Poem Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism

1. Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism: Basic Principles of Marxism 1. Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology. The focus of this chapter is to draw a clear line between materialism and idealism, Marxist philosophy and non-Marxist philosophy.

1, the definition of philosophy by Marxist philosophy: (1), which is a systematic and theoretical world outlook, that is, the theoretical form of world outlook; (2) It is a summary of knowledge of nature, social knowledge and thinking knowledge; ③ It is the most general nature and law of learning; (4) It is the most abstract social ideology with class nature. 2. Definition of world outlook and methodology in Marxist philosophy: World outlook is people's fundamental views and opinions on the whole world, and methodology is the fundamental way for people to understand and deal with problems.

3. The relationship between philosophy and other sciences (non-philosophy): Philosophy is the generalization and summary of knowledge of nature, social knowledge and thinking knowledge, and it is the most common knowledge to study the development of nature, society and human thinking. 4. The basic problem of philosophy: the relationship between thinking and existence.

5. The division between materialism and idealism: (that is, what is the primary and secondary nature of thinking and existence; That is, who is the original and who is the derivative of thinking and existence. ) (1), anyone who concludes that spirit is primitive to nature belongs to the idealist camp; (2) Anyone who thinks that nature is primitive belongs to the materialist camp.

6. Identity of thinking and existence: (This is the standard to distinguish "knowability" from "agnosticism") (1) Can thinking know reality; (2) Whether the representations and concepts of the real society can correctly reflect the reality. 7. The relationship between thinking and existence, spirit and nature is "the highest problem of all philosophy", and materialism and idealism are the basic factions in the history of philosophy development.

8. The basic viewpoint of materialism: (1) Nature, matter and existence are primary, while spirit, meaning and thinking are secondary; (2) Material is the origin of all things in the world; (3) Matter determines consciousness. 9. Three main forms of materialism: (1) ancient naive materialism: Primitive spontaneity, thinking that the origin of the world is one or several primitive substances.

Ancient materialism and naive dialectics are combined, for example, "everything flows" and "everything changes" reflect their unity. (2) Modern metaphysical materialism (also called mechanical materialism); (3) Modern dialectical materialism.

10, the root of idealism: (1), the social root; (2) class roots; (3) The root of epistemology. 1 1. Two main forms of idealism: (1) Subjective idealism: people's feelings, consciousness and spirit are the origin of the world, and they think that subjective spirit is above everything, dominating everything and exaggerating its role.

⑵. Objective idealism: A certain "objective" spirit that leaves people and the material world is the origin of the world. 12, the basic characteristics of Marxist philosophy: (1) In terms of object, it is a science with universal laws, which correctly points out that the relationship between philosophy and specific scientific is the relationship between individuality and individuality.

(2) Content: dialectical materialism and historical materialism. ⑶ Functionally, the scientific world outlook and methodology are characterized by practicality, revolution and scientificity.

13, Marxist philosophy and modern western philosophy: two opposing thoughts of modern western philosophy: scientism and humanism. 14, China of Marxist philosophy: It embodies the basic principles of Marxism–Leninism, including the excellent thoughts of the Chinese nation and the practical experience of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people.

15, Marxist philosophy is the theoretical basis for building Socialism with Chinese characteristics: (1) Marxist philosophy is the basis for building Socialism with Chinese characteristics's world outlook; (2) Marxist philosophy is the epistemological basis of Socialism with Chinese characteristics; (3) Marxist philosophy is the methodological basis of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics; Second, the materiality of the world and people's practical activities 1, the definition of matter in Marxist philosophy: the objective reality of matter is perceived by people through feelings, which exists independently of our feelings and is copied, photographed and reflected by our feelings. Matter is: (1) exists independently of human consciousness; (2), and can be reflected by human consciousness; (3), and it is objective and realistic.

2. The significance of the material category of dialectical materialism: (1) Adhere to the thorough materialist monism and criticize the materialist view of idealism and dualism; (2) Insist on the theory of reflection and knowability of dialectical materialism, and criticize transcendentalism and agnosticism; (3), adhere to the * * * and individuality of matter and material form, the material category of philosophy and the dialectics of specific scientific's material view, and overcome the metaphysical defects of replacing the general and * * * with individuals and individuality in the materialistic material view in the past. 3. Definition of movement in Marxist philosophy: Movement is the fundamental attribute and mode of existence of matter, including all changes and processes in the universe.

4. Relationship between matter and motion: (1) Matter is in motion, and motion is the fundamental attribute and existing mode of matter; (2) Material is the carrier and undertaker of sports; (3) Mental movement is the manifestation of highly developed material movement of human brain; (4) The mistake of idealism lies in: empty talk about sports without substance; 5. The mistake of metaphysics is that it is assumed to be a matter without motion. 5. Definition of stillness in Marxist philosophy: stillness is a special condition of movement.

