The brief introduction of scientists is about 70 words.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)-the most perfect representative of capitalist spirit,/kloc-the greatest American scientist and inventor in the 8th century, a famous politician, diplomat, philosopher, writer and navigator, and a great leader of the American War of Independence. The truest portrayal of his life is what he himself said: "Honesty and diligence should be your eternal partners."

Benjamin Franklin was the first scientist, inventor and musician in American history who enjoyed an international reputation. In order to explore electricity

Franklin and other works (20 pieces) once made the famous "Philadelphia Kite Experiment" and made great achievements in electricity. In order to deeply explore the law of electricity movement, many special terms such as positive electrode, negative electrode, conductor, battery, charge and discharge have become common words in the world. He borrowed the positive and negative concepts in mathematics, and expressed the nature of charge scientifically with the concept of positive and negative electricity for the first time. And put forward the view that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, and later generations discovered the law of charge conservation on this basis. He first put forward the concept of lightning rod, and the lightning rod made of it avoided lightning disaster and broke people's superstition about lightning. He is also an important figure in the history of physics. He is an excellent politician and a veteran of the American War of Independence. He participated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution, and actively advocated the abolition of slavery, which was deeply respected by the American people. He is the first American ambassador abroad (France), so he enjoys a high reputation in the world. His contribution to science lies not only in electrostatics, but also in a wide range of research fields. In mathematics, he created eight magic squares and 16 magic squares. These two Rubik's Rubik's Cube have special properties and complicated changes, and they are still praised by scholars. In terms of heat, he improved the heating stove, which can save three quarters of the fuel. In optics, he invented bifocal glasses for the elderly, which can see things clearly no matter how far or near. He is proficient in French, Italian, Spanish and Latin. He was the first American scholar, the first philosopher and the first ambassador abroad. He invented the rocking chair, street lamp and lightning rod. An ocean current was discovered in the Gulf of Mexico. Elected governor of Pennsylvania four times. Promulgated the news dissemination law. The first person to draw a storm map. Discover the harmfulness of human exhaled gas. Explain the northern lights first. Known as the father of modern dentistry. First, the fire brigade was organized. Established a modern postal system. Modern parliamentary election law was founded. Found the cause of the cold. Invented granular fertilizer. Designed white linen clothes for summer wear, and designed the earliest swimming glasses and flippers. In addition, he also studied meteorology, geology, acoustics and ocean navigation, and made many achievements. 1790 April 17 afternoon 1 1, Franklin died suddenly. His tombstone is engraved with "Franklin the printer" ......

Thirteen moral qualities

Franklin wrote in his autobiography: "My purpose is to form the habit of all virtues". "It is best to concentrate for a period of time to master one of the virtues. When I mastered one virtue, I began to pay attention to another, and so on until I mastered thirteen. Because some virtues acquired first can facilitate the cultivation of other virtues. " Franklin's thirteen virtues are 1, temperance. Not enough to eat; Don't get drunk when drinking. 2. Silence. Words will benefit others and avoid useless small talk. 3. Life order. Everything must have a certain place to put it; There should be some time to do things every day. 4. determination. As a necessity; You should stick to what you are determined to do. 5. frugality. Spending money must be beneficial to others or yourself, in other words, avoid wasting. 6. Diligence. Don't waste time; Do something useful at any time and give up all unnecessary actions. 7. Sincerity. Don't lie, your thoughts are pure and just, and so is your speech. 8. justice Don't do things that harm others and benefit yourself, and don't forget to fulfill your obligations that are beneficial to others. 9. moderate. Avoid going to extremes. If someone gives you the punishment you deserve, you should tolerate it. 10, cleaning. Try to keep your body, clothes and residence clean. 1 1, calm down. Don't panic because of trivial matters or ordinary inevitable accidents. 12, chastity. Except for the sake of health or future generations, don't have promiscuity and avoid excessive sexual intercourse. Violation of rules and techniques will harm your health or damage the peace or reputation of yourself or others. 13 modesty. (Imitate Jesus and Socrates. )

Edit this character's life.

Early experience

170665438+1October17 Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, North America. His father was an English painter when he was creating.

