Can you tell the male from the female by the color of cat hair?

I found an article, which looks quite deep. Personally don't understand. . I don't know if that's what you mean. . ? I hope it helps you ~ ~

The color of the cat

Cats have only two colors, red and black. There are no other colors. Faded red is milky white. The faded color of black is blue.

... the color of cats is inherited on the sex chromosome.

... high school biology teacher taught a pair of chromosomes to control the sex of people. The same is true of cats. Common XY means, and mother means XX. Future generations take a letter from their parents. If you take Y from your father and X from your mother (only X from your mother), it is XY, and the offspring are males. If I get an X from my father, then my offspring will be XX, that is, women.

... because the color of the cat is on the sex chromosome, the y on the sex chromosome of the cat is colorless. That is to say, x can be colored. It can be red or black.

Let's give an example: a pure red male cat with a pure black female cat.

The chromosome color of the red male cat is X (red) Y (colorless), and that of the black female cat is X (black) X (black).

... then if their kitten is male (the male is XY): it means that the kitten must get a y from her father, and y is colorless. So kittens can't inherit any color from male cats. Because mom is black. So any X the kitten takes from her mother is black. In other words, the little male cat must be black. (It may also be blue, brown, light brown, and emphasized color. We will discuss these issues later. )

... if it's a kitten or a female (XX): Let's forget it. I will take an X from my father, that is, I will take my father's red, my mother will also take an X, and my mother's black will also take it. Then the little female cat must be two-colored.

For example, if a male red cat X (red) Y (colorless) and a female red black cat match X (red) X (black), then through the same calculation, the male cat can take a color from the female cat, that is, the male cat is pure black or pure red. The little female cat must wear red on her father and any color on her mother. In other words, the little female cat can be red, black and pure red.

Take the red male cat and the red and black female cat as examples, and make a chart, which should be easier to understand.

Therefore, it is impossible for a male cat to get any color from his father, which means that a male cat can only inherit the color of a female cat. Because the little male cat can only get one color from his mother, the male cat must be monochrome (explained below for the two-color male cat). Because the little female cat inherits a color from her parents, which means she can get red and black at most. So the two-color one must be the female cat (explained by the three-color female cat below).

... according to the above rules, everyone can easily calculate the color of any solid cat.

... but blue and milky white appear in the solid color table. Personally, I think blue and milky white are the result of gene dilution on autosome, which has nothing to do with the color on the cat's primitive chromosome. CFA's solid color table will be easier to understand if it is only matched with two basic colors: red and black. Other colors only dilute the intensity of gene action, making black and red fade to varying degrees. For example, black cats will give birth to black, dark blue, light blue and so on. In fact, they are all black, but the density of pigment distribution is different, which produces different colors visually.

... CFA's pure color table actually puts the color genes on the cat sex chromosome and the desalination genes on the autosome into the calculation. However, there are not only fading genes on the autosome, but also other genes such as total white, tiger spot, white spot, final color, gradual change, etc. These genes have the same function as fading genes and add different characteristics to the color inherited by cats.

For example, the color chart says that black mother and red male can give birth to black male and blue male cats. If blue is possible, there is still a chance to give birth to chocolate-colored male cats and brown male cats. Although such opportunities are rare, there are also few opportunities for blue male cats. Unless this black female cat is matched with a milky white male cat, the chances will be greater. Therefore, I personally feel that the results of the color chart are not comprehensive.

Other colors:

All white: All white has always been considered as the color of cats. Actually, it is not. Pure white cats used to have colors. Just because another gene in the body makes the cat's original color invisible, it looks all white. If the cat's kitten all-white gene doesn't work, it will be inherited according to the original color of the big cat (that is, the inconspicuous color).

White spots: In our eyes, black and white, red, white and three flowers have patches of white. In fact, this is the same as all white. It's another gene that controls where cats don't develop color. In my opinion, white is not the color of cats. If you don't count colors, the three-flower cat actually has only two colors. Therefore, it is right for others to say that Dai Qin, Blue Milk and Sanhua have no male cats. Because these colors have two different colors besides white. Male cats can only have one color except white. So the two-color male cat must be white. This gene is not on the sex chromosome and has nothing to do with the original color and sex of cats.

