The Origin and Development of Farming Reading Culture in nanxi river

"First-class loyal minister and dutiful son, reading and farming are two things." Farming and reading culture is an indispensable part of nanxi river ancient village culture, or it can be said that it is unrealistic and unimaginable to talk about nanxi river ancient village culture without farming and reading culture. The buildings in the existing ancient villages in nanxi river are very simple and natural, almost all of which are made of plain wood, rubble and blue bricks. But they are full of wild interests, pay attention to natural beauty, take nature as a reference, but they are higher than nature; Although it is artificial, it skillfully combines artificial beauty, artistic beauty and natural beauty, adding a touching charm to nanxi river, a national scenic spot. This architectural style and materials reflect nanxi river villagers' pursuit of culture and love for nature, as well as their strong ecological environment awareness and humanitarian thought. As an ideal of literati, the early farming and reading life originated from seclusion, which is the personality structure of Confucianism's "seclusion and solitude" and Taoism's "return to nature". It has a high moral value in the traditional culture of China, implying nobility and detachment, and is the sustenance of ancient intellectuals. In particular, Taoism, represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi, advocates nature, pursues ethereal tranquility, escapes from reality, and yearns for a life in a primitive natural state, which seems more romantic. Influenced by Confucius, Mencius, Laozi and Zhuangzi, people in nanxi river attach great importance to the education of rites and music. At the same time, the population migration from north to south during the Jin and Song Dynasties made many highly educated officials move to Nanxi, where they built villages and chose places to settle down. He only hopes that future generations will continue to "study as a scholar and honor their ancestors." "Reading can make you proud, farming can make you rich" has become the tradition of their clan, passed down from generation to generation. It is difficult to confirm when the life of farming and reading originated, but one thing is certain, which is related to China's ancient thought of "attaching importance to agriculture and neglecting commerce". Because some scholars are in officialdom, they can't help themselves. Seeing the corruption of the imperial court and the darkness of the officialdom, there are many cynical sighs of Qu Yuan that "everyone is turbid and I am alone, and everyone is drunk and I am alone". It comes naturally. I don't want to go along with corrupt officials and live a "luxurious and boring" life. In the circle of scholar-officials at that time, most of them were not proud of their high-ranking officials. Many literati avoid worldly customs, travel to famous mountains and rivers, and send their feelings to the mountains and rivers. What's more, they hid in the mountains and lived in seclusion. At the same time, they don't want to commit suicide, so they have the idea of seclusion in the mountains. However, due to their low status, the merchants could not pander to them, so they devoted themselves to farming and lived a carefree and uncontested life. Plant a few acres of fertile land, plant flowers and plants, travel around the mountains and play with water, recite poems and express your temperament. In fact, "farming" seems to be only symbolic, and few scholars personally plow the fields. They just send their feelings to the mountains and rivers, sing poems among the beautiful mountains and rivers, and cultivate their sentiments. In the final analysis, this kind of farming life is just a symbolic farming life. But in any case, in village planning and architecture, they try their best to create a unique elegant taste, romantic and elegant demeanor and unpretentious temperament and mood of literati. In Nanxi Qingshan Xiushui Palm, create one gentle and fertile village after another, with no wild interest. In the Song Dynasty, farming and reading culture were transformed and strengthened by the evolution of the imperial examination system. The imperial examination system originated in the Sui Dynasty and developed in the Tang Dynasty. It was originally designed by the imperial court to select officials and offer courses for scholars, but its implementation indirectly improved the enthusiasm of scholars everywhere to learn culture, thus popularizing culture. In the Song Dynasty, the number of imperial examinations was expanded and the examination methods were improved. In addition, engraving movable type printing is also very popular. In particular, several imperial examination policies of Renzong, the northern Sect, have effectively promoted the development of farming and reading culture: first, scholars are required to study and take exams in their hometown, resulting in the establishment of various schools in various places; Second, the number of people entering the scholar list in each subject has set a preferential minimum quota for the southern provinces; Thirdly, it is stipulated that businessmen and their children are not allowed to take part in the imperial examination, and only scholars and farmers' children are allowed to take part, which greatly stimulates the interest of ordinary people in the imperial examination, and even farmers' children see the hope of being an official and shining the lintel. It is no longer a fantasy nightmare, but a real hope, so it is not uncommon for people to hang books in the corner, write with willow branches, practice calligraphy in the sand and become talents in the field. At the same time, the popularization of culture has given new connotation to the farming