Practical writing-expression, meaning, category and method of narration, description, explanation and discussion, etc.

Narrative is an article used to describe things. Time, people, place, cause, process and result are the six elements of narrative. The description of the object should start from

The shape or change of an object in terms of its state of motion.

Narrative is to describe personal feelings and experiences to readers through vivid language.

Narrative includes a wide range, such as taking notes, diaries, travel notes, legends, news, newsletters, novels and so on. , all belong to the category of narrative.

Narrative is about what you see in your life, and you should express the author's true feelings about life.

Generally speaking, an article with narrative and description as its main form of expression is called narrative.

However, narrative writing is accompanied by appropriate comments and natural lyricism.

Narrative can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense.

Narrative in a broad sense includes narrative literary works, such as essays and novels.

In a narrow sense, narrative refers to a kind of articles that describe and describe the modal changes and development of people, events, scenes and things in social life, such as news, communications, feature stories, reportage, travel notes, diaries, interviews, memoirs and some letters.

Because the narrative is about what we see and hear in our life, we must express the author's true feelings about life.

[Edit this paragraph] The characteristics of narrative

Narrative is characterized by writing people, narrating, describing scenery and objects as the main content; Express a center by describing people, time and objects and writing scenes.

Narrative refers to articles that remember people, narrate, write scenes, write objects, etc. Ancient notes, biographies, prefaces, tables and records, as well as modern news, newsletters, briefings, close-ups, biographies, memoirs and travel notes, all belong to the category of narrative.

Write a narrative and do the following:

First, be sure to explain clearly. Whether writing notes or landscapes, you should generally explain the time, place, people, events, reasons and results, otherwise the article will be incomplete.

Second, the clues are clear. Although the angle of observation and the way of description can be different, each article must have a relevant material and a central clue running through the whole article, otherwise the article will be loose.

Third, people should be consistent. Whether you use the first person "I" or the third person "He", you should be consistent throughout.

Fourth, time, place, person, reason, process and result.

Fifth, be organized. A good narrative bears the brunt of organization. Messy articles, even if full of words and witty remarks, are not favored.

Narrative is mainly narrative, but there are often descriptions, lyricism and arguments between them, and there can be no clear division. It is a style with flexible form and narrative events.

[Edit this paragraph] The classification of narratives

Focus on writing people's narratives, focusing on the appearance, language, movements and psychological descriptions of characters, such as the back.

A narrative that focuses on recalling things, focusing on the occurrence, development, process and result of things, such as a one-sided story.

Scenery-oriented narratives, such as Spring, mainly depict the scenery and entrust feelings.

Material-oriented narrative, expressing emotions through symbols, such as Praise of Poplar.

[Edit this paragraph] Write a narrative-write a personal article (I)

We started writing in primary school, and the first thing we wrote was narrative. Until junior high school, we continued to write narratives. Narrative can be divided into narrative and narrative. How can I write a good narrative? What are the problems in our usual narrative, how to solve these problems and what steps can we take to write a good narrative? All this, we will give guidance in this article.

Narrative can be said to be the earliest article we came into contact with and the earliest style. It seems that everyone can write a narrative, but is it really easy? We regret to find that many students have various problems, and these problems are universal.

First, the story is old-fashioned To write a teacher, we must light a lamp to correct our homework and send us home in rainy days; Writing about parents always braves the heavy snow to drive us to see a doctor; Writing friends is always good at first, then misunderstanding, and finally getting better. Dear students, this is a modern society. Don't let the 80' s fashion rule our 2 1 century thinking. The steamed buns chewed by others have become tasteless, and the first person to eat crabs is great. Later imitators often fall into the suspicion of "learning from the East".

Second, the characters are too rigid. Chinese is a great and beautiful language, and there are countless adjectives in Chinese vocabulary to describe people. Unfortunately, when most of our students write people, they write perfectly and lack true feelings. Mothers are always kind, fathers are always strict, teachers are always caring, and people without shortcomings are incomplete.

