Perspective the basic knowledge of near, far and small.

1. What does "near big and far small" mean in the introduction knowledge of sketch?

It is the basic law of sketch perspective that the near is big and the far is small. When we observe objects in different directions and at different distances from a fixed position (that is, the viewpoint), we see that objects of the same size show the phenomenon that the near objects are large and the distant objects are small, and some of them also change their shapes visually. This is a perspective phenomenon that the near objects are large and the shape changes in space.

In our daily life, when we observe an object, the closer the distance is, the bigger the phase appears in front of us, and the farther the distance is, the smaller the object we see. Like railroad tracks.

Similarly, sketch perspective composition also has such a law. Art comes from life. In sketch, it is necessary to reasonably grasp the size ratio in the picture performance, so that objects of different sizes appear reasonable when displayed in the picture. Draw small objects in the distance, and draw large objects near.

The basic terms of sketch perspective are: visual horizon, center point, viewpoint, visual midline, vanishing point, celestial point and place.

Visual horizon: it is a horizontal line parallel to the painter's eyes.

Center point: it is the point on the eye level that faces the painter's eyes.

Viewpoint: It is the position of the painter's eyes.

Line connecting the viewpoint and the center, at right angles to the horizon.

Vanishing point: an angular object, not parallel to the picture, reaches the vanishing point on both sides of the center of the apparent horizon in perspective.

Celestial point: it is an inclined object near high and far low, and disappears at a point above the horizon.

Location: It is an inclined object near high and far low, and disappears at a point below the horizon.

2. What are the perspective phenomena?

There are three kinds of perspective: No.65438 +0 color perspective No.2 vanishing perspective No.3 line perspective. These are all commonly used in art! Especially sketches!

The explanation is that the farther the same object is from our eyes, the smaller the field of vision our eyes need to observe it, and vice versa. The square perspective deformation phenomenon mentioned above when we observe the cube does exist, and this perspective change is more complicated. However, in order to adapt to the cognitive habits of viewers, we often use a relatively simple "Parallel perspective" principle to analyze and deal with when guiding beginners to understand the perspective change principle of a cube. This "Parallel perspective" is essentially a hypothetical perspective principle, which is impossible to exist in actual observation. However, this virtual hypothetical perspective can let us know the change of a cube perspective in a short time.

3. The principle of kneeling far and near

Perspective teaching is a difficult point in art teaching in primary schools. Pupils' young age, low cognitive level, poor sense of space and observation often form obstacles in perspective teaching. This requires us to adopt appropriate teaching methods and carry out teaching step by step according to the age characteristics and cognitive ability of primary school students.

First, reasonable infiltration, paving in advance.

In primary school art textbooks, perspective knowledge is involved from the fourth grade. If we insist on perspective knowledge from this moment on, some problems will inevitably arise. Because some of the original wrong perspective habits of primary school students are difficult to change for a while, it is difficult to accept this rational and abstract knowledge at first sight. This requires us to carry out infiltration teaching in advance, make good preparations and slow down the slope of teaching. The painting teaching in the first and second grades of primary school is mainly based on perceptual knowledge, and it is not exposed to perspective knowledge, and homework that does not conform to the perspective law is allowed. This is based on the cognitive characteristics of junior students. But in the third grade, students' cognitive ability has improved, and they have the ability to observe, model and express initially. We should infiltrate them with the simplest perspective common sense from this moment on. Such as the phenomenon of "near big and far oblique". In the process of painting, let students observe the perspective phenomenon around them, leave an impression in their minds, try not to develop the habit of wrong perspective in painting, basically show this phenomenon, and form a simple concept of perspective teaching, which will pave the way for future teaching.

Second, observe practice and turn abstraction into concreteness.

Perspective teaching is an abstract problem, and it needs a cognitive process to make primary school students really master this knowledge, so this process is to change abstraction into concreteness, and then from concreteness to abstraction. My method is:

1. Field observation. Before the new lesson is taught, let students observe the real scene first. In the first class of the seventh volume of Nine-year Compulsory Education and Six-year Primary School Fine Arts, the teacher first took the students out of the classroom, observed the real scene and recorded various phenomena. Such as: what is the short way and what is the long way; What are the near trees and the far trees? What buildings are there, near and far? After returning to the classroom, the teacher asked: What is this phenomenon you observed? Then the students discuss.