and reading culture, so the real farming and reading culture has emerged. In the nanxi river Valley, there were the enlightenment of scholars in the Six Dynasties, such as Xie Lingyun and Tao Hongjing, and then the enlightenment of scholars in the past dynasties, such as Zhang Jiucheng and Wang. Both the old and new ideas of farming and reading have penetrated into every village in the foothills of nanxi river. In this way, the unique rural culture-farming-reading culture took root and blossomed in nanxi river, bearing rich fruits, which had a great impact on later generations. "Reading can make you proud, farming can make you rich" has become the life that nanxi river residents have been pursuing and yearning for. Each clan clearly stipulates in its own "family precepts" and "genealogy" that children must study. For example, furong village's "Chen Family Tree" said: All children of my family should study hard and learn in order to be promoted in their careers; Farmers must be diligent in farming and trade before they can get married. Even poor people should be innocent and self-controlled, and they must never learn to be obscene and ruin their family's voice ... "This social tradition of farming and reading, which is recorded in Chen's genealogy, is still popular today, but in furong village," surnames are prosperous, the atmosphere is pure and beautiful, people are respectful, and the family respects Confucianism, and the voice of chanting is everywhere in cancer. "Heyang Village's" Family Instructions on Xie's Genealogy "says that it is necessary to" take agriculture as a business ". In the genealogy and clan rules of the Xie family, there is a record of reading: "Reading can make people proud, farming can make people rich, and you should not be idle, give up and be ashamed, waste when you are young, and die in old age." "The Chen family instruction in Tanxia Village is more clear and detailed:" The ancestral family law takes loyalty and filial piety as the discipline, and farming and diligence as the service ". A couplet in Yuan Yi Temple in Linfeng Village reads: "Educate children and grandchildren to be diligent and thrifty in the right way; Following the ancestors, one pulse is true, only reading and ploughing. " "Xishan Range Rover is pregnant with sages, adding splendor to the family and looking at Kunming. "In order to let children study and be officials, the villages along Nanxi began to learn. Neo-Confucianism prevailed in Song Dynasty, and the important way to spread Neo-Confucianism was to establish academies and accept students' lectures. The establishment of the Academy began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. At first, it was only annotated and sparse by official institutions, and then it gradually developed. Some famous academies in China, such as Bailudong Academy, Chongyang Academy, Yuelu Academy and Suiyang Academy, all rose during this period. During the Southern Song Dynasty, private schools became popular. On the one hand, the academy can give lectures, spread learning, research learning and exchange learning, on the other hand, it is for people to study hard and prepare for the imperial examination. Wang, a great scholar at Longtuge in the Southern Song Dynasty, said Yongjia in "Preface to Send Ye Xiucai", "The study of friendship is in the southeast, and there are many people writing at Hengqukou. They took their brothers to be officials, and many of them went out like this. It shows the unprecedented situation of farming and reading culture in the middle reaches of nanxi river at that time. There are two main ways to promote schools in nanxi river. One is to hire teachers to preside over voluntary schools or schools, and the other is that clans use the ancestral property of Fang's imperial clan to steal their children from poor families to go to school. Yantou Village's "Family Rules of the Jin Family Tree" makes it very clear, "Every year, an upright and learned person is expected to teach his children. He must pay attention to his studies and manners so as not to lose the records of his family. Children with quality can compare with scholars, but can't learn from them. It should all be funded by temple rents. " Most ancestral temples of all ethnic groups in other villages in nanxi river stipulate that all candidates who enter the county government school and go to the provincial government should be paid by the ancestral temple. After the pilot, ancestral worship and other expenses were also paid by the ancestral hall, and all the income from the public school fields in the clan was used to promote the school. Until the eve of liberation, all students admitted to high schools and universities still need to pay their tuition fees with the income from clan ancestral halls or public fields, which shows the importance attached to cultural education. In the ancient nanxi river Valley, Yi-ology had very strict requirements for students' conduct. For example, the Regulation of Xie's Genealogy in Heyang Village said: "The founding of Yi Xue was originally a plan of the state to educate the people. I never thought that future generations would like flashy and gorgeous, and it was already blue and purple. Any student must abide by the rules of Bailudong ... Any student who leaves school must be full of illness, speak a language, be careful, peaceful and harmonious. " Therefore, scholars in this field consciously teach Confucian ethics and maintain feudal order. For example, Mi Zhu in Huatan Village "learned well in ancient times, was simple and self-sustaining, and was greedy. Rong Lu failed to capture his ambition, so he was filial to his relatives and became friends with his brothers. " Another example is Zheng's genealogy in Tangwan Village, Qukou Township, which tells the story of arrogance. "He is