(1), refers to a thing relative to a frame of reference, there is no certain movement; (2), refers to things in the quantitative change stage there is no fundamental change. 6. The relationship between motion and stillness: (1) the relationship of unity of opposites; (2) the relationship between absolute and relative; (3) The relationship between the whole and the part; (4), the relationship of mutual penetration.

7. Definition of time and space in Marxist philosophy: Time and space are the existing forms of moving matter. 8. Time and space are inseparable from material movement.

9. Time and space are both absolute and relative. It is both infinite and finite.

10. The view of material structure of modern natural science reveals the diversity and infinity of material structure levels in the micro, macro and cosmic fields of nature, and proves that nature is an organic whole with infinite hierarchical structure, universal connection and dialectical development. 1 1, now.

2. Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism 2. Multiple choice questions (*** 10 questions, *** 20 points. )

V 1。 Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook, because (ABD)2. Dialectical materialism holds that (AB). 3. Among the following propositions, there is a CD that reveals the essence of things.

4. The identity of contradiction is (AD). 5. The relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction is (ACD).

6. Human social life is (ABC) in essence. 7. The mode of production of material life is the foundation of the existence and development of human society, which is manifested in (BD). 8. The relationship between form and content will lead to (BD).

9. The law that production relations are suitable for productivity (ABC). 10. Among the following statements, (BD) violates Marx's view on human nature.

III. True or false questions (*** 5 questions, * *10. )V 1。 In slave society, feudal society and capitalist society, the direct driving force of social development is class contradiction and class struggle.

Historically, violent revolution is the only form of social revolution. The one-dimensional nature of time refers to infinity.

A. error 4. The relationship between motion and stillness is absolute and relative. The emergence of Marxist philosophy is a great change in the history of human cognition, because it is the peak of philosophical development.

B. correct. )V 1。 Among the following propositions, there is a (CD) that reveals the essence of things.

A. water flows downwards. B.sunrise is in the east and sunset is in the west. C. human nature is the sum of social relations. D. consciousness is the reflection of the human brain on the objective world. 2. The reason why mistakes are inevitable in cognition lies in people (ABC). A. the complexity of the objective process itself B. people's understanding is limited by subjective conditions C. the world is unknowable D. people's understanding has subjective initiative 3. Human social life is (ABC) in essence.

A. spiritual B. material C. practical D. natural 4. The relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction is (ACD). A. the relationship between the whole and the part B. the relationship between the absolute and the relative C. the relationship between the majority and the minority D. the relationship between sex and personality 5. the main factor that constitutes the social mode of production is (CD).

A. economic base b superstructure c productivity d relations of production 6. Separating the relationship between form and content will lead to (BD). A. formalism B. formal nihilism C. relativism D. sophistry 7 The idiom "Nothing ventured, nothing gained" is explained by understanding (ABD).

A. practice is the standard for testing knowledge. Practice is the source of knowledge. C. knowledge is counterproductive to practice. All true knowledge comes from practice. 8. Among the following statements, there are those that violate Marx's view of human nature (BC). A. at the beginning of life, human nature is good. B. human nature is selfish. C. human nature is to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. D. The essential attribute of human beings is rational thinking. 9. The law that production relations are suitable for productivity (ABC).

A it embodies the dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness. B. it embodies the essential relationship between productivity and production relations. C is the universal law of the development of human society. D. it is a unique law of socialist society. 10. dialectical materialism thinks (AB). A. time. Space is the existing form of material movement. B. time. Space and material movement are inseparable. C. time. Space is a tool for sorting out perceptual materials. D. time. Space is both relative and absolute. Three. True or false (*** 5 questions, * * 10. )

V 1。 In slave society, feudal society and capitalist society, the direct driving force of social development is class contradiction and class struggle. The source of social spiritual wealth is people's practical activities.

The fundamental driving force of social progress is the basic social contradiction movement. Marxism holds that human nature is the sum of all social relations in reality.

A. error 5. The test of knowledge by practice is a dynamic process. B. correct.

3. Talk about your understanding and feelings about the basic principles of Marxism. First, optimize the way of thinking.

The course of "Principles" helps us to grasp Marxism as a whole. Knowledge → thought → ability.

The dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness is briefly described by weight.

Consciousness and matter are like iron buddies.

WT, briefly describe the value of truth

Truth is valuable, very valuable, very valuable, and valuable is unbearable.

WT, briefly describe the two main functions of money.

One is to earn (money) and the other is to spend (money).

WT, briefly describe the great significance of spiritual civilization construction.

It's very significant, too significant, almost unbelievable.

-Excerpted from an answer sheet of 1998 Central Party School's correspondence enrollment.

Second, strengthen ideals and beliefs.

A nation only cares about what is under its feet and has no future. We should care about the development of society, the future of our country and the fate of mankind.