Benjamin Franklin (20 pieces) lived on candles and soap and had 17 children. Franklin is the fifteenth boy. Franklin entered school at the age of eight. Although his academic performance is excellent, his father's income can't afford him to go to school because there are too many children at home. So he left school at the age of ten and went home to help his father make candles. Franklin only studied at school for two years in his life. At the age of twelve, he was an apprentice in a small printing factory run by his brother James. Since then, he has worked as a printer for nearly ten years, but his study has never stopped. He saved money for meals to buy books. At the same time, taking advantage of my work, I met apprentices from several bookstores, secretly borrowed books from bookstores at night, looked at them all night, and returned them the next morning. He read a wide range, from popular books on natural science and technology to papers by famous scientists and works by famous writers.

Political experience

1736, Franklin was elected secretary of the Pennsylvania legislature. 1737, former deputy director of Philadelphia Post. Franklin insisted on studying every day, even though his work was getting heavier and heavier. In order to further open the door to the treasure house of knowledge, he studied foreign languages tirelessly and mastered French, Italian, Spanish and Latin successively. He has widely accepted the advanced achievements of world science and culture. He laid a solid foundation for his scientific research.

Just as he made new achievements in scientific research, due to the cruel rule of British colonists, the national liberation movement in North American colonies was growing. For the independence and liberation of the nation, he resolutely put down his experimental instruments and actively stood in the forefront of the struggle. From 1757 to 1775, he went to Britain as a representative of North American colonies for many times to negotiate. After the outbreak of the War of Independence, he participated in the Second Continental Congress and the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. 1776, 70-year-old Franklin crossed the ocean to France and won the support of the French and European people for the North American War of Independence. From 65438 to 0787, he actively participated in the formulation of the American Constitution and organized a movement against slavery. Franklin spent the last winter in the company of his relatives. 1April 7, 790, at night 1 1 point, Franklin died suddenly. At that time, his grandson Benjamin Temple was with him. On April 2 1, the people of Philadelphia held a funeral for him, and 20,000 people attended the funeral procession to mourn for Franklin's death for one month. In this way, Benjamin Franklin passed the 84th spring and autumn period of his life, lying quietly in the grave in the church yard, and only the words "Franklin-printer" were engraved on his tombstone. French economist Turgut wrote such a praise for him: "He got lightning from the sky and civil rights from tyrants."

100 USD avatar

100 USD (version 1988, version 1996), with Benjamin Franklin as the head. He has a series of titles-writer, inventor, publisher, scientist, diplomat, philosopher and enlightenment thinker. Some people say that he is a celebrity in the18th century, second only to Washington. Franklin's autobiography is a household name. He has no distinguished family background and rich life. He has achieved success in various fields only by virtue of his devotion to religion, attention to education, simplicity of life and indomitable struggle. He is an outstanding representative of American Puritanism.

The charity scientist who edited this paragraph.

Franklin was a shrewd businessman and an extremely generous scientist. After he invented the efficient heating stove, he refused to apply for a patent and claimed that the invention should serve the public interest. Franklin's charity stems from his collective nature and Franklin's capture of lightning.