Third, the writing ability needs to be improved. (1) The lack of descriptions of characters makes them look shriveled. (2) The narrative is too dull, without emotion, lacking touching power, and even works that can't be touched by oneself can't touch others. (3) the expression is too monotonous, only plain narrative, like boiled water, insipid.

To sum up these problems, we should prescribe the right medicine. At present, our writing is generally classroom composition, paying attention to improvisation. To write a good composition requires extra-curricular efforts, which is the first step we should take.

Step 1: Extracurricular Kung Fu.

Students can find that, generally speaking, students who write well prefer reading, or have a good habit of excerpting. As the saying goes, "Rome was not built in a day" makes sense. We will feel that life is dull and there is nothing to write about, which is wrong. Life is not dull, even if it is dull, there are many subtle things that shock you and make your mood fluctuate. We think that life is dull only because of lack of observation and understanding. More often, even if there is something around us that moves you, we often let good materials pass by because of the habit of lacking records; In addition, in addition to the truth of life, we can also get inspiration from other people's articles and see how others portray characters, which can be used as a reference; You can also use the characters described by others as a character template to associate with others around you, even if you take an impressive character as your writing object. As long as it meets the requirements of the topic, the fictional truth is no different from the real truth. In a word:

1. Observe life with your heart and experience it with your heart.

2. Take a notebook with you, don't miss any small inspiration, any moment that touches you and shocks you.

3. Imitate characterization from reading and draw material from reading.

Step 2: Determine the center.

Since it is a personal article, students usually choose people they are familiar with to write, so it won't be a problem to choose who. What will become a problem is how to describe this person. Obviously, it is impossible to write according to our old method. Writing people is usually to show some personality characteristics of prominent people, and then to go deeper, perhaps to praise or criticize this person and express his nostalgia for this person; Or perhaps, through the description of this character, we can reflect the social background from a small angle, such as Kong Yiji. Therefore, we can establish several centers when writing human narratives:

1, which simply expresses a character's personality characteristics;

2. praise or criticize this person's quality characteristics;

3. Express my memory of this person by recalling my association with him;

Through the description of a specific character, we can show a group of people with the same characteristics in this society and reflect a social background.

Generally speaking, we choose the first three centers, and the fourth center will be brilliant if it can be written, but the theme is big and difficult to grasp.

The third step is to determine a few people and a few things.

The writer's narrative can be divided into single narrative, double narrative and group narrative. To write a single person, you can "write a person with one thing" or "write a person with many things". Writing a group article is like "Who is the cutest person". It's actually about the gender of a group. We do not advocate writing groups. Other modes have their own advantages and disadvantages, and also have their own points to pay attention to.

(1) One person and one thing

? This kind of narrative expresses a person through a relatively complete thing, which needs concrete and vivid things. Therefore, we should choose the typical events that can best express the character, choose the things that can impress us the most, and ask this event to show the most typical characteristics of this character, or several characteristics of this person are slowly presented in this event. It's like when we take a photo, the camera slowly advances and the characters gradually plump up in the process of narration.

(2) one person is involved.

The number of words required for narrative writing in junior high school is 600, so there is a limit to how many things we can write alone, usually two or three. If there are more than four or five articles, such articles will be boring, because there are so many things to write that we can only rush by. Such an article needs appropriate details and paragraphs can complement each other. Writing a lot of things usually represents a person's different characteristics from many angles; Of course, it is not excluded to write a certain aspect of a person's typical personality with several interrelated things.

(3) Articles for two persons

Usually it is to show some kind of friendship between two people, or a new relationship between people. Before writing this kind of article, it is necessary to clarify the relationship and primary and secondary status between two people and realize that two characters should set off each other and influence each other.

We talked about this step because only by determining how many people to write, how to write, and knowing what the focus should be, can we be prepared when we really start writing. Please refer to the next chapter, and we'll talk about how to start when you officially start writing.

[Edit this paragraph] Write a narrative-write a personal article (part two)

The last part talks about the steps that should be prepared before writing, including the preparation of materials, the determination of the center and the determination of people and things. In this article, we will mainly talk about four steps: reviewing questions, preparing questions, selecting materials and structuring. Completing these four steps is equivalent to building the overall framework of this paper. This article will tell you how to do these four steps well.