2. Make full use of teaching AIDS to teach new knowledge. The teacher shows the composite slides for step-by-step demonstration. The first step is to show that the road surface in reality is the same width and the trees on both sides of the road are basically the same height. The second demonstration: we will see that the nearby road surface is wide and the distant road surface is narrow, which is what we observed. Objects in human vision will produce the phenomenon of near big and far small. For example, a leaf is almost invisible in the distance. If you hold it in your hand and move it in front of your eyes, its image will get bigger and bigger. We call this phenomenon perspective. The third step is to continue the demonstration to further confirm the observed phenomenon. Then let the students enjoy the pictures in the wall chart and textbook. Students and teachers can sum up together: the phenomenon that the scenery is near, big and far is perspective. This kind of teaching is not only easy for students to accept, but also for teachers to complete this teaching task in a pleasant teaching atmosphere.

4. The relevant knowledge of perspective is as follows

Perspective is everywhere now. Airports, railway stations and even buses have perspective devices. After mathematicians developed relevant visual theories, artists and architects also devoted themselves to research and application. The development of perspective method in the west is quite mature, with rational and scientific methods. The development of this linear perspective is different in different centuries. However, during the Renaissance, it should be regarded as a very vigorous development. Under the rigorous and rational attitude, perspective has almost become the only rule of painting expression space, which has great influence.

I believe that a high proportion of people have studied perspective painting, because it is one of the basic courses of painting, design and graphics. However, I also believe that after learning the general concepts, most people have little chance to apply them in the future. Especially after the computer can do 3D drawing, perspective is not only cumbersome, restrictive and error-prone, but also the final effect is not as good as constructing a texture model casually with 3D software!

Is it that bad? Yes, in many ways, but it is not entirely appropriate to make such a comparison. Let's give an easy-to-understand example: After photography matured, was painting replaced?

Second, the perspective principle and method:

(A) perspective principle

Perspective is a science to describe visual space in ancient times. Imagine that our eyes will vibrate, change direction and change focus at any time. The ancients painted whatever they saw, from plane outline description to perspective painting, which is an incredible development. Today, photography technology helps us to understand and review the space environment in detail, so we can compare what the camera shoots with perspective, and we will have another updated understanding of perspective.

Why is there a perspective effect? Because the distance between people's eyes is about 6cm, for a thing (or a certain part of a thing), in fact, the eyes look at different angles, so they will feel shrinking when they look at things in the future.

The closer you look at something, the bigger and farther it is, and the smaller and farther it is. The two eyes see almost the same angle. Therefore, the closer to you, the stronger the sense of austerity. You must pay attention to perspective when drawing still life, and it doesn't matter if you draw distant scenery.

Since everything will retreat, it will inevitably meet at an infinite point. The key of perspective is to determine the vanishing point. As long as all objects extend to the same vanishing point, a painting will look reasonable, so it is enough to grasp this principle to make your words look unobtrusive, which is more effective than accurate measurement.

(2) perspective method

The definition of perspective is simply the method of projecting the scene seen by the eyes onto a plane in front of us and depicting the scene on this plane. In perspective projection, the viewer's eyes are called stations, and parallel lines extending far away will intersect at one point, which is called vanishing point; If you don't know what this means, think about the rails that extend forward. Because we draw different objects, there are so-called one-point perspective, two-point perspective and three-point perspective.

The so-called one-point perspective and multi-point perspective are actually the same in the final analysis. (Usually) find a vanishing point at the back, and then gather all the lines together to be a one-point perspective, a two-point perspective is to find a vanishing point to the left and right, and a three-point perspective is to find a vanishing point to the left and right, so that the object can be tightened up to the left and right.

Perspective knowledge

1, standing or sitting in front of the window looking at the scenery through the glass plane is called perspective.

2. If the object you see is painted on the glass plane as it is, it is the perspective figure of the object.

3. We usually sketch and draw, in fact, the perspective figure of the object is drawn on paper, and further, the structure of the object is expressed on flat paper.

4, what is the perspective phenomenon:

When there are no vehicles, we stand in the middle of the road and look forward, and we will find that the road is getting narrower and narrower, and the trees and telephone poles on the roadside are getting smaller and smaller, and gradually they all converge and disappear. This phenomenon is called perspective.

5. What is the apparent horizon?

When we stand on the broad and flat ground and look straight ahead, a horizontal line with eye height appears in the distance, which is called the apparent horizon.

6. What are the main points?

The road surface we see is near wide and far narrow, and the trees and telephone poles are near high and far low, near big and far small, and finally disappear in front of us. This point is also called the main point.

Let's take a regular hexahedron as an example. As long as one face in a hexahedron is parallel to the picture, the other faces gradually disappear to the main point. This perspective phenomenon is called Parallel perspective, and isometric perspective has only one vanishing point, that is, the principal point.

8. The Parallel perspective of a square object can see at least one face and at most three faces.

9. Parallel perspective landscape

From the perspective of the picture, we can see that the horizontal line of a square object is parallel to the picture and the apparent horizon, the vertical line is perpendicular to the picture and the apparent horizon, and the diagonal line forms a certain angle with the picture and the apparent horizon.