Blue: Blue is a faded color of black. Milk is faded red. In fact, it is another genetic effect, which makes the density of pigment in the place where cats develop color decrease and fade color appears. This gene is not on the sex chromosome and has nothing to do with the original color and sex of cats.

Tiger Spot: As mentioned above, a tiger spot gene acts on the original color of cats, resulting in tiger spots. For example, a cat with brown tiger spots is black. Because of the tiger spot gene, it turned into a brown tiger spot. Brown tiger spots seem to have two colors, yellow and black. In fact, due to the gene of tiger spot, the original color of cat is only black (any tiger spot can only be regarded as one color). If this brown tabby cat matches a pure black cat. If the kitten doesn't have the tiger spot gene. Both male and female must be purebred black cats. This gene is not on the sex chromosome and has nothing to do with the original color and sex of cats.

Key color: same as above. Albino gene effect. But the most special thing about this gene is the way it turns white. The kitten began to work when it was in its mother's stomach, which was affected by the temperature of her uterus. The parts with lower body temperature are darker in color, and the parts with higher body temperature are lighter in color. Kittens are very light when they are born, because the temperature in their mother's womb is very high. The color of the eyes is also weakened by this gene, and it will always be blue. So some horses are almost white, and some can vaguely see that the original color and pattern are determined by the temperature of the mother's uterus. The accent color looks very special. But if you are not with a cat with a strong color, the kitten born will inherit the original color of the key color. This gene is not on the sex chromosome and has nothing to do with the original color and sex of cats.

Gradient: I won't explain it anymore, just like the tiger spot gene. This gene is not on the sex chromosome and has nothing to do with the original color and sex of cats. ... in a word. There are only two colors for controlling cats: red and black. The original colors of all cats are only red, black or red and black. We see ever-changing cats because of the interaction of other genes that can control color. But these genes are not on the sex chromosome and cannot change any of the original colors of cats.

... the color of a kitten can only be inherited from its parents, and it is impossible to skip the color of the previous generation.

... male cats can't inherit their father's color, and female cats must inherit their parents' color. Ignore white, the male cat must be monochrome. The female cat must be monochrome or bicolor.

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Cat coat color inheritance II (gene controlling coat color on autosome) 1

Genes controlling autosomal color (tiger spot, gradient, white, all white, dominant color, blue, milky white, brown)

... the color of cats is determined by sex chromosomes. This means that the male cat is either red or black. The female cat is red, black or red-black.

... but the cats we see are really varied. Why? This is because apart from sex chromosomes, it determines the color of cats. There are many genes on the autosome that can control the color of cats. When these genes work, the color of cats will change.

... for example, cats with red sex chromosomes are red. But if it has a tiger spot gene on its autosome, this cat is a red tiger spot. If there is still the function of diluting genes, cats are milk tiger spots, and if there is still the function of whitening genes. This cat is a beige tiger with white spots. If there is still an all-white gene. Then the cat's milky white tiger spots are invisible to us. I only see all the white cats. But this all-white cat is still a red cat, and red can be passed on to kittens. This white cat also has the genes of tiger spot, whitening and lightening. These can be passed on to the next generation. If the next generation is not all white, we can see the influence of these genes in cats.

... genes on autosomes are paired. A pair of genes controls a change. Each pair of genes is dominant and recessive.

In a pair of genes, if both genes are dominant, or one is dominant and the other is recessive, cats show the characteristics of dominant genes.

If two genes are recessive, recessive genes can work.

Attachment is the dominant and recessive table of common cat colors ... ...

Capitals are dominant (red English) and lowercase is recessive (black English)

For example, Tiger Spot is a dominant gene, but Tiger Spot is a recessive gene (pure color). Let's call the tiger spot gene A, which means there is no tiger spot (solid color). Because these genes are a combination. Therefore, this pair of genes of tabby cat can be AA or Aa (A is dominant and A is recessive, so no).

... If the cat is a solid color, because the tiger spot is a dominant gene, as long as there is a tiger spot gene, it will definitely be expressed, so it can be said for sure that a solid color cat has no tiger spot gene. In other words, the tiger spot gene of this cat is actually two recessive pure color genes, which are expressed by aa.

