Introduction to seabed knowledge

1. What little knowledge does the seabed have (what little knowledge does the ocean have)?

What little knowledge is there on the seabed (what little knowledge is there in the ocean) 1. What are the little marine knowledge?

The difference between the sea and the ocean is vast, from blue to green, beautiful and spectacular.

Ocean, ocean. People always say this, but many people don't know that the sea and the ocean are not the same thing, they are different from each other.

So, what's the difference between them and what does it matter? The ocean is the central part of the ocean and the main body of the ocean. The total ocean area in the world accounts for about 89% of the ocean area.

The water depth of the ocean is generally above 3000 meters, and the deepest point can reach 10000 meters. The ocean is far from the land and is not affected by the land.

Its hydrology and salinity have not changed much. Every ocean has its own unique ocean current and tidal system.

The water in the ocean is blue and transparent, and there are few impurities in the water. There are four worlds, namely, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

The ocean at the edge of the ocean is an accessory part of the ocean. The area of the sea accounts for about 1 1% of the ocean. The water depth of the sea is relatively shallow, with an average depth of several meters to two or three kilometers.

The sea is close to the mainland and is influenced by the mainland, rivers, climate and seasons. The temperature, salinity, color and transparency of seawater are all affected by land and have obvious changes. In summer, the sea gets warmer and the water temperature drops in winter. In some sea areas, seawater will freeze.

Where the river flows into the sea, or in the rainy season, the sea water will weaken. Due to the influence of land, rivers carry sediment into the sea, and the offshore seawater is turbid and the transparency of seawater is poor.

The sea has no independent tides and currents. The ocean can be divided into marginal sea, inland sea and Mediterranean sea.

The marginal sea is not only the edge of the ocean, but also close to the continental front; This kind of sea is widely connected with the ocean and is generally separated from the ocean by a group of islands. China's East China Sea and South China Sea are marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean.

The inland sea is a sea located on the mainland, such as the Baltic Sea in Europe. The Mediterranean Sea is a sea between several continents, and its water depth is generally deeper than that of the inland sea.

There are nearly 50 major oceans in the world. The Pacific Ocean is the largest, followed by the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean is similar to the Arctic Ocean.

How did the ocean form? Where does the sea water come from? At present, science cannot give the final answer to this question, because they are related to another common and equally unsolved problem of the origin of the solar system. Current research proves that some large and small nebulae separated from the solar nebula about 5 billion years ago.

They revolve around the sun while rotating. In the process of movement, they collided with each other, and some lumps combined with each other, from small to large, and gradually became the original earth.

During the collision of nebula clusters, they shrink sharply under the action of gravity, and the radioactive elements in them degenerate, which makes the primitive earth heat up continuously. When the internal temperature reaches high enough, underground substances, including iron and nickel, begin to melt. Under the action of gravity, the weight sinks and tends to concentrate in the center of the earth, forming the core; Lighter ones float to form the crust and mantle.

At high temperature, the water inside evaporates, rushes out with the gas and rises into the air. But because of gravity, they will not run away, but will only turn around the earth and become a circle of air and water.

In the process of cooling and condensation, the crust on the earth's surface is constantly impacted and squeezed by the violent movement inside the earth, so it becomes uneven and sometimes crushed, forming earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, spewing magma and hot gas. At first, this kind of situation often happens, and then it gradually decreases and tends to be stable.

This division of light and heavy substances led to great turmoil and reorganization, which was completed about 4.5 billion years ago. After the crust is cooled and shaped, the earth is like an apple that has been dried for a long time, and its surface is wrinkled and uneven.

There are mountains, plains, river beds and basins. For a long time, the water vapor in the sky coexisted with the atmosphere. Thick clouds are gathering.

It's dark. With the gradual cooling of the earth's crust, the temperature of the atmosphere is also slowly decreasing. Water vapor takes dust and volcanic ash as condensation nuclei and becomes water droplets, which accumulate more and more. Due to uneven cooling and strong air convection, thunderstorms and turbidity currents were formed, and it rained harder and harder for a long time.

Surging floods, through thousands of rivers and valleys, converge into a huge water body, which is the primitive ocean. In the primitive ocean, seawater is not salty, but acidic and anoxic.

Water is constantly evaporating, and clouds repeatedly cause rainfall, and then fall back to the ground, dissolving the salt in the rocks on the land and under the sea, and continuously collecting it into the seawater. After hundreds of millions of years of accumulation and integration, it has become a generally uniform salt water.