Step 4: Examine the questions.

Examining questions is an old topic, but let's emphasize it here, because many students still take pains to make some insignificant mistakes. The key lies in our classmates' lack of ability and lack of correct examination methods. Correct examination of questions should be done in three ways:

1, depending on whether the topic requires writing people or things. If it is an article that requires writing people, the focus of the narrative is to express the characters through specific things; If it is an article about things, people are only the protagonists, mainly through the whole complete event to highlight the theme.

2. Look at the limited scope of the topic. In the title, it may have been limited to who will write, when and where to write. For example, the definition of My Counselor must be in the first person; Some ask to write people around them in the materials; Some materials require writing about a person's different performances at school and at home; Some topics are "Dad has changed", asking you to write down the different faces of Dad before and now.

3. See if there is any problem with the topic. The so-called title is the key word in the index question. For example, an article is called "My favorite person" and the title is "Like". You can't use too many words to describe how much I admire this man. Love and worship are different emotions. The title of Grandma's Smile is smile.

Step 5: Bring up a topic.

Generally speaking, the author is explicitly required to give a narrative of the topic, mostly a proposition or a semi-proposition. Of course, there is also the possibility of your drafting. The title is the window of the article. A good title can add a lot of color to an article. How to write a narrative title?

1. Usually we take the author as the topic, so that people can know at a glance that you are writing about someone. In the title, you can also add some modifiers to write the main characteristics of this person, such as "lovely father"; Or write my feelings about a person as unforgettable, where "I" basically doesn't discuss characters.

2. If you want to emphasize your subjective feelings about this person in your article, you can express it in the title, using "I respect …" and "A person who moved me".

3. If you want to emphasize a person's changing process in your article, you can write "He has changed", "Zhang Xiaobao's new story" and "The prodigal son never changes his money".

4. If you emphasize the relationship and communication between the two people, you can write "the days we walked together", "best friends" and "unforgettable friendship".

There are various forms of composition questions from the perspective of characters, in addition to the common outspoken style, there are also figurative styles, such as Lei Feng around me; Speak: "Teacher, listen to me-"; Admire: "He is good"; I know him best. Here we just talk about some traditional writing methods of questions, in order to prevent students from simply seeking novelty and novelty, and finally harm the text with questions. The topic of innovation is a big one. Please continue to pay attention to our bridge snow. com。

Step 6: Select materials.

In the last part, we mentioned the common problems of students in choosing materials. It can be said that material selection is a hurdle in writing narrative, and many students have fallen here. We say that innovation in material selection can not only create perfect characters, but also pay attention to the fact that innovation in material selection does not mean describing the dark side of society. Generally speaking, our article should be positive. The teacher who marked the papers hated those big, empty and unrealistic materials, such as writing that my father took me to the hospital by bike in the snow. This kind of thing is almost impossible to happen in 2 1 century, and it is very convenient to take a taxi. So, how do we choose materials?

1, write small details of life. Writing about parents is actually the easiest. Living together every day and paying attention to the details of life can find endless materials. Dad waits for you to learn to cook supper at home every day, or help you get rid of a bad habit. Mom can be a nag sometimes, but she is just like your sister. What seems to be casual actually contains the love of mom and dad. No matter who you write, you can consider starting with some small details of life and then describing them.

2. Write people to reflect the new characteristics of the times. To write that a person is rich and helpful, please get rid of the old set of numbers. You have to understand that times are changing with each passing day, and new people and new things appear every day. Compared with when you were young, have the people around you changed with the times in all aspects? For example, after the sense of competition becomes stronger, what changes have taken place in people?

3. Write about people in a specific period or place. People in special periods often show special conditions, such as SARS. How do people around you behave? In different social places, people generally play different social roles, and fathers at home and in the office must look very different.

