of its star sensors. The detector 1 had to start rotating to stabilize its direction and try to keep the solar panel pointing at the sun. Unfortunately, the high-gain antenna can no longer be used, and the communication system through the lander can only be maintained until about mid-June, when there is still a month's journey from Venus.

Even Zond 1 didn't hold out until then. The last communication with Zond 1 was on May 19, 2009, and all communication was lost on May 24th. On July 19, the silent Zond 1 flew over Venus. . .

As of May, 1964, 19, the Venus detector designed in the first phase of the experiment is:

Putnik 7, Venus/KOOC-0/,Putnik/KOOC-0/9, 20, 2/KOOC-0/,Space 2/KOOC-0/,Venus/KOOC-0/964a, Space 27, Probe/KOOC-0/.

Among them, Venus 1 and probe 1 lost contact on the way to Venus, and the rest of the probes were not out of Earth orbit.

But these failures are nothing compared with the brilliant success later.

It's not light yet. . .

Today I will talk about four little brothers: Venus 2, Venus 3, Space 96, Venus 1965A.

When the Soviet Union failed nine times in a row, Americans made two explorations of Venus, in which Mariner 1 failed and Mariner 2 succeeded. At that time, NASA was busy exploring the moon, and it was also a sigh of relief to send people to the moon. It was too busy to compare the number of failures with the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union is still unwilling to fail. Although the results of 3MV series are generally unsatisfactory, most of them are caused by ignition problems during the escape phase of 8K78M rocket, which has little to do with the 3MV detector itself. After continuous accumulation of experience and improvement, by July 1965, when the joint lunar and Mars probe "Probe 3" was launched, both the rocket and the probe had already performed quite well, and the 3MV series also got revenge.

The trajectory of the detector 3

High-definition lunar surface photographed by probe 3

Before Venus probe, the model code was 3MV- 1, and Mars probe was 3MV-2. When the 1 probe was launched, Soviet officials had approved another round of 3MV Venus mission launched in June of 1965+0 1, with a total of four spacecraft. These spacecraft were named as 3MV-3 and 3MV-4.

The new 3MV-3 is equipped with a roughly spherical lander with a diameter of 90 cm. It will be released before it meets the atmosphere of Venus, making an angle of 43 to 65 with the local horizontal plane. The lander weighing 383 kilograms will land on the ground through a parachute and transmit the data on the instrument directly to the earth.

3MV-3

3MV-4 is similar to the previous 3MV. This is a Venus aircraft equipped with a high-definition camera. The difference between it and the previous generation is that the reliability of each system has been improved (at least the testers think so). The overall structure has not changed.

3MV-4

Take a look at the upgraded instruments on 3MV-4;

(1) A photoelectric television system with a 200mm lens-when it passes through the illuminated side of Venus in the daytime, it will get dozens of images on 25mm photographic film. In the nominal range of 25,000 kilometers, the camera will produce a wide-field image of 3 100 kilometers, with a scale of about 4 kilometers per pixel.

(2) The ultraviolet spectrometer also shares the camera's film system, which can generate a series of spectra in the wavelength range of 285 to 335 nanometers to study the atmosphere. The exposed film will be developed automatically on the ship, and the film will be scanned and sent back to Earth. The quality of high-definition images it produces is far better than that of Mariner 4, which returned to Mars by NASA.

(3) Another ultraviolet spectrometer works in the range of 190 to 275 nm to find ozone.

(4) Dual-channel infrared spectrometer is used to study the thermal radiation of the earth's atmosphere and the wavelength range from 7 to 38 microns.

(5) Instruments for studying hydrogen-Lyman-α and oxygen emissions in magnetic fields, radiation, micrometeoroids, radio radiation and ultraviolet rays.

None of the previous detectors carried so much scientific load. It can be seen that engineers are really full of confidence this time.

Венера, мы идём

The first launch was a flying spacecraft originally named as 3MV-4. The 8K78M carrier rocket with the number U 15000-042 was launched from the Baikonur space launch site at 05: 02 on June196565438+1October 12. Blok L escape stage and its 963kg payload were successfully put into orbit with an inclination of 5 1.9 and a distance of 203 2 16km. This is the first time that the Soviet Union used this "low" tilt parking orbit to carry out the Soviet planetary mission.

After a short taxi, the escape engine ignited and sent the probe now called "Venus 2" to Venus.

The initial tracking of the spacecraft shows that everything is going as planned, and the orbit is accurate enough to fly over the side illuminated by Venus at a distance of less than 40,000 kilometers. The engineer decided that there was no need to revise the predetermined route because it was close enough to achieve the goal.

After the rocket is launched, it can reach Venus without orbit correction. This is unprecedented and unprecedented.

Soon after1965165438+10 month 16 04:08+09, 3MV-3No. 1 (Venus III) was launched by an 8K78M rocket from the base 3 1/6 of Baikonur launch site and entered 2008. In the escape phase, the work was completed again, and Venus 3 was sent into the transfer orbit. This is the first time that the Soviet Union has sent two spacecraft to planetary targets at the same time.

The preliminary tracking of Venus 3 shows that the spacecraft is running well, but it will miss the target point 800 kilometers away from the center of Venus. After all, Venus II's luck didn't come easily.

12 On February 26th, Venus 3 made a correct course correction within the range of 0/29,000 km from the Earth. 19.7 meters delta-V per second is enough to send Venus 3 into the orbit where it collided with Venus.

Schematic diagram of track transfer (slag diagram, smooth spraying)

The biggest promoter of the Soviet Union's exploration of Venus and Mars did not live to see the fruits of this ambitious mission. This is perhaps his greatest regret.

Maybe it's telepathy, or maybe Venus II and Venus III are pretending twins, and they started to behave badly when their parents were away.

On February 10, the internal temperature of Venus 2 rose dangerously. This obvious fault of thermal control system is adversely affecting the communication and control system of spacecraft. The last communication with Venus-2 was on February 27th, when it was close to Venus, but the communication quality was very poor, and the confirmation of pre-flight instructions had not been received.

Over-flying signal (slag diagram, light spray)

16 February, only 17 days after Venus, the communication system on Venus 3 also failed, probably because of overheating. February 16 After hearing the news of Venus 3 for the last time, the contact has been unsuccessful.

……

(To be continued)