Common sense of aesthetic principles

Aesthetics (Greek: Aestheticism) was first put forward by the German philosopher Baumgarton in 1750. Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between man and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is a life experience activity with the image world as the object, and it is also a spiritual and cultural activity of human beings.

Aesthetics belongs to two disciplines of philosophy. Learning aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic accomplishment. It is not only a speculative discipline, but also a perceptual discipline. Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology and other disciplines.

The history of western aesthetics began with Plato. Although Pythagoras and others began to discuss aesthetic issues before Plato, Plato was the first philosopher to discuss aesthetic issues from the height of philosophical speculation. In China, the pre-Qin period was the golden age for the development of China's classical aesthetics. The aesthetics of Laozi, Confucius, Yi Chuan and Zhuangzi laid the development direction of China's classical aesthetics. But the real starting point of China's aesthetics is Laozi.

Laozi put forward and expounded Tao, Qi, image, nothingness, image, reality, emptiness and metaphysics, which had a great influence on China's classical aesthetics. China's theory of vitality in classical aesthetics, China's theory of imagery in classical aesthetics, China's theory of artistic conception in classical aesthetics, China's theory of aesthetic mind, etc. All originated from Laozi's philosophy and aesthetics. In contemporary times, aesthetics plays a more and more prominent role in humanities, and the imagery characteristics of aesthetic experience are considered to be of certain value and significance to the crisis of modern human civilization. At the same time, the role of aesthetics in China's modern Enlightenment cannot be underestimated.

Aesthetic definition:

What is beauty? This is the basic problem to be discussed in aesthetics. Every philosopher has his own opinion on this issue. This is not a simple question, it can radiate the discussion of the original problems in the world. From ancient times to the present, from the west to the east, the interpretation of "beauty" is complicated. For example, Plato in ancient Greece said: beauty is an idea; St Augustine in the Middle Ages said: Beauty is the incomparable glory and brilliance of God; Chernyshevski of Russia said: Beauty is life; Taoism in ancient China believed in the great beauty of heaven and earth without saying anything; The book Aesthetic Principles tells us that beauty can only exist in aesthetic relations, which depends on both aesthetic subject and aesthetic object. Beauty is the representation of abstract things in the spiritual field, and the aesthetic world is purely an image world.

Classical works

Four articles that have an opening effect on aesthetic paradigm

Plato's Epiphane opened the philosophy of beauty.

Shaftesbury revealed the characteristics of aesthetic psychology.

Barto initiated the philosophy of art, and discussed the boundary of artistic beauty and the principle of sex.

Wittgenstein's aesthetic lectures have an influence on the analysis of aesthetic language.

Seven monographs that have an influence on the aesthetic system

Kant's Critique of Judgment

Kant's Critique of Judgment has two characteristics in structural aesthetics: one is to explore the essence of aesthetics from the perspective of aesthetic judgment and the relationship between subject and object. come to a conclusion

2. Understanding of aesthetic principles

1. What is aesthetics? Aesthetics is a science that studies aesthetic categories such as beauty, ugliness and sublimity, people's aesthetic consciousness and experience, and the emergence, development and law of beauty from the perspective of the aesthetic relationship between man and reality.

2. The father of aesthetics is German rationalist Baum Tong Jia. Specializing in perceptual knowledge.

3. Five theories about the origin of art: representative theory (Heraclitus and Aristotle), game theory (Schiller and Spencer), performance theory (Croce and Bergson), witchcraft theory (edward tylor and Jan Fraser) and labor theory (Marx and Engels). 4. The essence of beauty is: it is the image embodiment of free creation, and it is the free creation of people in social practice. Without free creation, there is no beauty. 18. The law of formal beauty: simplicity, unity, symmetry, harmony and contrast, proportion, rhythm, diversity and unity.

Formal beauty refers to the beauty of various formal factors (colors, lines, shapes and sounds) and their regular combinations in nature, life and art. Plato's great Hippocrates 6. Hegel's exposition on the essence of beauty: beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas.

Grasping the unity of reason and sensibility in the concept movement is the most dialectical synthesis of the two major aesthetic trends at that time, revealing the unity of necessity and freedom from the grasp of ideas, thus establishing that beauty is the unity of necessity and freedom, subject and object, and cognition and practice. 7. Chernyshevski's view on the essence of beauty: He thinks that beauty lies in life, which on the one hand conforms to the common sense of life, and on the other hand does not conform to dialectics. Everything that is beneficial to life and can express life is beautiful. It is believed that the attribute of beauty is the attribute of life, so the beauty in life is clearly regarded as the main object of aesthetic research for the first time, which is of great significance to the later development of materialistic aesthetics. 8. Combine the discussion and analysis on the essence of beauty in China's aesthetic history: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. 9. Combining art to explore the beauty in China's aesthetic history can be seen from three aspects: studying beauty from the relationship between subjective and objective; Study beauty from content and form; Learn beauty from style.