Religious belief and kindness to human beings are the most sacred things he thinks. He has many inventions, such as electrostatic generator, beautiful ancient glass piano and so on. The most important invention is the lightning rod, which is the result of a lot of experiments. Franklin carefully designed the size of lightning rod, the types of ground equipment and how to connect with buildings. Until today, the lightning rod has basically maintained its original design. From 65438 to 1940s, Franklin made a breakthrough in electrical theory. At that time, people knew Leiden bottle, how to store electricity in it, and that electric shock would happen, but they didn't know what electricity was and how electric shock happened. Franklin tried to establish the working principle of electricity through experiments and find ways to store and apply electricity. He first put forward the current theory, which believed that the current would flow from the positive electrode to the negative electrode along the conductor. Many professional words he created are still in use today, such as positive electricity, negative electricity, battery and so on. Franklin's greatest achievement is that he thinks that lightning is actually another kind of electric spark that originated from Leiden bottle, but it is more violent in form. To prove this theory, he experimented with kites and keys. Franklin had a gift for turning basic principles into simple experiments. He first made two tables, listing the characteristics of electricity and lightning, and then found that they were very similar, so he began to experiment. Franklin thought that the only way to prove the lightning theory was to erect a conductor on the spire of the church, but the highest point of the church was still not high enough. 1752 Summer, when it was cloudy, Franklin and his son William made a kite and put it in the air. Franklin soon noticed that the kite string began to split, which indicated that there was an electric charge. So he hung a key on the traction line and rubbed it with his knuckles to touch the key. As a result, sparks appeared, proving that lightning is actually a lot of static electricity. Franklin's theory was later confirmed by the French, which established his position as a scientist. From then on, a famous saying was born in human history to describe his achievements, "He caught lightning from the sky and regained power from the autocratic rulers". Franklin's reputation as a politician and diplomat is very beneficial to his scientific achievements. However, many clergy in the United States, Britain and France also began to condemn Franklin. They insist that lightning is God's way of punishing sinners, and human beings cannot interfere at all. Rational Franklin scoffed at this. In fact, his electrical theory and the practical function of lightning rod have been more and more recognized. Franklin became the most famous American in Europe, and everyone knew that he was a man who conquered lightning. Franklin supported deism in philosophy and acknowledged the existence and objectivity of nature. He was also the first person who consciously used labor time to determine the value of production. Franklin predicted that the population of the United States would increase geometrically, with an average growth rate of 1 times every 25 years. This prediction has been confirmed by the census of the American government in the last century. Franklin's electrical works and papers include: experiments and observations on electricity, opinions and speculations on the properties and effects of conductive substances, experiments and observations on electricity in Philadelphia, USA, and the identity of lightning and static electricity.

Franklin and his glass piano

The glass harmonica was invented by Franklin, a famous American scientist, social activist and musician in 1763. It is a set of glassware placed on a horizontal spindle. The spindle is filled with water through the player's pedal, and then sounds through the delicate friction of fingers. Not many composers compose music for this instrument or use it in music. Besides Mozart, Richard, Rogge, Schutz and Naumann, Beethoven and Richard Strauss also used this instrument in their works. It's just like "Abruzzi Piano". Fans can only miss its beautiful and mysterious figure for a limited number of tunes. The glass piano stands out among the traditional classical instruments with its wandering sound like a hollow valley, and its strangeness and exquisiteness are still wanting! {It was introduced as the devil's tool in the comic book "Black Deacon" in the second season, episode 06, which is not true} Franklin was going to retire from politics at the age of 55 and study science seriously, but the Pennsylvania legislature sent him to London to settle a dispute over land tax. At that time, the Payne family refused to pay taxes on the vast land they occupied. Franklin originally estimated that it was only a short trip, but he didn't expect it to be seven years. When he returned to the United States, it was the state legislature election in Philadelphia. Before that, he had been a member of the state legislature for 14 years, but this time he lost the election because the Payne family tried to ruin his political future. Franklin and others decided to petition the king of England to turn Pennsylvania into a British colony, thus permanently depriving the Payne family of control. Although he was no longer a member of parliament, the state legislature entrusted Franklin to negotiate in Britain, and the journey was as long as 10 years. In the United States, Pennsylvania is caught in another dispute. 