At the same time, because there was no oxygen and ozone layer in the atmosphere at that time, ultraviolet rays could reach the ground directly. With the protection of seawater, life was first born in the ocean. About 3.8 billion years ago, organic matter was produced in the ocean, and lower single-celled organisms first appeared.

In the Paleozoic era 600 million years ago, there were algae that photosynthesized in the sun to produce oxygen, which gradually accumulated and formed the ozone layer. At this time, creatures began to land.

In a word, after the gradual increase of water quantity and salinity and the vicissitudes of geological history, the primitive ocean gradually evolved into today's ocean.

2. Ten little things about the ocean are urgently needed.

1. People often like to describe the ocean in blue. In fact, the color of seawater ranges from dark blue to green, from yellow to reddish brown, and even white and black, not just blue.

Seawater is colorless and transparent like ordinary water. The color of the ocean is determined by the optical properties of seawater, the suspended solids contained in seawater, the depth of seawater, the characteristics of clouds and other factors. As we all know, sunlight is composed of seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple. The wavelengths of these seven colors are different. From red light to purple light, the wavelength gradually becomes shorter. Long wave has the strongest penetration ability and is easily absorbed by water molecules, while short wave has a weak penetration ability and is prone to reflection and scattering. The degree of absorption, reflection and scattering of light with different wavelengths by seawater is also different. Red light, orange light and yellow light with longer light waves are injected into seawater and gradually absorbed with the increase of ocean depth. Generally speaking, in the ocean where the water depth exceeds 100 meters, most of these three wavelengths can be absorbed by seawater, and the temperature of seawater can rise. However, blue light and purple light with shorter wavelength will have strong scattering and reflection when they meet pure seawater molecules, so the ocean people see will appear blue or dark blue. Due to the increase of suspended solids, the coastal seawater has larger particles, weak absorption of green light and strong scattering, mostly light blue or green.

Violet light has the shortest wavelength and the strongest reflection. Why is the sea not purple? Scientific experiments have proved that human eyes are biased to some extent. People's eyes are very insensitive to the purple light reflected by seawater, so they turn a blind eye. On the contrary, human eyes are sensitive to blue and green light.

In addition, because the sun sometimes disappears in the clouds and sometimes shines through the clouds, the color of the ocean changes accordingly. The color of the ocean also depends on the height of the sun from the horizon.

2. Coal, oil and natural gas are basically found on land.

Prokaryotes, protozoa, algae, mosses, ferns, a few angiosperms, invertebrates (except some arthropods), amphibian larvae and some mammals.

That's basically it.

3. Knowledge about the underwater world

On our planet, the only place that humans have not conquered is the underwater world.

Today's human beings have climbed Mount Everest, the highest place on earth, many times. After many times of space travel, the artificial probe has reached the outer space of the solar system. However, what the deepest part of the ocean looks like is still unclear.

Because of the high cost of exploring the seabed, many problems are difficult to solve. However, according to the information currently available, the rewards of exploring the underwater world will be extremely rich, because in this dark world, the reserves of minerals, natural gas and oil are very rich.

In addition, the exploration of the wonderful world under the sea is likely to change our traditional view on the origin and evolution of life on earth. In addition to these tangible benefits, there are some intangible but tangible satisfaction, which is the great pleasure of exploring the last edge of the earth.

The ocean that has not been conquered by human beings so far accounts for 3/4 of the earth's surface, with a seawater volume of 654.38+0.4 billion cubic kilometers and an average depth of 3,700 meters. The intricate food web in the ocean breeds a wide variety of marine life, which is much more complicated than any ecosystem on land. From sulfur-eating microorganisms and bacteria living near the submarine crater to all kinds of deep-sea fish, their fluorescence can illuminate far away and attract many creatures to eat.

In some places, there may even be a new species called "sea monster", including the 20-meter-long horseshoe crab. Scientific research tells us that in this underwater world.

On our planet, the only place that humans have not conquered is the underwater world. Today's human beings have climbed Mount Everest, the highest place on earth, many times. After many times of space travel, the artificial probe has reached the outer space of the solar system.

However, what the deepest part of the ocean looks like is still unclear. Because of the high cost of exploring the seabed, many problems are difficult to solve.

However, according to the information currently available, the rewards of exploring the underwater world will be extremely rich, because in this dark world, the reserves of minerals, natural gas and oil are very rich. In addition, the exploration of the wonderful world under the sea is likely to change our traditional view on the origin and evolution of life on earth.

In addition to these tangible benefits, there are some intangible but tangible satisfaction, which is the great pleasure of exploring the last edge of the earth. The ocean that has not been conquered by human beings so far accounts for 3/4 of the earth's surface, with a seawater volume of 654.38+0.4 billion cubic kilometers and an average depth of 3,700 meters.

