What changes have been made in lamps since ancient times?

Where there is light, there is human civilization. Tens of thousands of years ago, human beings knew to use the fire of nature to keep out the cold, barbecue and light. More than 3000 years ago, humans began to carry candles with simple lamps and write the history of civilization. From rough stone lamps to bronze lamps, ceramic lamps to electric lamps, the historical changes of lamps and lanterns are deeply branded with the times and are also the epitome of social economy and culture. The lamp is a small pottery bowl with uneven surface, which evolved from beans. The bottom of the bowl is supported by the handle. In the eyes of ordinary people, it is worthless pottery with no artistic value at all. But in the eyes of Qing Liejun, the owner of "Thousands of Lights", this is a treasure. "This is the' bean' in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it is the predecessor of the lamp." Celebrate the fierce army while playing, while explaining. In the Stone Age, people learned how to use fire to keep warm, cook food, control animals and light. According to the unearthed records of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, as early as Shang Dynasty, human beings used turpentine torches for lighting. In the Zhou Dynasty, the extensive use of bronzes and pottery created conditions for the appearance of lamps. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, lamps for lighting began to appear. Beans were tools for lighting at that time and were made according to the shape of the food container-beans at that time. At that time, people used soybean fat as fuel, put soybean fat in a small pottery bowl, put a wick on it and lit a lamp. From the archaic word "light", we can see that light evolved from beans. Ancient books recorded that lamps originated from beans, and tile beans were named Deng. Nowadays, many lighting tools in costume TV series are beans. "There should be beans with bronzes, but I haven't seen them yet." Bronze ware was a status symbol at that time. According to Lao Qing's textual research, the use of bronzes as lighting tools at that time should be the right enjoyed by nobles, and the rough pottery beans were probably used by ordinary people. Zhi Ding distinguishes bean from lamp bean as a bowl-shaped lighting tool, and lamp is also a bowl-shaped lighting tool, but there is a small sharp cone at the bottom of the bowl, which is called Zhi Ding. This small change has become the dividing line between beans and lights. During the Warring States period, the earliest candles began to appear. But the candles at that time were different from the candles now, and their shapes were not very regular. How to support it to stand? The wise ancients made a sharp cone at the bottom of the bean, and put an irregular candle on this sharp cone, so that the candle could stand steadily. From bean to lamp, it is not an overnight process, but a gradual process. This disc is probably the prototype of lamps in the Warring States period, and the pointed cone indicates that it was used for lighting at that time. The appearance of Zhi Ding officially opened the history of lamps, and since then, the history of lamps has changed from beans to lamps. During the Warring States period, lanterns were mostly made of metal or clay, and the jade lantern was the only one, which was a masterpiece. Jade lanterns are made of sapphire from Hotan, Xinjiang, with brown immersion marks in some areas. The lamp consists of three parts: a plate, a handle and a seat, which are carved with three pieces of jade and glued together. The upper lamp plate is round and shallow, and the center of the plate is raised with five petals. The handle in the middle is cylindrical, decorated with raised trefoil relief, with waist in the middle and moire under the waist. The cover of the lamp holder is decorated with five petals of persimmon and hook moire, and the soles of the feet are also decorated with hook moire. Jade hook moire lamp During the Warring States period, the lamps were mainly bronze, mostly aristocratic practical devices. Ceramic lamps are often regarded as pottery beans because they are no different from traditional pottery beans, so they are not classified as lamps. This kind of lamp is used by the lower class, and the jade lamp is a practical appliance used by the upper class. Except for a few multi-branch lamps, they can be roughly divided into two categories: statue lamps and imitation household lamps. There are few kinds of multi-branch lamps (also known as tree lamps), the most representative of which is fifteen lamps, which are shaped like a lush tree and support fifteen lamps. Lamps are strewn at random, decorated with Youlong, birdsong and monkey tricks. Different moods are full of fun. The figurine lamp is the most representative of bronze lamps in the Warring States period. The figurines of these lanterns are men and women, mostly lowly locals. The way to hold the lamp is to stand with open arms and hold the lamp above your head; Some people lie on their backs, their hands stretched out and their lights held in front. A Terracotta Warriors and Horses arrived in Three Lamps District. There are two kinds of lamp discs: ring groove shape and disc shape. The former has three supports, and the latter is mostly one support. The imitation of household lamps is basically the evolution of some daily necessities, mainly imitating common utensils such as beans, ding and reeds. Most of them are bean-shaped pottery lamps, but there are also some bronze lamps that imitate Ding and Reed. The lamps cast in the Qin dynasty are also extremely gorgeous. Goose's foot lamp, shaped like a goose's leg, holds a circular lamp plate with three lamp posts on it, which can light three candles at the same time. In the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were more and more kinds of lamps, including bronze lamps, iron lamps and ceramic lamps. Later, a cage made of gauze or paper was lit with candles, which were called lanterns. In the History of Song Wudi, there is a record of "hanging Ge lanterns on the wall". Use fine grates as bones and paste them with oil paper. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, lanterns prevailed, and every Lantern Festival, there were all kinds of unique and colorful activities. Therefore, there are poems such as "A thousand trees bloom in the east wind at night" and "A flaming tree with silver flowers never sleeps in the sky". As early as 1500 years ago, the Liang Dynasty had lanterns. In Jingchu Chunqiu, it is mentioned that "the lamp is transported by fire", the paper-cut is the wheel, and the candle is hissing, so the car runs fast and the group turns endlessly. Changxin Palace Lantern is a kind of environmental protection lamp, which represents that the Han Dynasty is a unified dynasty, and all aspects of politics, economy and culture have reached a milestone height. Ceramic technology in Han dynasty advanced by leaps and bounds, and glaze hanging technique appeared. There are many pottery lanterns in the Han Dynasty, including bean lanterns with simple shapes, women lanterns with high hats, pottery lanterns depicting Huns, and tower lanterns with yellow and green glazes hanging on their outer layers. Colorful pottery lamps are a bit dazzling. The ideology and culture of the Han Dynasty are very rich, and the appearance of figure lanterns shows that craftsmen at that time paid great attention to depicting the details of life. Xiongnu modeling lamp records that the Huns captured by the Han Dynasty were treated as domestic slaves of officials after the Han Dynasty fought against the northern minorities. Women's lanterns were shaped like women in high hats, which shows that women's status in society was not low at that time. The glazed tower lamp shows that pottery began to evolve into porcelain, and the technology gradually matured. Changxin Palace Lamp Supplement: Timeline Year Description1910/year Tough tungsten lamp shockproof filament can be used for automobile and railway lighting 1925 ivory glass lamp S light is softer and more uniform. The 1930 photographic flash lamp suitable for residence and office replaces the glitter 1934 mercury lamp used by professional photographers. The first high-pressure gas discharge lamp has better performance and economy. The first low-pressure discharge lamp with real 1938 fluorescent lamp can provide excellent beam control for white 1939 closed headlights. With use, it will not darken. 1945 circular fluorescent lamp emits the most fluorescence in a narrow space. 1949 cotton white light bulb improves light diffusion without glare. 1959 halogen lamp is small in size and emits white light. 19 1 year Lucalox? The most effective common light source of high-pressure sodium lamp. The invention of light-emitting diode. Inside the solid crystal of semiconductor material, electric energy is converted into light. Fluorescent lamp The first power-down fluorescent lamp 1975 accurate MR 16 small low-voltage light source accurate light control 1986 Biax? Fluorescent lamp is a 40-watt fluorescent lamp, which is efficient and energy-saving and suitable for residential use. 1989 halogen infrared lamp, the first halogen gun with reflective coating, is very efficient. 1990 2D？ Unique small outline lamp expands the application of fluorescent lamp 1994 Genura fluorescent lamp, the first truly small "inductive" (electrodeless) fluorescent lamp 1996 ConstantColor? CMH？ New hybrid HID technology, high efficiency and advanced performance. 1997 Starcoat improved fluorescent lamp coating, suitable for advanced lumen maintenance 1997 Ecolux? The lamp with reduced mercury content passed the TCLP test without degrading the performance of the lamp. And Ecolux XL? Advanced fluorescent lamp, life extension 1999 Pulsarc? The performance of the new metal halide lamp system has been significantly improved throughout its life. Supplement: In 2000, halogen IR Silv-IR provided more choices of low-voltage lamps and increased the number of lamps per track. In 2000, the series of 24-volt halogen lamps provided more choices of low-voltage lamps and increased the number of lamps per track. Watt.-Miser? How much steam? Compared with standard lamps, the new energy-saving metal halide lamps can provide improved lumen maintenance rate. In 2000, the diameter of T5 fluorescent lamp was smaller, which provided energy-saving solutions in many applications. Maximize energy saving without reducing light output or life performance. 200 1 year diamond accuracy? MR 16 low-pressure light beam and medium screw-in lamp cap are simpler and more convenient. In 200 1, the new and improved metal halide lamp of SportStar Multi-Vapor has the highest lumen output at any burning position. 70QBX Biax？ 57W and 70W sockets, low-power metal halide lamp with light output of 200 1 year T8 SXL advanced long-life T8lamp (36,000 hours) can reduce maintenance cost by 200 1 year. Compared with standard incandescent lamps, the overall size of CFL lamps is reduced by 200 1 year. I incandescent neodymium glass filters out yellow light, thus providing richer and more vivid colors/TD >; 350 watts of constant bright color in 2002? CMH？ SPXX adopts 350 watt constant color in the series of high-power ceramic metal halide lamps. CMH？ SPXX energy-saving design, so as to provide vibration color. 2002 F32T8 high lumen fluorescent lamp T8 has higher light output. 2002 CFL reflector energy-saving fluorescent lamp has glass reflector, which is suitable for downward lighting and other applications. 2003 UltraMax has high efficiency and stronger adaptability. In 2003, the minimum power of T8 fluorescent lamp is 28 watts. T8 fluorescent lamp is usually used with UltraMax ballast to achieve the best energy-saving effect. In 2003, the efficiency of PAR 38 thin film HIR and silver reflector technology of retail HIR halogen lamps was 46% higher than that of standard halogen lamps.