Step 7: Structure

How to build a good framework for an article can not only help us determine how to write it, but also determine what to write at the beginning, body and end to some extent. "The Art of War" said: "The war situation is just too odd and positive, and the meaning of odd and positive cannot win over poverty." Odd and positive are born together, such as endless reincarnation, and practice can be poor. "The composition structure is deep and changeable. Our writer's narrative can adopt this structure:

1. Introduction: Description of characters+pointing out topics.

2. Preparation: Choose from different angles.

3. Expose the topic: write a thing that best reflects the ideological connotation of the characters in detail.

4. Direction: Stick to the topic or discuss or express emotions.

In this article, we have laid the basic structure of narrative. In the next article, we will talk about how to write people to make the article vivid.

[Edit this paragraph] Write a good narrative-write a personal article (below)

In the last two articles, we have established the basic framework of writing human narrative. Students must be eager to know how to write, how to enrich and enrich the content of the article, how to write a character vividly, how to write a character's appearance and personality, and how to show a character's specific characteristics. In this article, we will reveal these skills one by one.

Characters are the focus of narrative writing, and the purpose of narrative writing is to write a character with distinctive personality. How to write characters with distinctive personalities, and how to make them vivid and touching? Everyone has different faces, different languages, different actions, different thoughts and personalities, so the first treasure of writing people is description.

Character description includes portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description and so on.

First, write people through portraits.

Portrait mainly refers to the appearance of a character, including the appearance, clothing, posture, expression and so on. Portrait description can write static characters or dynamic characters.

There are several techniques to describe appearance:

1, sketch features;

2. Use rhetorical devices;

3. Entrust the author's love and hate;

4. Several portraits of a person;

Portrait description should pay attention to two points:

1. Portrait description does not mean writing a person from eyes to nose, from nose to mouth, from mouth to ears, from ears to hair, from face to figure. Usually, we just select the most distinctive part of this person's appearance for close-up, such as writing eyes. Lu Xun said that we should "draw eyes". "Drawing eyes" is the key to writing portraits. He wrote 14 times Lin Sao's eyes in "Blessing", and every change of eyes revealed the psychological and personality changes of the characters at that time. We don't mean to write about eyes, but that Lu Xun used the word "painting" to emphasize the close-up of the most characteristic part of people's appearance. Usually, describing a person's appearance is to express a person's character. Lu Xun wrote Xianglinsao as "painting eyes" and also wrote Xianglinsao's "white hair" (showing her tragic fate); While writing about leap soil, I focus on the hand of leap soil: "That hand is not the red and round hand I remember, but thick, stupid and cracked, like pine bark." It reflects the hardships and pains of life in leap soil.

2. Portrait description should not be formulaic, and plastic surgery should not be done. Generally speaking, "man is man". However, people's heart and appearance are not always the same, and a beautiful appearance is not necessarily a beautiful soul. Usually, the contrast between appearance and personality can leave a deeper impression on readers. For example, the middle-aged gadfly in "The Gadfly" is lame, ugly-looking and riddled with knife wounds. Wang Xifeng in A Dream of Red Mansions is beautiful and handsome, but ruthless.

Second, write people through language.

1. Write people in their language. The language of a character should be fully personalized, which can show the origin, education, experience and personality of the character, making people read as if they heard its voice and met its people.

Mr. Lu Xun pointed out: "The description of characters' language can make readers see people from their speeches. "That is to say, from the description of the characters' language, we can see the distinctive features of the characters. To achieve this state, we need to do the following two things:

First of all, the description of characters' language should conform to the characteristics of their age, experience, identity and cultural upbringing. For example, Kong Yiji in Kong Yiji will always be "just like him". The words used to describe what a farmer said in the article are generally simple. If it is written elegantly, it is obviously divorced from the reality of life.

Second, the description of the characters' language reflects the characteristics of the characters as much as possible. What Kong Yiji said showed his sour taste everywhere.

Third, write people through actions.

The movements of characters should conform to the essence of life and the logic of character development. You can choose specific and distinctive actions to express the character and psychological activities of the characters.