... pure color cats and pure color cats can't have tabby cats. Because pure color is recessive, since recessive can be expressed (aa), it proves that these two cats have no dominant tiger spot gene at all. Neither parent has the tiger spot gene, so it is impossible for offspring to inherit it.

... but why can two tabby cats give birth to solid colors? Because when the genes of both tabby cats are aa (although there are pure color genes, we still see tabby cats because of the dominant genes), kittens get a gene from their parents, and some kittens can just get an A from their parents, then this kitten is Aa, and the double recessive genes are pure color kittens, with a probability of one in four (Table 2).

Drawing a picture should make it easier for everyone to understand.

The figure clearly shows all the dominant and recessive combination results, just as the gene of a purebred cat is recessive, then the gene of a purebred cat can be regarded as (aa) in the figure, and the cat with tiger spots is (Aa or AA) in the figure. It is easy to see that if the cat with tiger spots is AA, then the kitten can't produce solid colors anyway (as shown in Table 5). If the tabby cat is Aa, then half of the kittens will be solid-colored cats (as shown in Table 4).

Similarly, the control genes of coat color on other chromosomes are calculated in this way.

Give a few examples.

Example a:

Black and white male cat with red and white female cat. What will a kitten look like?

A:

1 The black-and-white cat is actually a pure black cat. Because it has whitening genes, it is black and white. Red and white flowers are the same. First, exclude the white gene and count it as a black male cat and a red female cat.

Black male cat with red female cat. The little male cat inherits the color of the female cat and must be a red cat. The female cat must be red and black.

3 Blue and milky white are faded colors, belonging to recessive genes (A does not fade, A fades), and neither male nor female has faded colors, showing dominant dark color. Prove that they must have a pair of desalination genes, but they may all carry a recessive gene (this can only be guessed).

If it is really parents who downplay the gene, it is Aa. A quarter of kittens may fade (Table 2). Kittens with aa fading gene will fade the original color. If the cat is red and black, it becomes blue and milky white; if it is red, it becomes milky white. But if either parent does not carry this recessive gene, then a faded kitten will never be born.

Both male and female cats are white cats, and white is the dominant gene (A means that some places are not colored, that is, white appears, and A means full color, that is, white does not appear). Parents' whitening genes are 1, AA and AA, 2, AA and Aa, 3, Aa and Aa. In the first and second cases, the kitten is white. In the third case, a quarter of kittens may not be white.

And the key color genes are recessive. If parents are very smart and each of them carries a recessive gene of key color, then a quarter of kittens may be the key color.

6 Brown is also hidden. As mentioned above, there may be brown kittens.

Based on the above calculation:

1. More than three quarters of kittens may be all white, and less than one quarter may be solid-colored cats.

2. If it is a small male cat: more than 3/4 chances are red and white kittens, and less than 1/4 chances are red kittens.

3. Little female cat: More than 3/4 chances are red, black and white kittens, that is, three flowers. The probability below 1/4 is red and black kittens.

On the basis of the above coat color, if some kittens get recessive fading genes from their parents at the same time, they will fade by themselves (the chance of fading for kittens is one in four). Emphasize color and fade, brown is the same as above. So kittens still have a small chance of getting emphasized color, faded color and brown.

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Cat coat color inheritance II (gene controlling coat color on autosome) 2

Although the color of kittens can only be inherited from parents, the genes controlling color on autosomes can be inherited from parents or above. Therefore, I want to know whether cats have some invisible recessive genes, and it is best to record the color patterns of several generations of ancestors. Therefore, it can be calculated (it is impossible for 100% to be correct, and the error can only be said to be small). In the absence of ancestral records, the best way is to pair cats with some cats with double recessive genes and infer the genes of big cats from the color of kittens.

For example, if a pure color cat wants to know whether this cat has recessive genes with emphasized colors, it is necessary to match this cat with a cat with emphasized colors. If half of the kittens born are emphasized colors, this pure black cat will have the gene for emphasizing colors. If the kitten never emphasizes color, it proves that the cat does not emphasize color gene, and it cannot match any other cat with emphasized color after 100 times (Figure 5).

