I urgently need a lecture on art sketch! About 500 words, the more detailed the better.

A little too much. Please simplify according to your own needs. I hope it works for you!

1 [theory] simple.

2 [Theory] Rhythm Change

3 [Theory] Structural Vision

4[ Theoretical] Description and Characterization

5 [Theory] Relationship between light and shade

6 [Theory] Light and shadow harm people

7 [Theory] Sketch Understanding

8 [Theory] What is sketch?

9 [Theory] Line-surface fusion

10 [theory] The structure is true

1 1 [theory] deep space

12 [theory] spirit likeness takes precedence

Simple expression

Sketch is not only a study, but also a performance. From the perspective of artistic appreciation, sketch practice can also be appreciated as a complete work of art.

Although the sketch is monochrome, the relative expression technique is relatively simple; So the sketch can be more general and detailed. The painter can concentrate on expressing the structure and inner temperament of the object with concise brushstrokes.

Traditional calligraphy and ink painting in China are sketches with verve. Chinese characters and ink painting belong to the artistic components of China traditional culture. The change of layout and composition between strokes of Chinese characters, the contrast between dry brushwork and splashing ink in painting Jiao Mo, and the artistic expression of the same origin of painting and calligraphy all depict the unique beauty and penetrating power of sketch composition.

There is no specific form, only the change of black, white and gray between pure levels, which can express a person's sensory feelings abstractly and create the rhythm of five-color painting.

With the introduction of western culture, sketch has also entered the classroom of art training in China. It seems that only by becoming a master sketch can we finally become a work that can be appreciated, and others can only call it a work. This is because the master is a master after all, and the long-term cultural accumulation has made the master's extraordinary freehand brushwork techniques, which are usually very expressive. From the beginning, the painter revealed the inner structure and charm of the object from the performance of the subject, and it is unnecessary and unnecessary to repeat it in other forms.

Rhythm change

Rhythm is the beauty of sketch. A sketch without rhythm can only be a manic point, line or gray without emotion, just like a string can only emit one syllable, and a person does not pause or breathe.

According to the changes of the body, the beauty of the body is outlined with cadence brushwork and rhythmic lines.

Lines may be rigid or flexible, so pens must take precedence. Just naturally straight, soft will be empty. The thick has become the focus, and the thin feels empty. Image line, line and surface combine light and shadow, emphasizing the morphological changes of human body, and making natural objects produce artistic rhythmic beauty.

Structural vision

Visual training is also a process of thinking, a bridge to constantly eliminate illusions and correctly perceive the world. It is necessary and necessary to practice as much as possible so that our visual thinking can form an exact concept and a rigorous style of painting in the perception of physical structure-as the saying goes, practice makes perfect.

Structure sketch pays attention to the light and shade sketch, which does not mean that the dark sketch can ignore the structure, nor can it be said that structure sketch abandoned the light and shade. Need to be very serious, study hard and master. It takes lines as expressive force, and appropriately adds some light and shade relations to directly express the three-dimensional structure of screen objects in the form of anatomy. Whether sketching a plaster statue or a physical object, we should analyze the object according to the understanding of the object, grasp the shape, and strive to eliminate the trivial factors of the object in the picture. In particular, we should use the common sense of anatomy to firmly grasp the relationship between the general bones, bone points and muscles of the body and carve and shape it.

Although sketch is a form, it should be not only the form itself, but also the observation and feeling of the form, which can be said to be an act of discovery. The forms, methods and means of sketch depend on visual thinking, and only by actively choosing objects can we reflect the basic characteristics of vision.

Vision is by no means a passive copy of our feelings, but a positive rational activity, that is, thinking activity. Perception is the result of thinking, reasoning is the study of intuition, and finally it can form its own creation.

Description and characterization

For people who are used to using light and dark tones, they always feel that only in this way can a painting be a three-dimensional sketch. In fact, after later practice, I still feel that it is not too strong, and there are too many things to draw and too few places to engrave.

It should be said that it is still useful to describe the volume of an object by drawing light and shade. But how to get out of the tone of light and shade is not an easy task. The ideas and habits inherent in the brain, coupled with the gradual improvement of understanding, make the paintings that were originally intended to be discarded repeat from time to time.

Light and dark tones are like the keyboard of a piano. The more you have, the richer you will be. Can the pencils we use still produce 7B and 8B? Even 9B and 10B can't show the black in the real model space, and the contrast between black and white is only relative. In the dark tone processing of stage art scenes, pure black+Pollan is also white under the irradiation of light, so we use black velvet instead, but how can such a black hole appear on our drawing paper? In fact, black and white is just a feeling. Strong feelings require us to change the previous method of sketching, abandon the old concept of death in our minds, use brand-new thinking, give full play to our feelings under the control of structural will, concentrate on using pens, and draw the feelings of the object mentally similar.