1765, the British parliament passed a bill to tax all kinds of printed matter in the colonies. Because the tax payment voucher is a stamp, this bill is called the stamp tax law. Similar taxes have been levied in Britain for a long time, and Franklin also put forward this proposal a few years ago. But the political atmosphere of 1765 has changed. The stamp duty bill caused riots in the streets of the United States, and people made fierce remarks against it and denounced this autocratic behavior. Because Franklin's son William was already the governor of New Jersey, many people thought Franklin was one of the chief culprits of the stamp duty bill. In Franklin's apartment in Philadelphia's Market Street, his wife Deborah even equipped herself with a pistol to avoid causing public outrage. Franklin initially tried to reach some kind of compromise with the British government, but the ruler ignored it. When he understood that the stamp duty bill would affect the relationship between Britain and the United States, he insisted that it must be abolished. On February 1766, Franklin came to the House of Representatives to discuss the reasons for abolishing the stamp duty bill. In four hours, I answered 174 questions in front of Representative Franklin. Later, the British philosopher Burke described this dramatic defense, saying that it was like a master answering a group of students' questions. Franklin reminded Parliament that Americans always thought they were British and would continue to support Britain as long as they were respected. A few weeks later, the stamp duty bill was abolished and Americans regarded Franklin as a hero. But Britain did not give up the idea of taxing the colonies, and soon new taxes appeared again. In order to collect taxes, Britain even sent troops to the United States, and the expenses were naturally borne by colonial residents. The situation is tense again. Franklin predicted that the situation would deteriorate and that a war between the colonists and the British would soon break out. Soon, Bostonians and British soldiers had an altercation. The two sides first threw snowballs at each other, but five people were killed. Bostonians were outraged. They dumped 600 pounds of English tea into the port. A few years ago, Americans hardly thought of the word "independence", but at this time, declaring independence seems to be the only feasible way. Franklin always hoped that this would not happen. Massachusetts hired Franklin, who was loyal to Britain, as its representative in London, but Governor Thomas Hutchinson vetoed the appointment. At that time, Franklin asserted that sending more troops to Boston could only prove Britain's hostility to the colonies. Later, he learned that these troops were deployed at the request of Governor Hutchinson. Hutchinson wrote to British officials many times, criticizing the situation in Massachusetts and suggesting depriving the colonies of so-called British freedom. A few years later, at 1772, these letters arrived in Franklin. He showed these photos to his friends in Massachusetts and asked them to circulate them secretly among colonial officials, but not publicly. His request is obviously naive. As a result, these letters were made public, which naturally caused an uproar. Angry Bostonians wrote a petition demanding Hutchinson's dismissal, and Franklin petitioned the king on their behalf. Franklin accepted the task. On the other hand, Hutchinson demanded to defend his reputation. When this incident spread to London, it also caused confusion. The British want to find out which traitor gave these personal letters to the colonists. They expelled several suspects. Franklin naturally didn't want to expose himself. But when one of his friends was also listed as a suspect, Franklin felt it necessary to stand up and admit that he published these letters. 1774 65438+ 10/01Six days before Franklin's 68th birthday, he received an invitation from the Privy Council in London. The invitation was worded in a friendly way. Franklin thought that the Privy Council would consider accepting the people's petition and asked him to take over the post of Governor Hutchinson. But three weeks later, when Franklin entered the Privy Council, he found that he had to face an investigation into the leakage of Hutchinson's letters. The Privy Council was full of MPs and spectators, and Lord Goyle presided over the hearing. For an hour and a half, Franklin stood there and was reprimanded by Wedderburn, the Deputy Minister of Justice. Wedderburn, who is keen on abuse, is Scottish. He made a wanton and vicious personal attack on Franklin. After the hearing, Franklin came out quietly without saying a word. Franklin's colonial compatriots criticized him for being too inclined to Britain, but now the British accuse him of being too American. 1774 65438+1October 29th, Franklin was still a loyal Englishman when he entered the Privy Council, but when he left, he became a pure American. When Franklin was about to leave England, he received the news that his wife Deborah had died. This made him very painful. Although he once advised his wife to go to London to reunite with him, Deborah didn't want to cross the ocean. After years of separation, it was her childish letters that kept their marriage together.