10. What is the relationship between the essence of beauty and human nature? As an attribute of things that human beings can reflect, beauty is actually a relational attribute. Combining Marx's understanding of human nature (first, labor or practice is human nature, second, human nature is the sum of all social relations, and third, human needs are human nature), it can be concluded that both of them come from knowing that practice is recognized or exists in relationships, and their attributes are only reflected when needed. It can explain the relationship between beauty and humanity.

1 1. Really? Okay？ The connection and difference between truth, goodness and beauty: free creation is the unity of purpose and regularity, and regularity is truth, that is, the objective world is the law of its own change and development; Purpose is good and utilitarian. Beauty is produced in practice on the premise that people know and master the truth. Man's free creation can only be carried out on the basis of understanding objective inevitability, and the transformation of nature and society should conform to its development law and inevitability. Otherwise, free creation cannot be carried out and beauty cannot be produced.

The difference between beauty and truth lies in: it is the objective law itself, and beauty is the object of understanding through practice, which makes people pursue truth and understand the internal connection of the objective world itself, but beauty is the object of appreciation; Beauty presupposes goodness. 12. There are three differences between beauty and goodness: unlike utilitarianism, beauty and utilitarianism are always indirectly related, utilitarianism lurks in the image, and goodness is directly related to utilitarianism.

The relationship between content and form is different. Good for form, not good for form. People mainly reveal its essence through concepts, while beauty pays attention to form on the basis of the unity of content and form. Goodness is the expression of will activity, and beauty is the object of appreciation, which can cause emotional pleasure. In a word, beauty is inseparable from truth and goodness, but it is different. Only when people master the laws of the objective world and apply them to practice can they achieve the goal of transforming the objective world, realize goodness and show vivid images, and beauty can exist.

13. How does beauty come about? Why does practical value take precedence over aesthetic value? Beauty comes from labor, and beautiful things are the unity of content and form, which are directly presented in the perceptual form of objects and condense human labor and creation. This becomes a sign of human wisdom, dexterity and strength, so it can arouse people's joy and become a beautiful thing, so beauty comes from labor.

The practice of human labor production is first to meet the actual needs of material life, pretending to make stone tools to grind, not for beauty, but for practicality. Therefore, they are practical, reflect people's creation, and people like them. This is the essence of beauty.

Every new progress in tool modeling not only reflects the improvement of practical efficiency, but also reflects the development of creativity and wisdom. On the basis of practice, the decorations that meet the aesthetic needs are gradually differentiated, so the use value precedes the aesthetic value. 14. the role of aesthetic education: it is conducive to cultivating people's sentiments; It is conducive to promoting the "internalization" of psychological structure; Conducive to improving thinking ability; Conducive to cultivating new talents; The social function of aesthetic education is to cultivate people with all-round development. It starts with shaping the beautiful mind and makes the individual three-dimensional.

Therefore, aesthetic education focuses on the whole person and the sound development of people's body and mind. Therefore, aesthetic education can reflect people's essential requirements and ideals from a higher angle. 15. Social beauty directly reflects people's free creation, which is man-made product, man's creation and the crystallization of man's wisdom.

16. the concept of natural beauty: natural beauty lies in natural things themselves and is their inherent attribute. The beauty of natural things or phenomena in objective nature with aesthetic value is the aesthetic feeling caused by the original perceptual form of nature.

The beauty of natural things is produced and enriched with the development of human society, which is different from other forms of beauty. 17. Various phenomena of natural beauty and their roots: As people's living environment or providing people with means of subsistence, natural beauty has an important intermediate link, that is, formal beauty. Some characteristics of natural beauty can also be similar to people's personality. 19. the concept of artistic beauty and its connection with life: artistic beauty is the beauty of artistic works and the aesthetic characteristics of artists in life and nature.

3. What is the basic principle of aesthetics?

The basic problems of aesthetics are whether beauty is objective or subjective, what beauty is, how it is produced, how it is considered, the relationship between beauty and goodness, and various forms of beauty.

As for how to understand, this can't be said, because no one can define beauty.

This is a subjective explanation.

If you are studying aesthetics now, you can have your own explanation. If your teacher is a professional teacher, you will be neutral about your views and correct your extreme views.

Aesthetics is very different from other disciplines. Aesthetics uses people's emotions, while our general subjects use cognition. In cognition, the relationship between subject and object is clear, in which we realize the object, but in emotion, this relationship between subject and object is not so antagonistic. Only when the subject and object are United can we really feel beauty, so it is difficult to say the basic questions about beauty.

Of course, since it is learning, it is inevitable to have a standard, although this standard is nothing in the eyes of people who study philosophy. But there's nothing I can do. The exam or something is inevitable.