The intricate food web in the ocean breeds a wide variety of marine life, which is much more complicated than any ecosystem on land. From sulfur-eating microorganisms and bacteria living near the submarine crater to all kinds of deep-sea fish, their fluorescence can illuminate far away and attract many creatures to eat. In some places, there may even be a new species called "sea monster", including the 20-meter-long horseshoe crab.

Scientific research tells us that in this underwater world, the potential economic value is immeasurable: the vortex ocean current with huge energy affects the weather in most parts of the world. If we can understand their formation mechanism and laws, we can predict the occurrence of climate disasters and avoid trillions of dollars in economic losses. There are also huge nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt and copper with commercial development value in the ocean; Bacteria, fish and plants in the deep sea may become the source of magical drugs to protect human health and longevity.

It is estimated that in the next few decades, the benefits brought by the ocean will far exceed the benefits brought by human exploration of space at present. If people can freely and safely enter and leave the seabed, its economic benefits will be immediate.

However, reaching the bottom of the sea is the same as reaching outer space. It is impossible for people to reach the bottom of the sea without special equipment. Common sense tells us that without the help of oxygen tanks, people can't dive below 3 meters for a long time-this is only one third of the average depth of the ocean! With the continuous diving into the water, the pressure is getting bigger and bigger.

People's inner ear, lungs and some pores will feel pressure and feel pain. When the underwater temperature is low, it will quickly absorb the heat of the human body.

It is difficult for people to stay in water below 3 meters for 2~3 minutes. For these reasons, contemporary deep-sea exploration has to wait for the development of two key technologies: deep-sea spherical submersible and deep-sea steel ball submersible tied with chains.

People who can swim have been thinking about how to get oxygen underwater. It has been like this for thousands of years. In ancient Greece, divers got oxygen from bottles filled with gas, but in modern times, divers used compressed air to dive into human bodies.

Usually people can dive to a depth of 30 meters. Even the most experienced people who use underwater breathing apparatus dare not venture to dive below 45 meters, because the increase of deep diving pressure and the pressure change in the process of floating to the surface lead to decompression sickness and even death.

Using a sealed diving suit, you can only dive to a depth of 440 meters. The spherical submersible created a depth of 923 meters, but it was very difficult to operate.

Later, a small deep-sea submarine was invented, but it can only be used for scientific research. The advanced deep-sea submarine is equipped with underwater camera, specimen collection basket and manipulator with human hand function.

The practice of submersible gives a positive answer. The United States, France, Japan, Russia and other countries have developed deep-water submarines for different purposes and collected data samples of animals, plants, rocks and water samples in the depths of the ocean.

This opened a new era of deep-sea exploration. People have gained a lot of information in the deep-sea world, which has changed some traditional views of biology, geology and marine geography.

Scientists look at the changing law of wind and current with new eyes; El Nino in the Pacific Ocean is very harmful to commercially valuable fish stocks, and it can also induce strange changes in the climate on the earth. The instability of ocean circulation may lead to global climate change, or make the stable climate on the earth slowly disappear.

Scientists also realize that the seabed at the bottom of the ocean is not flat. It is undulating and more complicated than our land topography, and its canyons can hold up the Himalayas. What is even more amazing is that there is a unique, global, 60,000-kilometer-long mountain at the bottom of the sea, just like a giant.

4. Knowledge about the ocean

1, the reason of sea blue

Sunlight consists of seven kinds of visible light: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple. These seven kinds of light have different wavelengths, and seawater with different depths will absorb beams with different wavelengths.

Long-wavelength beams such as red, orange and yellow are gradually absorbed after they enter seawater, while short-wavelength beams such as blue and blue will be scattered and reflected in all directions when they meet seawater molecules or other tiny floating bodies hanging in the ocean.

Especially, seawater absorbs less blue light, but reflects more. The deeper you go, the more blue light is reflected back to the surface. Therefore, the sea water we see in the ocean is blue.

2. Minerals in the ocean

Rare manganese nodules, petroleum, submarine hydrothermal deposits, nickel, copper, cobalt and salt.

3. Marine animals

Lighting area: (200 meters from water surface to underwater) There are a lot of plankton, algae and coral reef organisms. Besides fish and marine mammals, there are a large number of marine invertebrates, such as jellyfish, cephalopods, marine reptiles and seabirds.

Weak light area: (200 meters underwater to 1000 meters) Most creatures have eyes and light-emitting organs in the morning, and some animals hide in the weak light area during the day and look for food in shallow water at night.