Edit the leader of this revolutionary war.

1On May 5, 775, Franklin returned to Philadelphia. Two and a half weeks ago, the city was ready to go to war because a British army led by General Gage clashed with armed militia in Lexington and Concord Street. Franklin of London was on the cover of Time (2003).

Franklin was ordered to be arrested, so he joined the rebel army without hesitation. In addition to becoming the representative of the second American colonial conference, Franklin also took charge of some important committees. 1In the summer of 776, he joined a five-member committee, which was responsible for drafting the document declaring the independence of the United States. Thomas Jefferson drafted the first draft of the declaration. Franklin felt that Jefferson's expression of "truth" with "sacred and undeniable" was not accurate enough, and he suggested that it should be changed to "we think this is a self-evident truth". Because of the urgent need for weapons, the United States decided to seek help from France, and Franklin was sent to France to complete this important mission. Despite his advanced age, he accepted this mission, which means that he will be separated from his daughter Sarah and grandchildren. Franklin's pursuit of American independence also influenced his personal life. His son William is a staunch follower of the British Empire and cannot reach an understanding with his father on the issue of American independence. Franklin also broke up with many English friends. At that time, 70-year-old Franklin was weak, suffering from gout and kidney calculi. However, on the day when the American Congress passed the Declaration of Independence, he left for France with hope for a new country. France is full of spies and double agents. Franklin carefully raised funds, arranged for ships to load and unload weapons, and skillfully handled cargo ships detained by American armed civilian ships. On the one hand, he is a proud opponent of kingship and nobility, and at the same time, he does not exclude French nobles and members of the royal family who may help the United States become independent. As the day of meeting Louis XVI and Princess Marie Antoinette drew near, Franklin became more cautious. Every step he took was full of hardships, because at that time, he was just an officially appointed diplomatic envoy, representing an unrecognized country. However, from Franklin's personal point of view, he achieved unprecedented success in France. His infectious personality made him feel at home in France. He was invited to a grand banquet and a noble salon. Everyone praised him as a famous electrician, and he made France boil. When john adams arrived in France to join the American delegation, he found that everyone here, from the cabinet minister to the hotel waitress, knew the doctor. Franklin's portrait can be seen everywhere, hanging on the mantelpiece, hanging under the watch chain, engraved on decorative plates, badges, rings, printed on coats, hats and snuff bottles. To Adams' surprise, Franklin seems to have the charm of attracting all women, because women of all ages like to surround this handsome 70-year-old man with sparse hair and gout, hoping to win his attention. Among many women, Mrs. Burian and Mrs. Earle Maintenance seem to really attract him. During his stay in France, Franklin tried his best to make France recognize the United States, but at the same time he risked his life to skillfully solve the transportation of weapons and seek a military alliance. 1778, France and the United States formally formed an alliance. At this time, Franklin was sent to Britain with john jay and john adams, trying to negotiate peace with Britain through various means without offending the French allies. 1783165438+1On October 30th, the United States and the British Empire formally signed the Paris Peace Treaty. It is said that Franklin wore the clothes he wore when he was abused in the Privy Council 10 years ago. But this time, just like the new country he represents, he turned the shame of the past into a victory today. 1in the spring of 785, the American government finally agreed to Franklin's request to return to China. Franklin said that although he loved France, he still wanted to spend the rest of his life in his own country. Franklin went to France as a lobbyist and left as a representative of a sovereign country. On the way back for six weeks, 80-year-old Franklin endured the pain brought by kidney calculi, and measured and recorded the seawater temperature, which was his research for 30 years-mapping the Gulf Stream. After returning to his old house in Philadelphia, Franklin wanted to quit political life completely. But not long after, he was elected as the representative of Pennsylvania and joined the Federal Constitutional Convention. 1At the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 787, representatives of various states argued fiercely. Although Franklin's personal strength is very small, he managed to make the two sides in the heated debate reach some kind of compromise. On the last day of drafting the new constitution, he issued a statement: "I don't fully agree with some articles in the constitution, but I'm not sure I will never agree with them, because many views that I used to think were correct are now found to be wrong ..." So he showed the delegates who attended the meeting what they thought was always correct and signed their names on the document like him. The constitution was adopted. Lying in his hospital bed, Franklin wrote a letter to a French scientist, "Our new constitution has come out. It should take effect forever, but only death and tax payment are certain in this world ... "Franklin died on1April 7, 790/KLOC-0, and was buried with his wife in the cemetery of the Christian Church in Philadelphia. Since 1928, the portrait of Benjamin Franklin has been printed on every hundred-dollar bill. The importance of the dollar as the world's major currency has led to the appearance of Benjamin Franklin, which is widely known by many people all over the world. His departure caused quite a shock in the United States, France, Britain, especially France. The French Senate observed a moment of silence for him. In the eyes of the French, they value and love Franklin more and appreciate his talent more. American President George Washington commented on him like this: "Being admired for good deeds, being admired for talent, being respected for patriotism, and being loved for kindness will arouse people's cordial love for you. The greatest comfort you can get is to know that you have not wasted your life. " Franklin, who loved life, came from an unknown port town on the North American coast and became a man of the hour when he grew up. His anecdotes have been handed down like wealth. His life is a process of self-struggle, self-education and self-improvement, and he has made great achievements in many different fields. In front of those who regard Americans as uncivilized, Franklin redefined "Americans" to the whole world with his virtue and wisdom.

Edit this paragraph to capture skyfire.