See if I can get the new edition of Aesthetic Principles edited by Yang Xin and Gan Lin. This book is published by Peking University. It has been published in several editions and is relatively mature. As a teaching material, it is still very good. Go to the library. Otherwise, find some books on Zhu Guangqian's aesthetics. But personally, Zhu Guangqian still treats aesthetics in a cognitive way, which is not emotional enough, so he should keep a philosophical critical heart when reading.

There are some western aestheticians who can look at their things. After all, this aesthetic is the most extreme, but because it is extreme, I hope you don't get caught up in it.

4. Aesthetic principle, what is the aesthetic answer?

Principles of Aesthetics is Croce's first work, which not only discusses the common aesthetic problems, but also discusses the position of aesthetics in the whole philosophy, and the differences and connections between aesthetic activities and other spiritual activities.

Croce believes that philosophy has its own system, and aesthetics is only one aspect of this system. Aesthetics is one of the lower disciplines of philosophy, and this major belongs to philosophy.

Learning aesthetics well requires a solid philosophical foundation and artistic accomplishment. It is both a speculative subject and a perceptual subject. Aesthetics is a discipline that studies the aesthetic relationship between man and the world, that is, the object of aesthetic research is aesthetic activities.

Aesthetic activity is a life experience activity with the image world as the object, and it is also a spiritual and cultural activity of human beings. Extended data:

Aesthetics is closely related to literature and art, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, mythology and other disciplines.

Aesthetics is a science that studies aesthetic categories such as beauty, ugliness and sublimity, people's aesthetic consciousness and experience, and the emergence, development and law of beauty from the perspective of the aesthetic relationship between man and reality. Aesthetics is a subject with the theme of studying the essence and significance of beauty.

Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of study is art, but it does not study the concrete expression in art, but studies the philosophical problems in art, so it is called "the artistic philosophy of beauty"

The basic problems of aesthetics include the essence of beauty, the relationship between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic object, etc. References:

Baidu encyclopedia of aesthetic principles.

5. Answering with the knowledge of aesthetic principles, how does modern society treat ugliness as beauty and ugliness as stupidity?

They post photos to entertain the audience and themselves, or they may take the opportunity to speculate online. This is the same as beautiful women going to the draft and posting photos online to show off. If they are hot, they also want to take the opportunity to go out. So are they. If they are ugly and beautiful, why is it acceptable for Shenyang audience to spoof themselves, but not for hibiscus and soybean milk?

We are just observing the world, and these things are not worth evaluating. If we really evaluate them, we should evaluate them objectively. Everyone treats beautiful and ugly civilians equally, and stars only comment on the influence of practices and things. Don't let out such irresponsible words as "there is nothing wrong with ugliness, but it will affect the city appearance", because it is unreasonable and he is not objective. If you insist on arguing that he has his fault, the result will be more serious. Is it necessary? If you like them, you can appreciate them. If you don't like them, you can not go to see them. When you evaluate a person from a subjective point of view, do you mind others evaluating you objectively? If you don't mind, I think many people may evaluate you as "mom" or something.

6. Discuss the practicality and aesthetics of art design by using the knowledge of aesthetics in aesthetic principles.

We must first understand: 1. Design: methods, drawings, etc. before a job is officially completed. It is formulated in advance according to certain usage requirements.

(Modern Chinese Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Beijing, Commercial Press 1983) contains the following three meanings: first, use your brains to find a way; The second is to conceive the form, shape, color or combination state of industrial products, or add decorative creation, configuration, lighting and other programs, and then express them with design drawings; Usually, the word design is explained by design. In English-Japanese dictionary: 1. Design and draft a plan; 2. Sketch and sketch out the idea; 3. Reservation and cooperation for a certain purpose; 4. Planning and planning; 5. Intention; 6. Show. Second, art, defined in the introduction to fine arts, foreign sounds, art.

Xu Shen said, Wen Jiezi, sheep is beautiful, beautiful and sweet! Understand the above concepts, it is easy to talk about the unity of practicality and beauty. 1. Economic value in practice, such as "Jianlibao" designed and produced by Guangdong Baima Advertising Company with China famous athlete Li Ning as the protagonist; Another example is the famous work of Guangzhou New Realm Design Group-Sun God CIS, which makes a.

We must first understand: 1. Design: methods, drawings, etc. before a job is officially completed. It is formulated in advance according to certain usage requirements. (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Beijing, Commercial Press 1983) contains the following three meanings: first, use your brains to find a way; The second is to conceive the form, shape, color or combination state of industrial products, or add decorative creation, configuration, lighting and other programs, and then express them with design drawings; Usually, the word design is explained by design. In English-Japanese dictionary: 1. Design and draft a plan; 2. Sketch and sketch out the idea; 3. Reservation and cooperation for a certain purpose; 4. Planning and planning; 5. Intention; 6. Show.