Constantly changing our own inherent ideas and constantly trying new painting methods, we must never do meticulous homework in order to complete a work, and completing homework cannot be the burden of our purpose. Otherwise, you will lose more chances to try, repeat what you know and imprison your imagination.

Light-shade relation

Light and dark sketch is a learning method that many people contact more at the beginning. This method is also often used to guide students in sketch teaching in art colleges.

Light-shade sketch reflects the rich light-shade hierarchy of the painted object through the physical changes of light and shadow. Beginners often practice under the light when they first start learning. It can help you understand the light and shade changes of objects under the light source, understand the light and shade changes of complex shapes, and further understand and master the changes of light source and the three-dimensional sense, texture, light and shade, rich changes of space and so on.

In the relationship between light and shade, black and white, light and shadow, highlight and reflection, it is very important to master the change of rhythm. It can only be identified by comparison. On the basis of accurate graphics, repeated contrast is the key to draw a good light and dark sketch.

Perhaps light and dark sketch can be roughly divided into several steps, such as composition, angle, light source, structure, description and adjustment, but this is not absolute. We don't have to take detours, but detours are not necessarily a bad thing. Light and dark sketch is just a method. In the process of practice, you should learn to sum up your own experience, pay attention to finding your own edge in the process of practice, and carry it forward, so that your shining thoughts can become the starting point of personality development.

Maybe your light-dark sketch is not as strong as his contrast, or maybe his relationship is handled more subtly than yours. In the shading of sketch, there is no fixed truth, and the only truth is the structure of the object.

[Theory] Light and shadow harm people

This is the first painting that the author entered the oil painting training class of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, and it can also be said that it is a summary painting after he 10 finished his undergraduate degree in fine arts. This is a pencil assignment drawn in light and dark tones. Just like a photo, right?

After the reform of the enrollment system, this painting is very popular in art colleges. However, I was criticized by my tutor for this painting. If I don't go to Beijing for further study, I can say that I will keep painting like this; Maybe I think this is the most orthodox painting.

From the plaster statue, it is to draw light and shade. Light and dark colors make many people go astray and only see the color of objects-light and shadow. Most of the time, it is painted in light, emphasizing the dividing line between light and shade, learning fuzzy projection and skillfully handling space, but the most terrible thing is that it does not really grasp the internal structure of the object. So that the object of painting is only the combination of head, neck and clothes, and even the left arm under the clothes is not as awkward as the human body.

With the popularization of computer hardware and the application of various drawing software, we can easily take a high-resolution photo with a digital camera, and then we can easily "draw" the photo like this by using different filter commands many times under famous drawing software such as Painter and Photoshop. Why do we spend so much time drawing such sketches? Even without such software, we can't paint like this any more, because it's just an objective portrayal, without any trace of description (not depiction), let alone our own feelings and creativity.

This kind of long-term sketch wastes a lot of time and energy, which makes us focus on light and dark tones and become a passive projector, which really hurts many people.

Sketch understanding [theory]

Sketch, not plain description! As a general concept of the public, this explanation can barely be said, but as a concept of art or painting, it seems superficial.

Sketch is the basis of painting, design and all plastic arts. Remove the flashy colors and forms, and sketch becomes the pure material description of composition, rhythm and curve and the underlying research. If we peel off the external form and color coating of a painting, the essential framework and structure of the object will appear-a supporting beauty that truly expresses the connotation of the work.

Sketch is a formal artistic creation, which uses monochrome lines to express things in the intuitive world, as well as ideas, concepts, attitudes, feelings, fantasies, symbols and even abstract forms. It does not pay attention to the whole and color like painting, but to the structure and form.

Sketch is the most basic means to train modeling ability. However, due to the different division of labor between painting art and design art, the focus of sketch training is also different. Supporting the beauty of appreciation based on sketch; Generally speaking, design sketch does not appear as an independent appreciation form of art works, and it is more practical. It is only a part or a process of design art. In the advanced stage of painting sketch, it can be gradually sublimated into works with unique appreciation value, and gradually come out from training, perhaps more concise, perhaps more refined, in short, with good taste; The deeper the design sketch, the more material it is, and the more refined and practical it is.