Deep sea area: (under water 1000 meters) The light of the sun never shines here, and it is dark all year round, and there are few sunken foods. Few animals can survive in the deeper sea floor.

Extended data:

Department of Marine Animals:

1, by lifestyle

Marine animals mainly include marine zooplankton, marine swimming animals and marine benthos.

2, according to the system classification

There are dozens of marine animals, which can be divided into three categories: marine invertebrates, marine protozoa and marine vertebrates.

Marine invertebrates account for the vast majority of marine animals, with the most diverse species, including protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, flat animals, button animals, linear animals, brachiopods, echinoderms and semi-echinoderms.

Marine protozoa, animals between vertebrates and invertebrates in the ocean, including urochordates and cephalochordates.

Marine vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds and mammals that depend on the sea.

References:

Sogou encyclopedia-ocean

Sogou encyclopedia-marine animals

5. What do you know about the ocean?

The place where the ocean meets the land is called the "coastline".

1, what is the ocean? How big is the world ocean?

Ocean refers to the vast and continuous salt water body on the earth, with a total area of about 360 million square kilometers, accounting for about 70% of the earth's surface area. Because the ocean area is much larger than the land area, some people call the earth "water polo".

2. What is the sea? What is a foreign country? What's the difference between the sea and the ocean?

The main part of the ocean center is called the ocean, and the subsidiary part of the edge is called the sea. The sea and the ocean are interrelated, and together they form a unified ocean whole in the world. There are four obvious differences between the sea and the ocean: the ocean is big; It accounts for about 89% of the total ocean area, and the sea area is much smaller, accounting for only11%of the total ocean area; The ocean is deep, with an average depth of more than 3000 meters. The average water depth of the sea is shallow, with an average water depth of less than 2000 meters, and some are even only tens of meters deep. The ocean has independent ocean currents and tidal systems, while the ocean is dominated by large ocean currents and tides; The ocean is far from the land and is less affected by the land. The water temperature, salinity and other factors are relatively stable, and the seawater is transparent. The sea is adjacent to the land and is greatly influenced by the mainland. Ocean elements change greatly with seasons, and the transparency of seawater is poor.

3. What is the marine economy?

Modern marine economy includes the development of marine resources and production activities relying on marine space, as well as related service activities that directly and indirectly develop marine resources and space.

4. What are the contents of the territorial sea of coastal countries?

The territorial sea is an integral part of the national territory and is under the control and jurisdiction of the state. The contents of this * * * mainly include: ① the right to develop and utilize territorial sea resources; (2) The exclusive right of the state to the territorial sea, that is, foreign aircraft shall not enter the territorial sea of the coastal state without the permission of the coastal state; (3) coastal shipping and trade rights; (4) Have the right to formulate and promulgate rules and regulations on shipping, smuggling, immigration, sanitation and water protection in territorial waters; (5) Criminal and civil jurisdiction.

5. What sea areas does "China Sea" refer to? What is the correct title?

"Sea of China" generally refers to the waters around China. It is also divided into the East China Sea and the South China Sea. "East China Sea" refers to the East China Sea, including the Yellow Sea; "South China Sea" refers to the South China Sea. According to the title of the China version of the world map, the correct expression of these sea areas should be the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea.

6. China's marine resources.

China's "blue land" is rich in marine resources. Among them, there are 22,000 square kilometers of tidal flat, 0/24,000 square kilometers of shoal/kloc, and more than 60 medium berths/kloc-0. 20278 species of marine living resources; Offshore oil resources are 25.5 billion tons, and natural gas resources 14 trillion cubic meters; The total installed capacity of ocean energy is 2L800,000 kilowatts; There are 65 kinds of proven mineral resources and more than 500 seaside tourist attractions/kloc-0.

6. What is the basic knowledge about the sea?

1. Color of seawater: blue.

2. Seawater is salty: when rivers, large and small, cross the land, they absorb a lot of salt from rocks and soil and bring it into the sea. So the sea water is salty.

3. Why are there waves in the sea? Waves are caused by wind, undersea earthquakes or the attraction of the moon and the sun.

The ocean is very big: if the earth's surface is divided into four parts, then three parts are covered by sea water and only one part is land.

protect the ocean

Why protect the ocean?

1. The ocean covers 7 1% of the earth and is the main source of fresh water runoff in Chinese mainland. The vast water surface, huge water body and never-ending ocean current regulate the global temperature and precipitation. The ocean provides 3 billion tons of fish for human beings every year. Algae products alone are 20 times more than the total wheat output in the world at present, and the ability of the ocean to provide food is 1000 times that of the land. The recoverable reserves of submarine oil are about 300 billion tons, accounting for 40% of the world's total oil reserves. Manganese (měng) nodules on the seabed can be used by human beings for tens of thousands of years. Seawater also contains uranium, hydrogen isotopes and other nuclear raw materials, a large number of inorganic salts and other resources. The ocean also contains huge tidal energy, which is estimated to be about 654.38+0 billion kilowatts. If wave energy and ocean current energy are included, it will be even more impressive.

