The long and painful history of American police brutality.

Last month, people in St. Paul, Minnesota closed Interstate 94 hours after a jury convicted former police officer geronimo Janez of manslaughter in the shooting of 32-year-old Fernando Castilla. When they were driving on the highway in the dark, slogans such as "Black life is important" and "No justice, no peace" sounded, and the scene of "Fernando, Fernando" seemed familiar. A year ago, when Yanis dragged castel to kill him because the taillight was broken, a large-scale * * * activity broke out. Dashboard footage shows Yanis shooting from an open window in castel a few seconds after castel revealed that he owned and was allowed to carry hidden weapons. Castel is a respected school nutritionist.

It is one of the 233 African-Americans who were shot and killed by the police in 20 16, which is an amazing number from the demographic point of view. African-Americans account for 13% of the American population, but 24% were killed by the police. According to * * *, the probability of black people being shot by police in the United States is 2.5 times that of white people, while today's

This is not a recent phenomenon at all. The cardboard placards collected by the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture and the placards seen in the new exhibition "More than one painting" emphasize this reality.

"Fifty years later, the information has not been solved," said Samuel Eggerton, who held the poster in his hand and donated it to the Smithsonian Museum during 1963. The yellow sign (collected by the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture and presented by Samuel Y. edgerton) reminds us that continuous oppression and violence have disproportionately shocked generations of black communities-"We demand an immediate end to police brutality! Samuel Eggerton, a university professor who donated the poster to the museum, said, "The poster is painted in red and white letters.

""Fifty years later, the information is still unsolved. ".He carried it as a symbol of * * * 1963 in Washington. Fifty years later, the information on the poster sounds extremely timely. If it weren't for those yellow edges, this placard might almost be mistaken for any symbol of black life in the past three years.

"Someone asked the believers of the civil rights movement,' When will you be satisfied?' Martin Luther King said in his landmark speech in March 1963. After the long-term violent conflict between African-American citizens and the police, his words continue to attract the attention of * * * today. "As long as black people are victims of unspeakable horror of police brutality, we will never be satisfied.

"In 1963, the police abused their power for years, decades, and then centuries, and the idea of police brutality lingered in people's minds," said William Pretzer, senior history curator of the museum.

After Freddie Gray died, the curator of the National Museum of African American History in Baltimore, Maryland collected a poster. The collection of Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture) It was not until the northern cities decided it was necessary to better control the rapidly growing population in the 1930s and 1940s that modern policing evolved into an organized institution. The first police station in America was established in Boston on 1838. The community most attacked by harsh tactics is the recent European immigrants. However, when African-Americans fled the horror of racial discrimination in the south, they also became victims of the cruel and punitive security of the northern cities where they sought refuge. On 1929, the Illinois Criminal Justice Association published the Illinois Crime Survey. The survey was conducted between 1927 and 1928 to analyze the reasons for the high crime rate in Chicago and Cook County, especially the criminals related to Capone. However, the survey also provided data on police activities. Although African-Americans account for only 5% of the population in this area, they constitute 30% of the victims of police killings. According to the survey,

Malcolm D. Holmes, a sociology professor at the University of Wyoming at herbert hoover, said, "There are many one-on-one conflicts between the police and citizens, many of which are initiated by the police." He has conducted extensive research on police brutality and written relevant articles. In the same year, President Hoover set up the National Law-abiding and Law Enforcement Committee to investigate crimes related to prohibition except police tactics. 193 1 to 1932, and the investigation team published the investigation results in volume 14, one of which was entitled "Report on Law Enforcement Violations". Although the investigation team did not completely solve the problem of racial differences, the reality of police brutality was exposed. Civil rights era

Although many leaders of the movement advocated peace, the 1960 s was full of violence and destructive riots.

The police used tear gas to disperse * * *, which was photographed by an unidentified photographer. 1966 (collected by Smithsonian National Museum of African-American History and Culture, in Peace * * * * and * * *, Howard Greene presented the attack dispersion strategy of KDSP, such as police dogs and fire hoses, which is just that. However, it is the violent public security prevailing in colored communities that causes distrust at the local and daily levels. This was one of the deadliest riots in Newark in 1967, when the police suppressed the black taxi driver John Smith in a traffic jam. During the four-day riot, 26 people were killed and many others were injured. 1968, President lyndon johnson organized a national civil unrest advisory committee to investigate the causes of these major riots.

The cause of the riots in Newark is not the only conflict between police and citizens. The conclusion of the investigation team is: "Among the 24 mental disorders investigated, there are 12 cases, and the police action is the' last' event before the outbreak of violence."

Taking apartheid and poverty as indicators, the investigation team announced remedial measures to reduce social inequality, revitalized "the expansion and repositioning of urban renewal plans, and gave priority to projects that directly helped low-income families obtain adequate housing." However, Johnson refused to repeat the task.

Black newspapers reported police brutality throughout the early and mid-20th century, and the popularity of radio stories further spread these stories. After the taxi driver Rodney King was beaten, the TV video vividly told the story of police brutality to more viewers. The acquitted police beat gold with batons more than 50 times.

Today, live broadcast, Twitter and Facebook posts have blown police brutality beyond recognition, surpassing the black community and becoming the mainstream media. Fernando castel was in the car with her daughter when her fiance Diamond Reynolds was shot. He used Facebook Live to broadcast the direct consequences of the shooting on her mobile phone.

"Modern technology does allow and insist that the white community should pay attention to these situations and events," Pretzer said.

With the development of technology, law enforcement equipment is also developing. Police departments with military-grade equipment have become the norm in American cities. Images of police officers wearing helmets and bulletproof vests riding tanks across the block, whenever these incidents happen, the story of * * *.

"What we see is the continuation of an unequal relationship, which has always been exac.