Sketch, like a clenched fist, is a real thing and cannot be empty. It needs to explain the structure of the fist clearly, showing the relationship between fingers and palms, the bearing of bones and muscles, veins and epidermis, and the beautiful shapes presented by various shapes. Whether using pure lines, lines, surfaces or light and shadow tones, there can only be one purpose: to describe the shape of boxing. From this point of view, sketch must not be drawn only by feeling, so be careful to mislead the appearance.

Some people say that sketches are black, white and gray. In fact, this is a misunderstanding of painting sketch and a superficial understanding of the long-term pencil sketch operation in dealing with light and shadow to avoid ambiguity in the painting process. In figurative painting, black, white and gray are only some elements of a tone and a form of expression; The levels, light and shadow depicted by the three tones of black, white and gray are often some appearances, which may be the negative effects brought by the so-called "conventional" way of gypsum geometry-gypsum image by the academic school. Of course, for the pure learning of black, white and gray, it has a certain rhythmic beauty of sketch relationship and a certain appreciation, which belongs to the category of formal beauty.

In artistic practice, the primary stage of sketch should be rational; It requires artists to calmly analyze, think carefully and ponder carefully. Of course, the creation of a painting needs feeling, and feeling is very important; Form and various expression methods are also more important, which can often reflect the painter's later style. But as the basic research stage of painting, or as the early stage of making a work, we must first solve the problem of sketch. It's like a building. The foundation should be laid firmly and the frame design should be reasonable. As for the external decoration form of the building, it is a post-process, mainly sketching.

Realist and expressionist painters in the advanced stage have obvious differences in the emphasis of sketch; The latter pursues "expressing the emotion of a scene rather than depicting the realistic appearance of the body", while surrealists focus on expressing subconscious psychology.

[Theory] What is sketch?

There are many explanations of sketch, and the following excerpts are for reference only:

● English Translation Department:

Sketch, sketch, sketch;

● Color division:

Sketch is a kind of monochrome painting drawn with charcoal pen, pencil and pen. Used to draw light and dark objects with lines. Sketch is the basis of all painting and a necessary stage in the research process. (Artist magazine, on sketch-small);

● Tools Department:

Sketch usually refers to methods that can leave traces on a plane, such as crayons, charcoal pens, pens, brushes, ink and paper. Others include wear and tear caused by wet clay, ink-stained cloth, metal, stone tools, containers or cloth covers. Encyclopedia of artistic vision;

● General departments:

Outlines and lines are general terms for sketches. Sketch has a sense of natural law, which the viewer can feel from the process of appreciation. Different strokes create different lines and cross relationships, including rhythm, active and passive surrounding environment, plane, volume, tone and texture;

● Concept department:

Sketch is a formal artistic creation, which uses monochrome lines to express things in the intuitive world, as well as ideas, concepts, attitudes, feelings, fantasies, symbols and even abstract forms. It does not pay attention to the whole and color like painting, but to the structure and form. Encyclopedia Britannica;

● Process division:

In the book A Dictionary of Western Fine Arts, there is only one explanation related to sketch. The article holds that the sketch of a work or a part of a work is the artist's research and discussion on key points such as light and shadow, composition and the scale of the whole picture. It is a preliminary composition of the whole painting or one of the paintings. The sketch of a landscape painter is usually a small and quick record, which is used to show the lighting effect of the landscape and prepare for the idea of repainting in the future (published by Lion Book Company).

Line-surface fusion

The shape we face has no "line" and "point", that is, the existence of "face" we feel is also attached to the undulating structure and shape.

Right in front of our "face", the side past becomes a compressed line, and the deep past becomes a point. The elements of these sketches give us a powerful means to capture the shape of objects. However, in the process of sketching, it is very easy for us to use lines too smartly, which leads to fluency and impetuousness. In the patient and boring practice of finding suitable shapes and structures, it is difficult for us to escape the boredom of drawing lines; At the same time, it is hard to resist the temptation of profligacy.

It can be said that any line we draw in sketch should have the property of physical structure and have real significance. Otherwise, it becomes a waste line or a waste line group; And the surface composed of these lines has of course turned into meaningless dirty gray. We may also feel some gray "faces" in the sketch. Because our feelings are still under the illusion, we mistakenly think that it is a "face" and draw it. The result is still dirty gray rather than a part of the body.

How to avoid this kind of mistake requires us to always focus on the structure of the object, not passively copying the object, but actively and subjectively analyzing and judging the painting elements provided by the object, and completely controlling the painted object through the overall structure.

Whether we use "point", "line" and "surface", they are all means and have no meaning in themselves. When they are used in the shapes we describe, they become elements of human body structure and eventually become a part of the painted human body, not any point, line or surface.