Shintaro Ishihara attended the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games. "I have never seen that kind of beautiful woman like a cloud." What I feel most is the college students who are volunteers. "College students in China are really kind and polite." "I often disagree with China's politics," Ishihara said. "However, China university students' views on the future of the country and society are obviously different from those of Japanese university students. They have expectations for the country and make people feel the meaning of their youth life, which is really enviable. "

Third, take a good life path.

Sartre's famous saying: "You can choose, but you can't choose". Learning ideological and political lessons well helps us to make correct life choices.

Marx's noble choice: if we choose a career that can best work for human welfare, then this burden cannot overwhelm us, because it is dedicated to everyone; At that time, what we felt was not poverty, limitation and selfish pleasure. Our happiness will belong to millions of people, and our cause will be unknown but exist forever. In the face of our ashes, noble people will cry.

4. The first question of the usual homework of "Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism": Briefly describe the four paradoxes of the ancient Greek philosopher Zhi Nuo about movement and Seng Zhao's "the immovability of objects", and judge Zhi Nuo's four paradoxes about movement with Marxist thoughts about movement. Dichotomy paradox: Any object that wants to move from point A to point B must first reach point C in AB, and then need to reach point D in CB.

And so on. This dichotomy process can go on indefinitely, and there are infinitely many such midpoints.

Therefore, the object will never reach the destination B. Not only that, but we will also come to the conclusion that it is impossible to move, or it is even difficult to start such a trip.

Because before the second half, the first half must be completed, and before that, the first journey of 1/4 must be completed.

So the object can't start moving at all, because it is hindered by the infinite division of the road. 2. Achilles' paradox of chasing turtles: If turtles are allowed to lead by a certain distance, Achilles will never catch up with them.

The tortoise is a little ahead. In order to catch up with the tortoise, Achilles had to reach the starting point A of the tortoise. But when Achilles reached point A, the tortoise had already advanced to point B. ..

When Achilles reached point B, the tortoise had already reached point C before point B. ..

By analogy, although the two are getting closer and closer, Achilles always falls behind the tortoise and can't catch up with it. 3. The paradox that the flying arrow stays in one place is not movement, but doesn't the flying arrow stay in one place at any time? Since the arrow can stay in one place at any time, the arrow is of course motionless.

Seng Zhao's Paradox of "Objects Never Move". Zeno's paradox may be a theory that there is a minimum unit of time (Planck-Wheeler time now).

In this regard, he put forward the following argument: imagine three columns of entities, and initially they are aligned. Imagine that in the minimum unit of time, column C is still, column A is moved one place to the left and column B is moved one place to the right.

Compared with B, A has moved two places. In other words, we should have a time to let B move one position relative to A.

Naturally, this time is half of the unit time, but assuming that the unit time is inseparable, these two times are the same, that is, the smallest unit of time is equal to half of his. The theory of immovability discusses whether the world changes, dies and moves. In Seng Zhao's view, the cracked giant peak is static; There is no turbulence in the running river, the floating dust does not move, and the sun and the moon never cruise.

Things in the world seem to be spinning fast there, but in fact they haven't changed. Because "moving" is only an illusion relative to "static", if we stand at the height of pure philosophy and look at the essence through the illusion, there will be no moving and immobile without the relationship between moving and static.

This is similar to the famous saying of Huineng, the sixth ancestor of Zen Buddhism: "It is neither wind nor movement, but benevolent people move." According to the thought of Marxist materialism, we can know that the movement of the material world is absolute, and matter is relatively static in the process of movement.

Static is the stable state of matter moving under certain conditions, including the special state of relative position in space and the fundamental nature of things that are temporarily unchanged. The unity of the world is to answer the question of whether everything in the world is unified, that is, whether there is the same essence or origin.

Marxist philosophy holds that the origin of the world is material, not only nature is material, but also human society. The real unity of the world lies in its material world, and matter is moving. Movement is the way of existence and fundamental attribute of matter.

Engels said: "Movement, in the most general sense, is understood as a way of existence and an inherent property of matter, which includes all changes and processes that have taken place in the universe, from simple position changes to thinking." .

5. Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism 1. What is the highest social ideal of Marxism? A: Realize productism.

2. What is the most important theoretical quality of Marxism? A: The most important theoretical qualities of Marxism are proceeding from reality, integrating theory with practice, seeking truth from facts and testing and developing truth in practice. 3. What are the three main components of Marxist theoretical system? A: Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy and scientific socialism.

4.65438+What are the three workers' uprisings in the 9th century? A: The workers' uprising in Lyon, France, the constitutional movement in Britain and the textile workers' uprising in Silesia, Germany. 5. What is the direct theoretical source of Marxism? A: German classical philosophy, British classical political economy, French and British utopian socialism.