... class =' class1' > If it doesn't have a key color gene, although it can't pair a key color kitten with a key color kitten, all kittens must carry a recessive key color gene (Figure 5), that is, its offspring are the transmitters of the key color gene, although they are not.

Example b:

... and then take the example A above: add the tiger spot gene to the black and white male cat to make it brown and white. It's hairy. The female cat has short hair according to the original yellow and white flowers. What will happen to kittens?

A:

1 tabby is the dominant gene (A shows tabby, A does not show tabby, pure color), and male cats are Aa or AA. The female cat is a solid color, and the tiger spot gene is aa. When male cats are AA, kittens are all tiger spots. When the male cat Aa, the kitten is half solid and half tiger-spotted.

Short hair is the dominant gene and long hair is the recessive gene (A is short hair and A is long hair). Male cats have long hair and the gene is aa. The female cat has short hair and the gene is Aa or AA. If the female cat is AA, all kittens have short hair. When the mother cat was Aa, the kitten was half short-haired and half long-haired.

... at least one and a half of these kittens have short hair, and maybe all of them have short hair. At least half of the kittens have tiger spots, and maybe all of them have tiger spots.

... if a kitten gets the fade gene of its parents at the same time, it will lighten its color, and the key color is the same as brown. Parents need to carry recessive genes at the same time, so that kittens have a quarter chance of becoming dim, focused and brown.

Final calculation result (calculation result of Result Example A)

Little male cat:

Half of them may or may not be: hairy ... red and tiger spots are white or red and white, and the probability of red and tiger spots being white accounts for more than half of long hair. There are also a few cats that may be milky white, with red tiger spots or pure red, and some key browns.

More than half or all of them may be: short hair ... red tiger spots are white or red and white, and the probability of red tiger spots being white accounts for more than half of short hair. There are also a few cats that may be milky white, with red tiger spots or pure red, and some key browns.

Little female cat

Half of them may or may not be: hairy ... red, black and white flowers, or red and black tiger spots and white, tiger spots and white are all hairy. There are few blue and milky flowers, and there are some red Hei Hu spots, highlights and brown.

More than half or all of them may be: short hair ... red, black and white flowers, or red and black tiger spots with white, tiger spots with white, all have more than half the chance of short hair. There are few blue and milky flowers, and there are some red Hei Hu spots, highlights and brown.

... cats with two recessive genes can't give birth to cats with dominant genes. For example, blue cats can't give birth to black cats, and long hair can't give birth to short hair. Solid colors and solid colors can't produce tiger spots, and emphasis and emphasis can't produce non-key cats.

... two cats with dominant genes may give birth to cats with recessive genes For example, black and black can give birth to blue, short hair and short hair can give birth to long hair, tiger spots and tiger spots can give birth to solid colors, and white and white can give birth to cats of other colors.

The above calculation is purely written formula. There must be a difference.

Just like a litter of kittens, it should be a 50-50 chance, but in fact most people are either obviously more females or obviously more males. But this is only calculated by each child. If we calculate the sex of cats in the world, it must be half male and half female.

... the above color matching is only suitable for most cats, each cat has its own genetic mutation, which may not be available in other cat species. It seems that I have never seen domestic cats in China produce blue, which proves that there are no highly diluted genes in the genetic pedigree of domestic cats. For example, it is said that black cats are black, but they are not absolute. The all-black color of some cat breeds, like the all-white cat here, is another deepened gene, and black masks the original color of cats. But this deepening gene is only found in a few cat species. The black color of this cat is not suitable for a solid color watch. The most obvious example is our common leopard cat and panther, which belong to this deepening gene function. Therefore, color cards are not everything. Different cats have different genes.

On the standard point and fishbone point

... for example, the standard point matches the fishbone point. The genes of the two stripes are dominant, so if their kittens happen to get the genes of the two stripes from their parents, what stripes will the kittens show? I am very confused about this question. If these two dots are alleles, they should be like red and black. Kittens use these two colors to represent red and black. But I have never seen a cat with standard spots and fishbone spots. Will one of these two stripes be more dominant when combined? I don't know which one. But I found a theorem that standard spots and standard spots can't produce kittens with fishbone spots. According to my guess, if this is the case, then the standard spot must be hidden in the relative fishbone spot, so it is impossible to produce fishbone spot. According to this theorem, if fishbone spot and standard spot act at the same time, fishbone spot should be displayed.