China's figure painting depicts clothes pleats with lines, and sums up "eighteen strokes" methods such as silk drawing, string drawing, iron line drawing and bamboo leaf drawing. The use of western painting space makes the use of lines merge with the elements of surface and become more colorful. In the observation of morphological structure, I believe everyone's perception is different. How to describe your understanding of the body with the fusion of points, lines and planes will be a process of your creation. Before that, you can also use China's traditional training method-copy learning, experience the pen used by predecessors, and then integrate your own experience. I believe your sketch will be more interesting.

Real structure [theory]

In sketch painting, the most important thing is of course the structure.

In reality, many painters can only take the road of form because of their lack of understanding of the structure of characters or objects, and it is difficult to produce in-depth masterpieces in their creation. Although we already have a convenient camera (now using a digital camera) and scanner, we can process graphics in the computer, which saves a lot of trouble in modeling, but shape is shape and structure is structure, not a concept. For the process of painting, shape is the representation attached to the structure, while the structure is the support of the object; The outline of external form can't really express the inner beauty of an object.

The shape of the object we observe is a representation, an outline. Once the object changes position, and we lack understanding of the structure, it is difficult to start. In the beginner stage, almost everyone has experienced using a stable triangle to determine the general position and composition of the body, and then using a virtual small triangle, square, etc. to decompose the local position of the painted object. In the end, this method can only paint the object as a gourd.

Just as we have gone through the era of hunger, we have also gone through the era of lack of pictures and are entering the era of reading pictures. All kinds of graphics, images and galleries emerge one after another. If you reproduce objects by taking pictures, you might as well take pictures. Then we are not as objective as the camera. For a painter, the most unacceptable thing is to be praised as: You see how good this painting is, like a photo. In other words, those works are not strong enough, not emphasized enough, not profound enough, and lack the artist's understanding of the structure of objects and creativity in expressing the connotation of objects. How can this be regarded as a painting art work?

The truth of art is not a pure objective truth, but an artistic truth in which the painter expresses his inner feelings through his own senses and hands-removing the rough and selecting the fine, removing the false and retaining the true, and describing and portraying from the outside to the inside.

outer space

What we face is a three-dimensional space, and our picture is just a two-dimensional paper or canvas. How to draw the depth space of an object is also an important subject to be solved in sketch.

To solve the space problem, you can use light and shadow, or you can use lines or a combination of lines. When we are used to observing objects on a plane, especially when the angle of view changes greatly and the modeling skills have not been solved, we are often at a loss. The key to solve this problem is to grasp the shape and understand the structure. On the basis of structure, you can keenly find out the elements of depth-points, lines or surfaces, and carefully handle the relationship between distance and distance. You must be able to handle the space properly.

Perhaps when you become a great painter, you no longer need three-dimensional space, but are interested in pursuing the decorative effect of plane or other shocking color composition, and in your persistence, there is still a sense of reality and distance contrast.

Gypsum sketch is a convenience, which reflects the pure relationship between structure, shape, proportion, light and shade, space and so on. , and can produce subtle changes in light and shade under specific light for observation; And it is not limited by environment and time, so that beginners can observe and analyze from different sides and angles for a long time and express objects calmly.

But plaster sketch is misleading for a long time-it depends on lighting conditions, light and shade boundaries, projection and so on. And the ability to observe the structure of the body keenly has not been exercised.

Spirit likeness takes precedence.

No matter the image or volume of the painted object, we can't be absolutely similar. Because we observe it with our eyes and show it with our hands and pens. Not to mention that our modeling ability is high or low, even if it can be absolutely similar, it is still not as good as spirit.

Looks like what we often say. But the characteristics are only similar elements, but there is no similar charm. It is characterized by being blunt and rational, and often does not show the exaggerated elements of art.

On the basis of understanding the structure of human body, the painting sketch that emphasizes the thinking in images creatively makes the painted human body reach an impulse of expression and artistic height. However, the design sketch that relies on rational thinking to pursue the authenticity of materials is more objective, rigorous and even rigid to realize the utilization of technology and aesthetic feeling. Although the process of designing sketch is mixed with the factors of thinking in images, it still lacks the passion of verve. Therefore, it is difficult for design sketch to rise to the height of artistic appreciation.

The fundamental difference between painting sketch and design sketch lies in the pursuit of the difference between form and spirit. When painting sketch develops to expressive sketch, of course, it should be given priority. How to repeatedly compare the feelings of objects and pictures, convey the visual impact and infection in portraits and freehand brushwork, and realize the aesthetic value of art.