What people do is the expression of their thoughts and personalities. Mao Dun said: "The character of a character must be expressed through action." In order to shape the character of Song Wu, Shi Naian arranged a play "Jingyanggang Wu Song Beats the Tiger", which was all about how Song Wu "beat" and described Song Wu's resourcefulness and martial arts from the action.

When describing characters' movements, we should pay attention to their vividness and typicality. The so-called vividness means that the author should write not only what the character is doing, but also how he does it. The so-called typicality means that the author wants to write why the characters do this and not do that.

Fourth, write people through the psychology of the characters.

The inner world of the characters is very rich, and psychological description is to show all the inner joy, anger, sadness, joy, love, yearning, depression, pain, resentment, panic, jealousy and so on. Common psychological description methods include inner monologue, memory and association, dream illusion and so on.

Not every article is suitable for psychological activities. When writing psychological activities, we should pay attention to:

First, we should write about the psychological activities of specific characters in specific circumstances. I remember there is a saying in "Selling Charcoal Weng", "Poor clothes, worrying about charcoal." In the cold winter, even if the charcoal seller loses weight, he can only hope that the weather will be colder in order to sell charcoal.

Second, we should strive to write the subtle emotional waves and complex psychological changes of the characters. For example, in the last chapter of Gorky's Mother, Nirovna found the moment of vacillation, fear and inner conflict when spying until she was firm and calm.

Fifth, write about people through their living environment.

People always live in a certain social environment, and the formation of a character's character is related to his environment. Writing a good environment is extremely useful for expressing a character's character.

Marx thought: "People create the environment, and the environment also creates people." Mao Dun also believes that "if characters want to move in a certain environment, they must write about the environment in their works. The environmental description in the works, whether it is the social environment or the natural environment, is not a dispensable embellishment, but is closely related to the thoughts and actions of the characters. " So people's narratives often need to describe the environment.

Students all know that environmental descriptions fall into two categories:

(a) the description of the natural environment, also known as scenery description, is a description of the natural scenery of people's activities.

The main functions of scenery description are: (1) to contrast the emotions of characters by writing scenery; (2) Write down the season and place of scenic spots; (3) Describe the scenery and express the relationship between objects; (4) Write scenes to express the character. ?

When describing the scenery, we should pay attention to the following points:

L, grasp the description of scenery characteristics.

2. Choose a good angle to write the scenery.

3. Scenery writing should penetrate the feelings of the characters. We should consciously integrate the thoughts and feelings of the author or characters into the surrounding scenery, and directly infiltrate the author's feelings into the scenery written.

4. Landscape can be written by contrast. For example, the landscape atmosphere at the beginning and end of Blessing contrasts Xianglinsao's tragedy with the music scene, which further strengthens the critical power of her works to the old society.

5. Natural scenery can be a metaphor for a certain social environment, such as Gorky's Haiyan and Mao Dun's Before the Thunderstorm.

(2) Social environment: narrow social environment refers to the place, background and atmosphere of people's activities; In a broad sense, it refers to the sum of social life and interpersonal relationships in a certain historical period.

Several points should be paid attention to when describing the social environment:

1, must have a distinctive color of the times. The times we live in often create different characters, such as many typical new people in the century and new people, which are all produced in a specific era background. ?

2. Must have distinctive local characteristics. When Lu Xun wrote Blessing, he used a lot of pen and ink to describe the amorous feelings of Luzhen, which left a deep impression on people.

In this article, we describe several methods of role description. If we can make good use of these methods, the characters in our works will gradually enrich from dryness to vividness.

Narrative stylistic knowledge

First, the narrative reading outline has the following specific requirements: (narrative, news, communication)

1. Can point out the narrative elements (time, place, people, cause, process and result). Understand the events, people, scenery and their ideological significance described in the narrative.

2. Understand the characteristics and functions of narrative person (first person, third person) and narrative order (sequence, flashback and insertion).

3. Be able to summarize the central idea of narrative, understand the relationship between the center of narrative and materials, and properly understand the details of narrative.

4. Understand and analyze the characteristics and functions of comprehensive use of narrative, description, discussion, lyric, explanation and other expressions.