1746, an English scholar made an electrical experiment with a glass tube and a Leyden bottle in Boston. Franklin watched his performance with great interest and was deeply attracted by the emerging electrical science. Then Franklin began to study electricity. Franklin did many experiments at home, studied the properties of two kinds of charges, and explained the sources of electricity and the phenomena existing in matter. Before the eighteenth century, people could not correctly understand what lightning was. At that time, it was generally believed that thunder and lightning were the wrath of God. Some people of insight who don't believe in God tried to explain the cause of lightning, but they never succeeded. The popular saying in academic circles is that lightning is a kind of "gas explosion". In an experiment, Franklin's wife Lide accidentally touched the Leyden bottle. When the lightning flashed, Lide was hit and fell to the ground, pale, and lay at home for a week before recovering. Although this was an accident in the experiment, Franklin, who was quick-thinking, thought of lightning in the air. After repeated thinking, he came to the conclusion that lightning is also a discharge phenomenon, which is essentially the same as electricity generated in the laboratory. So, he wrote a paper entitled "On lightning in the sky is the same as our electricity" and sent it to the Royal Society. But Franklin's great idea was ridiculed by many people, and some even ridiculed him as "a madman who wants to separate God from lightning". Franklin was determined to prove everything with facts. 1752 One day in July, it was overcast with thunder and lightning, and a storm was coming. Franklin and his son William came to an open place with a kite with a metal pole on it. Franklin held the kite high, while his son flew with the kite string. Because of the strong wind, the kite was quickly put into the sky. In an instant, thunder and lightning, pouring rain. Franklin and his son are pulling a kite string together, and the father and son are anxiously looking forward to it. At this moment, just a flash of lightning passed over the kite. Franklin put his hand close to the wire on the kite (another way of saying it is a copper key), and immediately there was a terrible numbness. He couldn't restrain his inner excitement and shouted, "William, I got an electric shock!" " "Later, he introduced the electricity from the kite line into the Leiden bottle. After returning home, Franklin conducted various electrical experiments with lightning, which proved that lightning in the sky has exactly the same properties as electricity generated by artificial friction. Franklin's hypothesis that electricity in the sky and electricity on the ground are the same thing has been well confirmed in his own experiments. The success of the kite experiment made Franklin famous in the scientific world. The Royal Society gave him a gold medal and hired him as a member of the Royal Society. His scientific works have also been translated into many languages. His electrical research has achieved a preliminary victory. However, in the face of honor and victory, Franklin did not stop further research on electricity. This "sky-electricity" experiment has always been in doubt, and Franklin himself never officially admitted to doing it. The mythbusters program of Discovery Channel draws a conclusion through the artificial environment simulation experiment. If you use a kite to draw lightning according to the rumor, Franklin will definitely get electrocuted on the spot, not just "there was a terrible numbness." Although there is controversy about whether Franklin had done kite experiments, he was the first scientist who proposed to prove that lightning in the sky was electricity by experiments in 1750. Even if he did a kite experiment, it must be different from the rumor. [1] 1753, in order to verify Franklin's experiment, the famous Russian electrician Lichtman was killed by lightning, which was the first victim of the electrical experiment. The price of blood makes many people wary and afraid of lightning detection. But faced with the threat of death, Franklin did not flinch. After many experiments, he made a practical lightning rod. He fixed an iron bar several meters long on the roof with insulating material, and a thick iron wire was tightly tied to the iron bar, reaching to the ground. When lightning struck the house, it went straight into the earth along the metal pole through the conductor, and the building was intact. 1754, lightning rod began to be used, but some people think it is ominous, and it will bring drought if it goes against God's will. Steal lightning rods at night. However, science will eventually overcome ignorance. After a gust of lightning and thunder, the cathedral caught fire; High-rise buildings with lightning rods are safe. Facts have educated people and made them believe in science. Lightning rods spread to Britain, Germany, France and finally all over the world. Franklin's contribution to science lies not only in electrostatics, but also in a wide range of research fields. Mathematically, he created the Eight Rubik's Cube and Sixteen Rubik's Cube, which have special properties and complicated changes, and are still praised by scholars. In thermodynamics, he improved the heating stove, which can save three quarters of the fuel, and is called "franklin stove"; In optics, he invented bifocal glasses for the elderly, which can not only see near things, but also see far things. He and hartle of Cambridge University used the evaporation of ether to get a low temperature of minus 25 degrees (Celsius) and founded the theory of evaporative refrigeration. In addition, he also studied meteorology, geology, acoustics and ocean navigation, and made many achievements.