broad-minded, versatile, good at judging the past and good at writing words. Build a beautiful room, store books, list ancient paintings and playthings for Qing appreciation. When reading aloud, I only like playing the piano and planting flowers. When the weather is sunny, I will take the spring to make tea, brush the table and open the bottle. I will be proud of my friends in the misty spring stone and no longer know what is the honor or disgrace in the world. And there are classes in the class. In addition to the righteous side, we also cultivate our temperament with poetry and books. " Some directly served as educators, such as Fu of Heyang Village in the late Song Dynasty. "He learned a lot of historical knowledge and paid attention to it for a long time ... Feng Yi was purged, neatly dressed and elegant, which set an example for the gentry. At that time, it was called the Confucian elder. " The success of the imperial examination for aristocratic children is the glory of the whole clan. Those who gain fame and fortune are all in the genealogy, and they can also enjoy special glory in various celebrations of the whole family. The plaques and couplets in the ancestral hall in the old days not only praised the brilliant achievements of the ancestors, but also showed off the official career and official luck of the people. There is a couplet in Huda Ancestral Temple in Qukou village, which reads: "Calligraphy is passed down from generation to generation; Poetry and books become beautiful after articles. " A couplet in the village Xu ancestral hall reads: "The ancestral hall near the gate platform is the birthplace of loyalty and filial piety; The line is divided into four hospitals, and I hope that future generations will follow the story, help the United States with virtue, and praise future generations. " In the Chenghuang Temple in Yongjia County, Yong Lian, a couplet praising Liu Ji wrote: "Learning to be excellent is to be an official. Before the founding of the country, it is said that the planner of crossing the river in Wang Zuo is unparalleled." "For the teacher of the emperor, for the order of the king, Zhongshan is the first; Like the light of the sun, like the brightness of the moon, it is unparalleled in today's clear water. " This is a "happy event" that Shangcun and Wenzhou Liu family have been talking about for hundreds of years. On the other hand, on major festivals such as the revision of genealogy (or the continuation of genealogy, circle genealogy), ancestors' portraits, maps, and memorial tablets respected as senior officials in previous dynasties are provided on the zhaobi of the back eaves of the main hall for the people to pay tribute to and be proud of, and at the same time, it is intended to encourage the people to continue their studies and become officials, and gain fame and glory. In an article entitled "As if in the Hall", Zhen's "Zhu's Genealogy" fully describes the ardent expectation for the family name of his descendants: "If I have thousands of books, why should I have a thousand points?" However, if my later son is a grandson, if he doesn't forget this idea, he will work hard to write poems, so that he can master the martial arts of his ancestors and stun Sun Mou. "This ideal of farming and studying has become a tradition of nanxi river people. In remote villages with traffic jams, Kejia is diligent in farming, good at reading, very clear in language and strong in writing style. It is extremely rare to have brilliant achievements in rural areas all over the country. " The smell of wheat cakes in Hangzhou for several years, and the pen and ink articles in Wenzhou for several years. The number one song in Huatan Village (1438- 15 19), which had the reputation of "the first mountain in the Western Hills" in the Xiaozong period of the Ming Dynasty, was not only the glory of the Zhu family in Zhenxi, but also the glory of the whole Yongjia and Wenzhou areas, and was always talked about by Nanxi people. The style of study in the flower bed area has flourished since ancient times, which can be seen from its genealogy. "If you don't learn, you will be abolished, and if you learn, you will be established, so learning is not too great." A scholar helps every day. Heaven has its own heaven and cannot be learned. People have an unchangeable discipline and must learn to speak. Sages learn from their knowledge, and those who don't learn learn from their ignorance. When the master becomes a room, there is more than enough wood and wood, and the degree of taking it is not chaotic, which is determined by two elements: rope and ink. A gentleman is not afraid of things, but he is not disturbed by the system. Unless he learns to be safe, he can't calm his heart. It is the rope of a scholar and a gentleman. "This understanding of the importance of reading, profound understanding of culture and incisive insights have undoubtedly cast a rich picture of the ancient villages in the deep mountain valleys of nanxi river. Influenced by the rich cultural thought of farming and reading, nanxi river has experienced countless generations of famous artists. In the thirty years of Qing Daoguang, Heyang Village's "Rebuilding the Preface of Xie's Genealogy" said: "Reading is beautiful, and it can be sealed compared with households; Swimmers cannot win with their fingers. "In addition to Mr. Huang Yousan, Mr. Yuan, Six Gentlemen in Cherishing Spring and Four Spirits in Yongjia, furong village's Eighteen Classic Roots is an official in the same dynasty, with five scholars in three generations and six scholars in four generations in Xikou Village, which is remarkable. In addition, there are two brothers Zheng in Tangwan Village, both of whom are Southern Song Jinshi. Zheng's virtue is perfect, especially in Confucian classics. Deng Shaoxing first, Li Guan Guo Zi Ye Si, the eldest son Shao Qing. Begging outside, knowing Ningguo House from Longtuge. The death of Wen Su. ..... Brother Boying and Bohai are well-known, so he is a student of Yongjia and has Zheng Ji. " Zheng Boying is a scholar of Longxing Guizhi (1 163), and he is the author of Guiji. Zheng Bohai was a scholar in Shaoxing during the New Wei Dynasty. He set up an account, and as a disciple, there were hundreds of scholars. It is necessary to briefly introduce Dai's family background in Xikou. According to historical records, Dai Zu was born in Xikou Village and moved from Fujian to Taizhou Xianju. