What are the basic sports techniques in film photography?

1, lens push-pull technology The lens push-pull technology is a set of relative technologies, and one of them can often be used to realize the other technology in nonlinear editing. Pushing the lens is equivalent to walking directly along the straight line of the object to see the object, while pulling the lens means that the camera keeps leaving the object. Of course, both of these technologies can be realized through a zoom lens. The role of push lens in shooting focuses on highlighting important Russian figures or objects in later films, which is the most common role of push lens. It can make the audience's line of sight gradually close to the subject, and gradually guide the audience's observation from the whole to the part. In the process of pushing the ground, the content contained in the picture gradually decreases, that is to say, the movement of the lens abandons the superfluous things in the picture, highlights the key points and leads the audience's attention to a certain part. This effect can also be achieved by using a zoom lens, that is, gradually moving from a short focal length to a long focal length, so that the audience can see the subtle parts of the object and highlight the key to express the content. Pushing the lens can also show a huge space. Pulling a lens is just the opposite of pushing it. This means that the camera keeps moving away from the subject, and you can also shoot with a zoom lens (gradually adjust from a long focal length to a short focal length). It has two functions, one is to show the position of the protagonist or scenery in the environment. The lens moves backward and gradually expands the field of vision, which can reflect the relationship between the part and the whole in the same lens. Second, it is also necessary for the connection between shots. For example, the former is a close-up shot of one scene and the latter is a shot of another scene, so it is much more natural for the two shots to connect like this. The push-pull effect of lens is different from zoom. For example, in the technique of pushing the lens, the method of using zoom lens is equivalent to magnifying a part of the original subject. The effect on the screen is that the relative position of the scene remains unchanged, and the scene remains unchanged, but the original picture is enlarged. It is more suitable to use zoom lens to achieve this lens effect when the main body of the shooting scene has not changed and it is required to approach the object at any speed without continuous jitter. Moving the lens to push the lens is equivalent to observing close to the subject. The effect in the picture is that the objects in the scene move backwards and the size of the scene changes. This is very effective when shooting narrow corridors or indoor scenery. There is a clear difference between moving the camera and using the zoom lens to achieve the push-pull effect of the lens, so we need to have a clear understanding of the shooting concept and cannot simply replace the two.

2, shaking the lens skill This lens skill was pioneered by French photographer Dixon in 1896, and it is also played according to people's visual habits. When using the panning technology, the position of the camera does not move, and the lens changes the shooting direction, which is very similar to when we stand still and turn our heads to see things. There are several types of panning lenses, which can swing left and right, up and down, tilt or mix with moving lenses. The function of panning is to let the audience show the scenes to be shown one by one. Slow panning skills can also cause prolonged space-time effects and give people an impression. Shake the lens to show the content from beginning to end in one go, so it is required that the purpose of the lens picture at the beginning and end of the film is clear, and a series of processes between the two lenses should also be the content to be shown. Moving the telephoto lens away from the subject will also cause lateral movement or lifting. The movement speed of the pan/tilt lens must be uniform. When it starts, it will stagnate for a moment, then gradually accelerate, decelerate at a uniform speed, and then stagnate, and the left picture will be slow.

3. Lens shifting technology This lens shifting technology was inspired by 1896 French photographer Promio on a yacht in Venice. He imagined "shooting with a moving film camera, so that the stationary object will move", so he pioneered the "side lens" in film, that is, putting the camera on a moving car and shooting to one side of the track. The purpose of this kind of lens is to show the spatial relationship between people and things, people and things in the scene, or to show something coherently. There are similarities between moving lens and shaking lens, both of which are to show the relationship between subject and companion in the scene, but the visual effect on the screen is completely different. Pan-tilt lens means that the position of the camera is fixed, and the shooting angle and the angle of the object are changing, which is suitable for shooting distant objects. However, the moving lens is different, that is, the shooting angle is unchanged, the camera itself moves, and the angle with the object is unchanged, which is suitable for shooting objects and subjects with close distance. Mobile phone photography is mostly dynamic composition. When the subject presents a static effect, the camera moves to make the scene pass through the picture in turn, resulting in a visual effect of patrol or display; When the subject is dynamic, the camera moves with it, forming a visual effect of following. It can also create a specific mood and atmosphere. When moving the lens, you can use other moving tools, such as airplanes in high-altitude photography, trains and cars in the wilderness, in addition to the moving car laid on the track. Its movement can be roughly divided into lateral movement and deep movement according to the direction of movement. When the camera is not moving, changing the focal length or moving the subject in the background can also achieve the effect of moving the lens.