6. What is Marxism? A: Marxism in a narrow sense is a system of basic theories, basic viewpoints and doctrines founded by Marx and Engels. Broadly speaking, Marxism not only refers to the system of basic theories, basic viewpoints and basic theories founded by Marx and Engels, but also includes the development of his successors, that is, Marxism that develops continuously in practice.

7. What is the fundamental way to learn the basic principles of Marxism? A: Integrate theory with practice. Chapter 1 1. What are the characteristics of time? A: One dimension.

2. What is the generation and essence of consciousness? A: Consciousness is the product of the long-term development of the material world and the function and attribute of the human brain. Consciousness is essentially a subjective impression of the material world and the unity of objective content and subjective form.

3. Lenin's material definition and significance? A: Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. This objective reality is perceived by people through their feelings. It exists independently of our feelings and is copied, photographed and reflected by our feelings. Significance: Lenin grasped matter from the relationship between matter and consciousness.

Material category is the highest philosophical summary of the diversity and unity of the material world. 4. What is the basic problem of philosophy? What is its content? A: The basic problem of philosophy is the relationship system between thinking and existence.

Including: first, which is the main and which is the secondary problem; Second, whether thinking can recognize or correctly understand the existing problems. 5. What is the difference between materialism and idealism? A: Materialism attributes the origin of the world to matter, and advocates that matter comes first, consciousness comes second, and consciousness is the product of matter; Idealism attributes the origin of the world to spirit, and advocates that consciousness comes first, matter comes second, and matter is the product of consciousness.

6. What is the relationship between qualitative change and quantitative change? How to treat the reform of state-owned enterprises in China. A: First, quantitative change is a necessary preparation for qualitative change.

Second, qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change. Third, quantitative change and qualitative change are interpenetrating.

The mutual change of quality embodies the unity of gradual development and leap development of things. 7. How to understand that practice is a way of life? A: Practice is a way of life.

Human production, life and activities are based on practice. First of all, practice is a unique activity of human beings.

Secondly, practice embodies the sociality of human nature. Finally, the transformation of the material world by practice is an objective activity.

Therefore, human beings are transforming human society while transforming nature. 8. What is the essence of development? A: The emergence of new things and the demise of old things.

9. What is the particularity of contradiction? A: First, the contradictions of different things have their own characteristics. Second, the contradiction of the same thing has different directions in different development processes and stages.

Third, many contradictions and different aspects of each contradiction have different nature, status and function. 10. How to understand dialectical negation? A: First, negation is self-denial of things; Second, negation is a link in the development of things; Third, negation is the link between old and new things.

1 1. The dynamic role of consciousness? A: First, consciousness is dynamic, purposeful and planned. Second, conscious activities are creative; Thirdly, consciousness has the function of guiding practice to transform the objective world; Fourthly, consciousness also has the function of guiding and controlling people's behavior and physiological activities. 12. Why is the law of unity of opposites the essence and core of materialist dialectics? A: The law of unity of opposites reveals the fundamental content of the universal connection of things and the internal motive force of eternal development, and fundamentally answers the question of why things develop; The law of unity of opposites is the central clue that runs through the law of mutual change of quality, the law of negation of negation and the basic category of materialist dialectics, and it is also the "key" to understand these laws and categories; The law of unity of opposites provides a fundamental method for people to understand and transform the world-contradiction analysis.

13. What is the relationship between motion and stillness? A: Difference: Movement is unconditional, eternal and absolute, while stillness is always temporary, conditional and relative. Connection: there is absolute motion in relative stillness, that is, there is motion in stillness, and there is relative stillness in absolute motion, that is, there is stillness in motion.

14. What is the general feature of materialist dialectics? A: Contact development. 16. Use the principle of the relationship between universality and particularity of contradictions to explain that ideological work should be tailored to local conditions and suit people.

A: The universality of contradiction is the essence of contradiction, and the particularity of contradiction is the individuality of contradiction. Contradiction is unconditional and absolute, and contradictory personality is conditional and relative.

Everything in reality is the organic unity of * * * and individuality, and * * * lies in individuality, which does not leave the individuality of * * *, nor does it leave the individuality of * * *. The inflection sentence in the second chapter is 1. What is the decisive role of practice in understanding? A: 1, practice has created the need for understanding; 2. Practice makes understanding possible; 3. Practice produces and develops knowledge; 4. Practice is the only criterion to test the truth of knowledge.

2. What is perceptual knowledge? How many forms are there? What are the characteristics? A: Understanding the phenomena or external relations of things is an advanced form of understanding. It includes three forms: concept, judgment and reasoning.

Features: abstract, indirect and profound. 3. What is truth? How to understand the objectivity of truth? What is the criterion for testing truth? Why? Answer: Truth: Understanding consistent with objective entities is a correct understanding of objective things and their laws.

Objectivity of truth: 1, and the content of truth is objective; 2. The criterion for testing truth is also objective. Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.

Based on truth.