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Dai Shu, the ancestor, went to Yongjia to give lectures. Three years later, Fu Yuancheng became a scholar. He and his younger brother Dai Xun studied in Chengdu, which is famous for its Neo-Confucianism. During the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Dai Xu, the son of Dai Shu, studied under Ye Shi and became a scholar. He is the author of Five Classics, The Scholars and A Brief Introduction to the East. In five years, Dai Xun's son, Dai Kao, became a scholar, from a doctor who did nothing to a doctor who was a prince, and served as a secretary supervisor ... giving the minister of the Ministry of Industry, in addition to the bachelor of Wenhua Pavilion, giving the bachelor of Mingtang and the bachelor of arts. Jing Wang's private collection of books "Ming Jing" contains a poem, including "Yin Minji". Shao Xigeng kept the year, and Dai Xidi, the son of the Year of the Tortoise, took the exam from Zhu's Dimon in May 1st. Dai Dong, the second son of Damon, was a filial scholar in the spring and autumn. In order to flaunt this great event of fame and fortune, the Dai family wrote a couplet in the Daishi Grand Ancestral Hall in Xikou: "In the process, Zhumen repeatedly played the double track of science; Throughout the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was also called the first and sixth place in Zou Lu's erotic palace. It is worth mentioning that according to Qianlong's Yongjia County Records, Zhu, a famous Neo-Confucianism master, visited various scholars in nanxi river when he was in charge of salt tea in Daochangping, East Zhejiang. He first went to Dangxi Village to worship Liu, who is famous for his Neo-Confucianism, as a teacher, and said, "You don't know Liu after crossing Nanxi, just like you don't know oranges after crossing Dongting. "It's a pity that didn't meet. Then, he went to Xie 'ao to visit Xie, and then went to Xikou to visit Damon and Pengxi Village. Nanxi river was isolated from the world, but kept so close contact with the mainstream culture at that time. It is really rare that the academic culture in nanxi river Valley can attract a generation of Neo-Confucianism masters to bow down and seek. Then, although the rural intellectuals cultivated by nanxi river's farming and reading culture are a dime a dozen, only a few are proud of it, and even fewer have become a generation of literati. "Most of the outstanding scholars in Tiantou stayed in the village and cooperated with county officials to promote feudal ethics education in rural areas." Pingchuan is beautiful, and Jun Gao is full of benevolence. Some of these "Yan Jun" people "don't listen to things outside the window and concentrate on reading sage books", living in seclusion, spreading books and enjoying themselves, while others travel around Yongjia, making friends and writing poems, but they are also at ease; Others study geomantic omen, help neighbors watch Long Mai choose Yin and Yang to choose geomantic omen, or write couplets for others, or run private schools to enroll students and teach tutors; Others participate in revising clan genealogy, mastering clan power ... and so on. An article entitled "Preface to Poems on Mountains and Waters in the Gallery" in the genealogy of the West Zhujiajian in Huatan Town said: "There are many rural scholars, mostly in English and Chinese, and they have the style of the old times, which can be described as gentle and elegant, and many show wild people." Rural scholars have become the role models of nanxi river in the past dynasties, and have a direct impact on rural affairs. The rural intellectuals in nanxi river have both Confucianism and Taoism. According to Confucian ideals, they entered the temple and retired from the mountain. But when they are between mountains and rivers, their life is extremely indifferent and comfortable, full of Taoist ideological realm of "returning to nature". Their thoughts are reflected in the ancient village buildings in nanxi river, which makes the ancient buildings in nanxi river look particularly cordial, natural and full of human touch. The dual thoughts of blending Confucianism and Taoism embodied in ancient village architecture are particularly obvious in Cangpo Village. Cangpo Village built its village with Four Treasures of the Study's thought, which is obviously a portrayal of Confucianism. The thought of "Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Harmony between Man and Nature" and "Fire with Water" is obviously influenced by Taoist thought and folk landscape, which is an intriguing feature of ancient village architecture in nanxi river. The confluence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism is the representative work of Tao Hongjing, the "Prime Minister in the Mountain" during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, scientists such as Er Cheng and Zhu explained and developed this. The "Confucianism and Taoism" thought embodied in the ancient village architecture in nanxi river is probably the crystallization and wisdom of the working people in ancient nanxi river, and also reflects the strong environmental awareness and unique aesthetic concept of ancient nanxi river people.