Questions about Silver Tiger Spots and Brown Tiger Spots

... and if there are silver tiger spots and brown tiger spots, the problem is the same as above. Both of them are tiger spot genes acting on black, one is to turn black into black and white spots, and the other is to turn black into brown spots. If the kitten receives signals from two points. Is it a silver tiger or a brown tiger But my personal guess is that if one of them is dominant, most of them are brown tiger spots. Because brown tiger spot is the most primitive spot, silver tiger spot should be a genetic mutation of brown tiger spot and then cultivated by people. Generally speaking, most gene mutations are recessive, but of course a considerable part are dominant. For example, white indicates that gene mutation is dominant. But I don't know why, I always feel that the genes of silver tiger spot are not as single as I thought, or there are more genes working together.

On * * * and the Function of Genes

It seems that a pair of cats with elephant trunk eyes should have a kitten with elephant trunk eyes, but if this kitten is the key color, its eyes will turn blue. This is the color gene that affects the eyes. Ginger can't focus on her eyes and nose. It may be that the color of hair affects the length gene of nose. If so, maybe many genes will interact with each other, resulting in a phenomenon different from the formula that I only calculate genes separately.

Question whether all red cats are tabby cats.

... all red cats have faint tiger spots even if they are solid colors. It is proved that the recessive genes that do not show tiger spots have a weak effect on red, but although these red cats have tiger spots, their genes are still pure colors. It should be a little difficult for a red cat to tell whether it has a dominant tiger spot gene or a recessive pure color gene.

Is the white cat dominant or recessive?

White cats are really troublesome, because there are five possibilities for cats to have white hair. Three possibilities are listed in the table, all of which are recessive, but two may be dominant. Even a cat with a key color may turn completely white because of the temperature of its mother's uterus. I was completely confused at first. How do white cats think they are dominant or recessive? Later, I finally understood that the recessive form is called albinism, and the biggest feature of albino cats is that they can work even with their eyes. That is, blue-eyed, red-eyed and semi-albino cats may have yin and yang eyes (that is, one blue eye and one trunk). Albinism is a disease that affects the ear nerves of cats. All-white cats with blue eyes have poor eyesight and are prone to deafness. The dominant form is called white, and there is no pathological inheritance. The eye color is normal, and there will be no blue eyes.

Query on the color distribution in white spot inheritance

..... If the kittens born by two white cats are all white, will the white places change randomly or will the parents' white places overlap or decrease? I have no information or experience at all. But there are many examples in genetics that the effect of white can be calculated to the next generation. I feel that it seems to be the same from other people's kittens and white cats. Because I observe the face, especially many color separations are the inheritance of inverted V, which can closely inherit the inverted V of my parents and prove that white lines should be calculated regularly. If my idea is correct, then the white part should be the superposition of the white spot genes that the kitten got from its parents, that is, the white spot of the kitten.

take for example

If a cat X's left ear is all white and all other colors are black, its albino gene is a dominant gene, that is, the other one is also a dominant gene, but its right ear is all white and all other cats are black.

... if this kitten A has two dominant white spots on its body and the other one has a white spot on its back, the other place is a black kitten B (this kitten is also visible):

Obviously, A has a dominant gene with white left ear and a dominant gene with white right ear. Kittens can only get one of these genes from A (so kittens can't have white ears). ...

1. If their kitten takes a gene with white left ear on A and a gene with white circle on B, then the kitten will be a cat with white left ear and white spots on it, and everything else is black.

2. If their other kitten takes a gene with white right ear in A and a recessive gene without white in B, then this kitten is another all-black kitten with white right ear. (There are other possible combinations that will not be listed. )

Genetics is extensive and profound, and the result of many gene interactions is not as simple as what we calculate on paper. Due to the limited level, it is impossible to understand it in depth. The above calculation method can only be used as a reference. There are many questions that are still unclear. I hope that more people who know more can give me more experience and reference materials, and let me try my best to calculate colors more accurately.