4. Follow-up technology refers to the camera following moving objects, including push-pull, swing, lifting and rotation. Follow-up keeps the dynamic subject in the picture unchanged, while the foreground and background may be constantly changing. This shooting technique can not only highlight the subject in motion, but also explain the direction, speed and posture of the object and its relationship with the environment, so as to keep the movement of the object coherent and help to express the mental outlook of the characters in the dynamic.

5. Lifting lens This lens technology refers to the picture taken by the camera moving up and down. This is a way to represent the scene from multiple perspectives. Its changing methods include vertical direction, oblique lifting and irregular lifting. Changing the camera's height and tilt angle will bring rich visual experience to the audience. If skillfully used, it can enhance the illusion of spatial depth and produce a sense of height. If the lifting lens moves properly in speed and rhythm, it can creatively show the emotional appeal of a plot. It is often used to express the development law of events or the subjective emotions of the subject moving up and down in the scene. If we can combine the skills of other lenses in actual shooting, we can show changeable visual effects.

6. Shot put skill This skill requires a higher photographer. It means that after a picture is finished, the lens quickly "shakes" in the other direction, so that the picture of the lens becomes another content, and the content photographed in the middle of the shaking process becomes blurred. This is also very similar to people's visual habits, much like we suddenly turn our heads to another thing when observing things, which can emphasize the transformation of space and the juxtaposition of scenes in different scenes at the same time. Another way to throw a shot is to shoot a moving image shot thrown in the required direction, and then edit it between the front and back shots. The effect of camera swing is an extremely fast rhythm, which can cause a sudden transition. When editing, the direction, speed and speed of throwing and the length of the process should be adapted to the movements of the front and rear lenses and their direction and speed.

7. The object or background shot by the rotating lens shows the rotating effect. The common shooting methods are as follows: 1. Rotating shooting along the elevation angle of the lens optical axis; Second, the camera shakes 360 degrees quickly; Third, the subject and the photographer rotate 360 degrees on almost one axis; 4. When the camera is stationary, the image or photo on the film or tape is rotated, inverted or turned to any angle of the 360-degree circle for shooting, and it can move clockwise or counterclockwise. In addition, you can also use a rotating carrier to shoot, and you can also get a rotating effect. This kind of lens technique is often used to express the subjective sight or dizziness of characters in rotation, or to contrast emotions and render atmosphere.

8. Shake the lens skill This kind of lens is not widely used in actual shooting, but using this skill in appropriate circumstances can often produce strong shock and subjective emotions. The camera shake technology refers to the camera body swinging up and down, left and right, back and forth when shooting. Often used as a subjective lens, such as in the performance of drunkenness, trance, dizziness, or ship, car shaking, bumpy effect, to create a specific artistic effect. How much swing amplitude and frequency this technology needs in actual shooting depends on the specific situation. It is best to hold a camera or shoulder when shooting. These lens technologies are not isolated in actual shooting, but often ever-changing and can be combined with each other to form a colorful comprehensive motion lens effect. However, when we want to use lens expression skills, we need to determine them according to actual needs. When shooting, the lens action should be even, steady and decisive. Don't abuse the lens skills aimlessly, pause or shake back and forth for no reason, which will not only affect the expression of the content, but also dazzle the audience and be at a loss. The direction and speed of lens movement should also consider the consistency of rhythm and speed of the front and rear lenses.