2. Uncontrolled pollution and predatory development will inevitably seriously damage the marine environment of human beings. It has become a common sense that protecting the ocean means protecting the environment and the future of mankind.

3. Establish marine nature reserves. The ocean is the cradle of life. So far, there are more than 200,000 kinds of creatures living there. According to statistics, there are 32 species in the animal kingdom, 23 of which live in the ocean. However, with the development of science and technology, the scope of marine development and utilization has been expanding, which has brought some adverse effects and even caused serious damage to the marine natural environment and natural resources. The most obvious thing is that the fish resources in some sea areas have dropped sharply, and some rare marine animals and plants are on the verge of extinction, which cannot but arouse people's great attention.

4. The establishment of marine nature reserve can preserve some natural conditions in this sea area that are not disturbed by human beings, so that all kinds of marine life can be preserved and used continuously by human beings, which is of great significance to the development and utilization of marine resources, scientific research, culture and education and tourism. Internationally, the construction of marine nature reserves is regarded as one of the standards to measure the level of marine protection and cultural level of a country.

Ocean drug storehouse

1. Sea cucumber is a precious seafood with high protein. However, you may not have thought that several kinds of sea cucumbers in Zhou Zhihui's marine paintings will release a kind of * * * toxin, which has the effect of inhibiting tumors.

2. Oyster, a small shellfish, is very delicious. However, its greater value is due to the inclusion of an antibiotic. This antibiotic has an anti-tumor effect.

3. Shark is an ancient marine fish, widely distributed all over the world, with more than 260 species. Since the mid-1980s, many international scientists have made a detailed study on the pharmacology, chemistry, biochemistry and application of various parts of shark body, especially the anti-tumor active substances in shark body.

mineral resources

The ocean is a cornucopia of mineral resources. After the "international 10 marine exploration stage" in the 1970s, people's understanding of the types, distribution and reserves of marine mineral resources was further deepened.

7. Marine knowledge information

The ocean is the floorboard of the widest water body on the earth. The central part of the ocean is called ocean, and the marginal part is called sea. They communicate with each other and form a unified water body.

The earth's surface is divided by the mainland into vast interconnected waters called oceans, with a total area of about 360 million square kilometers, accounting for about 7 1% of the earth's surface area, with an average water depth of about 3795 meters. The ocean contains more than1350 million cubic kilometers of water, accounting for about 97% of the total water of the earth, and only 2% is available for human consumption.

The four oceans of the earth are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, and most of them are bounded by land and seabed topographic lines. So far, only 5% of the seabed has been explored by humans, and 95% of the seabed is unknown.

Extended data:

I. Salt content

The salt content of seawater in the world's major oceans varies from place to place, with an average of about 3.5%. The most common inorganic salt dissolved in seawater is sodium chloride, which is used daily. Some salt comes from volcanoes under the sea, but most of it comes from rocks in the earth's crust.

Rock is decomposed by weathering, releasing salt, which is carried to the sea by river water. In the circulation process of seawater evaporation and then condensation into water, after seawater evaporation, salt remains and gradually accumulates to the existing concentration. The ocean contains so much salt that it can spread a salt layer about 500 feet thick on the global land.

Second, marine disasters.

Marine disasters mainly refer to sudden natural disasters such as storm surges, huge waves, sea ice, sea fog, strong winds, earthquakes and tsunamis.

The main causes of marine disasters are strong atmospheric disturbances, such as tropical cyclones and extratropical cyclones. Disturbance or mutation of the state of marine water body itself; Submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and related submarine landslides and ground fissures. Marine natural disasters not only threaten the ocean and coast, but also endanger the urban and rural economy and the safety of people's lives and property in the vast deep area from coast to land.

The above-mentioned marine disasters will also cause many secondary disasters and derivative disasters in the affected areas. Such as: storm surge, coastal erosion caused by storm surge, land salinization; Marine pollution causes biotoxin disasters, which in turn leads to human and animal poisoning.

The economically developed marine countries and relevant international organizations in the world attach great importance to the early warning and prevention of marine disasters. Monitoring the occurrence, development, migration and disappearance of marine disasters (phenomena) is the most important and basic content of early warning and defense system. Global marine disaster monitoring is realized through marine monitoring (or observation) network.