Second, art, as defined in Introduction to Fine Arts, is foreign voice and art. Xu Shen said, Wen Jiezi, sheep are beautiful, beautiful and sweet! Understand the above concepts, it is easy to talk about the unity of practicality and beauty.

1. Practical economic value, such as "Jianlibao" designed and produced by Guangdong Baima Advertising Company with China famous athlete Li Ning as the protagonist; Another example is the famous work of Guangzhou New Realm Design Group-Sun God CIS, which made a little-known small factory develop at a high speed with an annual sales increase of 200%~300% in just three years. 2. Social function.

It is a productive force, a combination of science, technology and art, and in the final sense, it is an artistic way of human life.

3. Value function in market economy. With the market, there will be a demand for design works, and there will be a buying and selling relationship between social groups or enterprises.

Secondly, it is demand, creativity, procedure, materiality, space-time and aesthetics. As an aesthetic activity of human culture and creativity, design and technology reflect factors such as human and society, economy and technology, physiology and psychology, which are reflected in the internal and external environment of socialized production and in all aspects of artistic creation and production. From the simplest daily necessities to the most complex industrial product design, they are beautifying industrialized civilized society or objectifying beauty. In this sense, it is the beautification of economic development based on industrial production and the materialization of modern aesthetic value and modern art form.

Third, aesthetic factors: 1. Beautiful lines, lines are the most basic modeling factors. The aesthetic feeling changes with the length, thickness, rigidity, strength, weight, twists and turns, urgency, dryness, wetness, turning and frustration of the thread, giving people strength, speed, movement, coarseness, fineness, coarseness, dignified, bright, exquisite, relaxed and smooth. At present, the recognized proportion of beautiful women is: golden ratio, which gives people a sacred and stable aesthetic feeling; The proportion of root signs gives people a kind of aesthetic feeling of gradual transition; Proportional series (harmonic series, arithmetic progression, geometric progression, Fibonacci series, Bell series, etc. ).

Draw people with different aesthetic feelings such as group, change, fierceness, smoothness and stability. 2. Beautiful structure.

It is the collocation and arrangement of various components of things. Namely plane structure and production structure.

3. Beautiful colors. The experience of light.

4. Purity, harmony and beauty. With the accelerated pace of modern life, social prosperity and psychological tension, it requires neatness, simplicity, clarity, purification, elegance, comeliness, grandeur and charm.

5. The rhythm is beautiful. Repetitive rhythm gives us the beauty of machinery, gradual change gives us the beauty of rhythm, irregularity gives us the beauty of freedom and looseness, and emission gives us the beauty of eternity.

And experience the beauty of being organized, neat, unified and harmonious. 6. The texture is beautiful.

The beauty of materials and textures in modern design and technology is not only an artistic labor to create material civilization by using natural laws and own wisdom, but also an artistic creation to fully express human aesthetic norms and aesthetic fields and constitute human material and spiritual culture. This problem seems to be clearly discussed in the compulsory course of Design and Technology of Higher Education Press.

7. Please use your knowledge of aesthetic principles to analyze the beauty of the ballet Ma Le Looking at the Sky.

In China, it usually takes three to four days or even longer to load and unload props, stage devices and stage lighting before a performance, while in the United States, it only takes one and a half days for the staff to complete the same work, and they strictly abide by working hours and never work overtime. Their professionalism and efficiency are admirable. This is the common feeling of all the cast members of Mara Visiting the Horizon when it toured the United States in June. They have seen their own gaps and shortcomings, but they have broadened their horizons, accumulated experience and strengthened their confidence in restructuring.

Actors' costumes and props must be stored in designated areas, and actors are absolutely not allowed to take them to other parts of the theater; After the audience enters the venue, except for a few photographers, others can't walk around at will, so as not to disturb the audience to watch the performance. Photographers can only stay in a closed and transparent small house to shoot. At the same time, this is also to ensure the intellectual property rights of performers. For example, in order to ensure the safety of the audience, if the reporter needs to interview after the performance, the staff will specially open up an area for the reporter to use, which fully reflects the high level of theater management. Mars, the heroine of Ma Le's Visit to the Horizon, told reporters that the biggest gain of her performance in the United States is that foreign audiences appreciate art very much and know how to respect the actors' labor achievements. Whenever there is a performance, they will give warm applause, which is the best encouragement for our actors. Li Zijun, chairman of Nanning Art Theatre Co., Ltd. said that the success of this visit benefited from the cooperation with China Theatre of caeg Company. Through the first cooperation with them, I learned their concept of entering the market, the mode and method of managing cultural products, and had some thoughts and plans on how to cultivate comprehensive management talents in Nanning in the future.