5. Understand and analyze common expression techniques (symbol, contrast, contrast, etc. ) and rhetorical devices (metaphor, personification, parallelism, etc. ) in narrative, understand the accurate and vivid characteristics of narrative language.

2. Description of knowledge points

1. Narrative generally has six elements, but some narratives can be omitted if readers are familiar with them or some elements are not explained without affecting the expression effect.

2. The narrator has first person and third person.

He was the first person to narrate in the tone or angle of "I", such as "Little Orange Lamp" and "Kong Yiji". Writing in the first person is easy to express your feelings directly, and it is intimate and realistic to read.

Describe the characters, events and scenes in the article from the perspective of the third person, such as The Emperor's New Clothes. Its advantage is that it is not limited by space and time, and it can be described freely from more aspects.

3. The narrative clue forms are: 1, with time shift as the clue, 2, a person, 3, a thing, 4, a thing as the clue. Most narratives have two or more clues. For example, Mr. Fujino, the article has both the communication between the author and Mr. Fujino as a narrative clue (bright line) and the dark line of the author's patriotic thoughts and feelings.

4. The order of narration requires mastering three kinds: direct narration, flashback and insertion. Sequential narration is written in the order of occurrence, development and ending, and the cause and effect are very clear. Such as "one party"; Flashback refers to writing what happened later in front and what happened first in the back. Tell the ending first to attract readers to understand its cause and process, such as "The Back"; Interpolation means that in the process of narration, other related plots need to be inserted, and then the following things are described, such as the pear flower in the post road.

5. Describe the commonly used hierarchical methods as follows:

(1) Divide the emperor's new clothes according to events and development process.

(2) according to the spatial transformation, such as "Laoshan Street"

(3) According to the content changes, such as "from Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue".

(4) According to the changes of characters and scenes, such as "parting horses"

(5) According to emotional changes, for example, litchi honey dislikes bees-wants to see bees-praises bees-and wants to become bees.

(6) According to the transformation of expression forms, such as A Precious Shirt, lyrical-narrative-lyrical and argumentative.

6. Understand and analyze the characteristics and functions of narrative, descriptive, argumentative and lyrical expressions.

Understand and analyze common expression techniques (symbol, contrast, contrast, etc.). ) and rhetorical devices (metaphor, personification, parallelism, etc. ) in narrative, understand the accurate and vivid characteristics of narrative language.

7. Although narratives mainly focus on narration and description, they often use arguments, lyricism and explanations to broaden the artistic conception and deepen the theme. Many of them are the comprehensive use of various expressions.

1 Narration: an expression of characters experience and the development and change of things. It is the most basic, common and main expression in writing.

Description: it is a concrete and vivid description of the appearance, action, nature and shape of things, and the appearance and changes of scenery.

3 explanation: it is an expression to explain things objectively and accurately in concise language.

Lyric: It is a written expression that the author expresses his subjective feelings and pours out his feelings through the central figures in his works, which can be divided into direct lyric and indirect lyric. To express one's mind directly is to express one's mind directly. Indirect lyric is to express love and hate in narration, description and discussion.

Discussion: Write your own opinions or reasons according to the work.

8. Features of narrative language: accurate and vivid.

Summary:

1. Narrative elements

2. The narrator's name

3. Narrative clue: 1 Take the time shift as the clue 2. Take one person 3. Take one thing 4. Take one thing as the clue.

4. Narrative sequence: sequential narration, flashback, insertion and supplementary narration.

5. The division of narrative

6. Narrative expression: narration and description (language, action, appearance, psychology, expression, environment, etc. Or front, side), discussion, lyric, explanation, etc.

7. Features of narrative language: accurate and vivid.

8. Narrative techniques: sketching, setting off, rendering, contrast, bedding, bedding, etc.

Summary:

1. The answer to the reading question of narrative and literary works mainly starts from two main aspects:

First of all, summarize the content of the article and grasp the following points:

(1) Grasp the elements of narrative, what the main writer should write clearly and what the main writer should write clearly.